2015届高考英语一轮复习教案：Module 6《Old and New》（外研版必修三）

　　Module 6　Old and New

　　【美文阅读】　

　　The Yangtze River is home to one of the most beautiful natural scenes of China－the Three Gorges.But for generations，Chinese people have long dreamed of taming(制服，使顺从) the Yangtze River for power generation and flood control.The river's endless floods have brought destruction and death for centuries－1 million deaths in the 20th century alone.

　　Nowadays，along the Yangtze River，the third longest river in the

　　world，a great construction project，the Three Gorges Dam is in progress.Once completed in 2016，it will be the largest and most powerful hydro­electric project in the world.Towering 610 feet high and stretching 1.3 miles wide，the dam will create a reservoir that extends nearly 400 miles upstream thus changing the original landscape of this region.

　　The project has been under discussion in China since the idea of the dam was first put forward in 1919.The Three Gorges Dam is both a marvel of engineering and the greatest challenge its designers have ever faced.The Three Gorges Dam has been engineered to store over 5 trillion gallons(加仑)of water and to withstand(经得起) an earthquake of 7.0 on the Richter scale(里氏级)．In addition, the government says the dam will control terrifying floods and provide electrical power to China's growing cities.

　　Like China's Great Wall，it will be one of the few man­made structures that can be seen from space.The Chinese government and

　　the dam's engineers think of the project as a symbol of national pride.

　　【诱思导学】　

　　What do you think of the Three Gorges Dam project?

　　【答案】　 Students' own answer.

　　Period Previewing

　　(教师用书独具)

　　●教学目标

　　本课时主要是通过学生对学案所给出的内容的学习，了解本课文中所出现的词汇，初步了解课文以及相关的背景知识，对下一堂课对课文的全面理解起到一个铺垫作用。

　　●教学地位

　　该部分包括三个活动，要求学生根据提供的词汇、问题和三篇小短文，围绕人造工程(man­made projects)展开口头表达练习，为本模块的学习作准备。

　　(教师用书独具)

　　●新课导入建议

　　在阅读前，要求学生两人一组，先讨论问题How much do you know about the Great Wall of China/Hong Kong International Airport/the Three Gorges Dam？然后用关键词记下主要信息；根据学生的问答的情况然后导入新课。

　　●教学流程设计

　　⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒

　　Ⅰ.篇章结构

　　阅读P53的文章，完成下面表格(每空不超过3个词)

　　Idea of

　　building

　　the dam Mao Zedong expressed his wish to build a dam in a 1.

　　.Sun Yat­sen first 2.

　　that a dam should be across the Yangtze River in 1911.

　　3.

　　of the Three Gorges Dam ★The biggest 4.

　　project in China since the building of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal.

　　★Nearly 200 meters high and 1.5 kilometers wide.

　　★The largest hydro­electric 5.

　　and dam in the world.

　　Advantages of The Three Gorges Dam ★6.

　　flooding.

　　★Providing hydro­electric power.

　　★7.

　　electricity equal to about 40 million tons of coal.

　　8.

　　of the

　　Three Gorges Dam ★Destroying many cities，counties，towns and villages.

　　Flooding some famous 9.

　　sites.

　　★10.

　　about 800 relics.

　　【答案】　1.poem　2.suggested　3.Description　4.construction　5.power station　6.Controlling　7.Generating　8.Disadvantages　9.historical　10.Submerging

　　.语篇理解

　　阅读P53的Reading and Vocabulary部分，从每题所给的3个选项中选出最佳答案

　　1．Why is the Three Gorges Dam constructed?

　　A．To harness the Yangtze River.

　　B．To control flooding and provide power for the central region of China.

　　C．To realize Mao Zedong's dream.

　　2．Who came up with the idea of constructing the dam?

　　A．Mao Zedong.

　　B．Sun Yat­sen.

　　C．The government.

　　3．What is the benefit after the construction?

　　A．Many cities，towns and villages have been flooded.

　　B．More than one billion people in the region have moved from their

　　homes.

　　C．The Three Gorges Dam area has become one of the most beautiful areas of China.

　　4．What can we learn from the text?

　　A．The Three Gorges Dam is the biggest construction project in China.

　　B．The dam makes sure that the Yangtze River won't cause floods.

　　C．China's electricity is mainly generated by burning coal.

　　5．What does the writer think of the construction of the Three Gorges Dam according to the passage?

　　A．There will be more advantages.

　　B．It will bring some problems.

　　C．The disadvantages are much more than advantages.

　　【答案】　1－5　B B C C A

　　.课文缩写

　　用所给单词或短语的正确形式完成课文缩写

　　The Three Gorges Dam is nearly 200 meters high and 1.5 kilometers wide.It is the largest hydroel­ectric power station and dam in the world and 1.

　　more than any other 2.

　　project in history.

　　The dam will 3.

　　electricity 4.

　　about 40 million

　　tons of coal without 5.

　　so much air pollution.Mao Zedong's dream 6.

　　.

　　The 7.

　　has flooded cities,11 countries,140 towns and more than 4,000 villages.More than

　　a million people have moved from their homes and they're living a happy new life in different areas.

　　The Three Gorges area is one of the most beautiful areas of China and the project has flooded some of China's most famous 8.

　　sites，9.

　　are being put into museums and some 10.

　　.

　　【答案】　1.has cost　2.construction　3.generate　4.equal to　5.causing　6.came true　7.reservoir

　　8．historical　9.some of which　10.are being removed

　　Ⅰ.词义搭配

　　1．civil　A．have room for；hold without crowding

　　2．structure

　　B．cause (sth.) to exist or occur；produce

　　3．accommodate

　　C．measuring only a small distance from one side to the other，especially in length

　　4．construction

　　D．way in which sth. is put together，organized，built，etc.

　　5．generate

　　E．go under the surface of a liquid，the sea，etc

　　6．historical

　　F．take sth./sb. away from one place to another

　　7．narrow

　　G．relating to the ordinary people or things in a country that are not part of military，government，or religious organizations

　　8．submerge

　　H．the process of building things such as houses，bridges，roads etc.

　　9．remove

　　I．relating to the past

　　【答案】　1.G　2.D　3.A　4.H　5.B　6.I　7.C　8.E

　　9．F

　　.短语填空

　　1．The temple

　　the Ming Dynasty has been broken in the earthquake.

　　2．If you keep on trying，your dream to be a writer will

　　.

　　3．Jim

　　his anger and avoided a fight.

　　4．He

　　performing on the stage of the Spring Festival Gala.

　　5．When we got to the hotel，it was still

　　.

　　【答案】　1.dating from　2.come true　3.held back

　　4．dreams of　5.under construction

　　.句型背诵

　　1．Mao Zedong wrote a poem in which he dreamed of “walls of stone to hold back clouds and rain till a smooth lake rises in the narrow gorge”．

　　毛泽东写过一首词，在词中，他想象了“更立西江石壁，截断巫山云雨，高峡出平湖”的壮丽景观。

　　2．The power of the Yangtze River，which is the world's third longest river，has been harnessed by the Three Gorges Dam.世界第三大河——长江的激流被三峡大坝利用了起来。

　　3．It is the largest hydro­electric power station and dam in the world and has cost more than any other construction project in

　　history.

　　这是世界上最大的大坝及水力发电站，投资超过历史上任何其它的建筑工程。

　　4．The dam will generate electricity equal to about 40 million tons of coal without causing so much air pollution. 三峡大坝将在不引起那么严重空气污染的情况下，生产相当于燃烧4,000万吨煤所产生的电量。Period Introduction & Reading and Vocabulary

　　(教师用书独具)

　　●教学目标

　　(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。

　　(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词、重点短语和句型的学习，让学生能够正确理解这些词汇和句型，并能运用这些词汇和句型造句。

　　(3)通过对这些词汇的学习能够更深层次地理解课文，并通过课文更加熟练地运用这些词汇。

　　●教学地位

　　该部分是本模块的阅读主课文，内容是介绍三峡大坝工程(the Three Gorges Dam)。围绕课文，设有四个相关练习。

　　(教师用书独具)

　　●新课导入建议

　　通过复习INTRODUCTION部分的短文the Three Gorges Dam的主要内容来导入这篇阅读课文的学习。可以要求学生回答：How much do you know about the Three Gorges Dam? Tell as much information as you can.

　　●教学流程设计

　　⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒

　　1. date from(＝date back to)追溯到；始于

　　Most of the Great Wall dates from the Ming Dynasty (1368～1644)．(教材P51)

　　大部分长城始建于明朝(1368～1644)。

　　The old temple dates from/back to the Song Dynasty.这个古庙起源于宋代。

　　to date 迄今为止

　　out of date过时的；陈旧的

　　up to date 最新的(up­to­date adj.最新式的，现代的)

　　make/set/fix a date for约定……的日期

　　　Let's fix a date for the meeting.

　　我们确定一下开会日期吧。

　　My passport is out of date.我的护照已经过期了。

　　To date there has been no improvement in his condition.到现在为止，他的状况还是没有好转。

　　【提示】　date back to和date from作谓语时，没有被动语态，常用一般现在时和一般过去时；作定语或状语时，常用现在分词形式。

　　完成句子

　　①婚礼的日子定下来了吗？

　　Have you

　　the wedding?

　　②这座城堡建于古罗马时代。

　　The castle

　　the ancient Rome days.

　　③你参观过建于宋朝的大相国寺没有？

　　Have you visited the Xiangguo Temple

　　the Song Dynasty?

　　④你的系统是最新的了吗？

　　Is your system

　　？

　　【答案】　①set/fix/make a date for　②dates back to/from　dating back to/from　④up to date

　　2．accommodate v．容纳(乘客)；能提供……膳宿

　　The airport is within five hours' flying time of half the world's population and is designed to accommodate 80 million passengers a year.(教材P51) 该机场位于世界上一半人口五小时飞行时间以内所到达的距离之内，该机场的设计可以容纳每年八千万乘客的流量。

　　The hotel provides accommodation for up to 160 people.这家酒店最多可为160人提供住宿。

　　①accommodate sb. with sth.帮忙；给……提供方便

　　accommodate sb. for the night 留某人过夜

　　accommodation n．膳食供应；住宿

　　make accommodations for 为……提供膳宿

　　　We can accommodate him for the night.

　　我们能让他住一夜。

　　Our school makes accommodations for the students.

　　我们学校为学生提供食宿。

　　【对接高考】

　　(2010·湖北高考)After the earthquake，the first thing the local government did was to provide

　　for the homeless families.

　　A．accommodation　B．occupation

　　C．equipment

　　D．furniture

　　【解析】　句意：地震过后，当地政府要做的第一件事就是要为数千名无家可归者提供食宿。accommodation食宿，膳宿；occupation 职业；furniture 家具；equipment 设备。

　　【答案】　A

　　完成句子

　　①这个大厅只能容纳200人。

　　The hall can only

　　.

　　②度假费用包括飞机票和住宿费。

　　The price for the holiday includes flights and

　　.

　　③你愿意让我们在你家借宿一晚吗？

　　Would you be kind enough to

　　in your home?

　　【答案】　①accommodate 200 people　②accommodation　③accommodate us for the night

　　3．Mao Zedong wrote a poem in which he dreamed of “walls of stone to hold back clouds and rain till a smooth lake rises in the narrow gorges.” (教材P53)毛泽东写了一首词，在这首词里，他想象了“更立西江石壁，截断巫山云雨，高峡出平湖”的壮丽景观。

　　(1)dream of 梦想；向往

　　That boy dreams of becoming a pilot.

　　那男孩一心想当一名飞行员。

　　dream about/of梦想；梦见

　　have/dream a．..dream 做了……梦

　　one's dream comes true 梦想得以实现

　　　He often dreams about his days in the countryside.

　　他经常梦见在乡下的那些日子。

　　Have you ever dreamed of playing in front of thousands of people at a concert？你曾经梦想过自己在音乐会上面对成千上万的观众表演吗？

　　The dream of his life time came true.

　　他实现了他毕生的愿望。

　　【对接高考】

　　(2010·浙江高考)For many years，people

　　electric cars.However，making them has

　　been more difficult than predicted.

　　A．had dreamed of

　　B．have dreamed of

　　C．dreamed of

　　D．dream of

　　【解析】　考查时态。句意：许多年来，人们都一直梦想着电动汽车。然而，制造它们比想象要难得多。由此句意可推断此处的梦想从过去到现在，并由此延伸。目前，市场上已经有了电动汽车，所以应用现在完成时。

　　【答案】　B

　　完成句子

　　①她梦想经营自己的公司。

　　She

　　running her own business.

　　②他做了一个甜美的梦。

　　He

　　dream.

　　【答案】　①dreamed of　②dreamed/had a sweet

　　(2)hold back 阻止；退缩；踌躇；控制；隐瞒

　　No one can hold back the wheel of history.

　　谁也无法阻止历史前进的车轮。

　　Jim managed to hold back his anger and avoid fights.

　　吉姆强忍住怒火，避免了争斗。

　　hold up举起；支持住；使停顿，耽误；抢劫

　　hold out继续；坚持；忍耐；伸出

　　hold on(打电话时用语)请等一下，不要挂；坚持下去，固定住

　　hold on to抓住；保持，不要放弃

　　　I got held up in the traffic on my way here.

　　我在来的路上遇上了交通阻塞。

　　He held on to a branch to avoid falling down.

　　为了避免掉下来他紧抓住一个枝条不放。

　　Putting down his shopping bag，Will held out his hand，and the cat came up to him.

　　威尔放下购物袋，伸出手，小猫向他走来。

　　用适当的介词或副词完成下列句子

　　③I think he is holding something

　　；he knows more than he admits.

　　④We didn't know whether we would be able to hold

　　until help arrived.

　　⑤Our car was held

　　in the heavy traffic.

　　【答案】　③back　④on　⑤up

　　(3)narrow adj.狭窄的；狭隘的；勉强的vt.& vi.(使)变窄；缩小

　　The street is too narrow for a truck.

　　这条街太窄，卡车无法通过。

　　This is where the river narrows.

　　这条河就是在这里变窄的。

　　a narrow escape 九死一生

　　narrow­minded adj.小心眼的；气量小的

　　narrowly adv.勉强地；狭隘地

　　　She had a narrow escape when her car skidded on the ice.车在冰上打滑，她险些出事。

　　【对接高考】

　　(2017·天津高考)Parents and children should communicate more to

　　the gap between them so that they can understand each other better.

　　A．open

　　B．narrow

　　C．widen

　　D．leave

　　【解析】　考查动词辨析。句意：为了减少家长和孩子之间的代沟，他们应该多交流，以便他们更好地相互了解。依据句意可排除A、C、D。

　　【答案】　B

　　完成句子

　　⑥这个孩子从火灾中死里逃生。

　　The child had

　　from the fire.

　　⑦那个男孩在四岁时差一点溺死。

　　The boy

　　escaped drowning at the age of four.

　　⑧他心胸狭窄。

　　He has

　　.

　　【答案】　⑥a narrow escape　⑦narrowly　⑧a narrow mind

　　4．come true (预言、梦想等)成为事实，实现

　　Now his dream has come true.(教材P53)

　　现在他的梦想变成了现实。

　　Everything you said came true.

　　你说过的每一件事都变成了现实。

　　come true/realize

　　come true 其中come 是系动词，意思是“变成”，没有被动语态，主语通常是“希望、理想、梦想、愿望”等词。

　　realize 作“实现”讲，是及物动词，可用于被动语态。sth. come true＝ sth. be realized，表示某事被实现了。

　　　Our hopes will come true.＝We will realize our hopes.＝Our hopes will be realized.我们的希望将要实现。

　　翻译句子(至少用两种方式)

　　他的愿望已经实现了。

　　①

　　②

　　【答案】　①His wishes have been realized.　②His wishes have come true.

　　5．It is the largest hydro­electric power station and dam in the world and has cost more than any other construction project in history.(教材P53)这是世界上最大的大坝及水力发电站，投资超过历史上任何其它的建筑工程。

　　本句more than any other construction用了“非最高级结构表达最高级含义”的用法。其基本结构为：形容词/副词的比较级＋ than＋ any other ＋单数名词。

　　He is cleverer than any other student in the class.

　　他比这个班的其它学生都聪明。

　　She goes to school earlier than any other girl.

　　她比其他女孩到校早。

　　常见的比较级表示最高级结构：

　　形容词或副词的比较级十than

　　＋

　　否定词＋比较级＝最高级

　　　Jack runs faster than any of the other boys in his class.杰克是他班上跑得最快的男生。

　　He did the job better than the other persons in the group.他做这工作是小组里做得最好的。

　　He has never spent a more worrying day.

　　他度过了忧心忡忡的一天。

　　【对接高考】

　　(2011·四川高考)—How was your recent trip to Sichuan?

　　—I've never had

　　one before.

　　A．a pleasant

　　B．a more pleasant

　　C．a most pleasant

　　D. the most pleasant

　　【解析】　考查比较级的用法。句意：——你最近的四川之旅怎么样？——我从来没有比这次更快乐的旅途了。言外之意这次是我最快乐的。not，never等否定词与比较级连用表达最高级意义。故选B项。

　　【答案】　B

　　完成句子

　　①他们做得非常好。

　　They

　　have done it

　　.

　　②她比任何人都更细心。

　　She is

　　.

　　③他比这个班的其他学生都聪明。

　　He is cleverer than

　　in the class.

　　【答案】　①couldn't；any better　②more careful than any other/anyone else　③any other student

　　6. remove vt.移开；去除；脱去；摘下；开除；解除(职务)

　　Some of them are being removed and some are being put into museums.(教材P53)

　　有些被搬迁，有些正被搬进博物馆。

　　Remove your shoes before going in.进去前，把鞋脱掉。

　　His name was removed from the list.

　　他的名字从名单上除掉了。

　　He was removed from his position as chairman.

　　他被撤去主席的职务。

　　move/remove

　　move 指从一地到另一地的移动，移动某物的位置或改变某人的姿势，既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。

　　remove 取消，去掉，含有把不利的东西“除掉”的意思，强调完全放弃原来的地方而到达新的位置，有时相当于take away/off，表示“迁居”时，二者均可。

　　　Please remove the dishes from the table.

　　请把桌上的盘碟移去。

　　Would you mind moving this piano?

　　你介意移动一下这架钢琴吗？

　　选词填空( move/remove)

　　①Please

　　your books from the seat.

　　②Please

　　your bike；it's blocking the road.

　　③He

　　the mud from his shoes.

　　④We are

　　from London to the country.

　　【答案】　①remove　②move　③removed

　　④moving/removing

　　Period ⅢIntegrating Skills & Grammar

　　(教师用书独具)

　　●教学目标

　　(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。

　　(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解这些单词和短语，并能运用这些词语造句。

　　(3)听懂课文中所给出的听力材料。

　　(4)通过对语法的教学让学生能够理解并能够正确运用非限制性定语从句和定语从句的缩略形式。

　　●教学地位

　　通过GRAMMAR1和GRAMMAR 2掌握非限制性定语从句和定语从句的缩略形式。SPEAKING围绕三峡大坝的建设给附近地区和人民所带来的影响和变化展开讨论。通过LISTENING三个练习，培养学生在听的同时记笔记的能力。FUNCTION AND EVERYDAY ENGLISH通过对比，体会具有强烈感情色彩的形容词的功能。

　　(教师用书独具)

　　●新课导入建议

　　通过对学生作业的检查导入本堂新课。

　　●教学流程设计

　　⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒

　　1．make sense 有意义；有道理

　　If you take away the attributive clauses，do the sentences still make sense？(教材P54)

　　如果你把定语从句去掉， 这个句子还讲得通吗？

　　It doesn't make sense why she should do such a thing. 真想不通她为什么做这样的事。

　　make sense of了解……的意义，懂得

　　in a sense在某一方面；就某种意义来说

　　in no sense决不(置于句首时，句子要部分倒装)

　　common sense 常识

　　a sense of humour/security/direction/fear幽默感/安全感/方向感/恐惧感

　　There is no sense in (doing)sth.(口语)做某事是没有道理的

　　　Can you make sense of what I said?

　　你能领会我说的意思吗？

　　There is no sense in punishing him.It's not his fault.

　　惩罚他没有道理，不是他的过错。

　　In no sense should such a thing be allowed to happen in our school.这种事情决不能发生在我们学校。

　　完成句子

　　①你说的话毫无意义。

　　What you said

　　.

　　②你懂这首诗的含义吗？

　　Can you

　　this poem?

　　③解释这件事没有任何意义。

　　explaining it.

　　【答案】　①doesn't make sense/makes no sense

　　②make sense of　③There is no sense in

　　2．It was strange to think that，when my grandparents lived in the village，there wasn't a reservoir there at all！(教材P55)我的祖父母在那个村庄住的时候，那里根本就没有水库，真是不可思议！

　　句中“it is/was＋adj.＋to do sth.”是常用句型，it作形式主语，不定式是真正主语。

　　It was strange for him to be in the office on Sunday.

　　星期日他竟然在办公室真是太奇怪了。

　　It is necessary for us to learn something about medical knowledge.了解一些医学知识是有必要的。

　　常见的it作形式主语的句型：

　　①It is＋名词(a fact/a good idea/a pity/a shame/no wonder...)＋主语从句/不定式

　　②It is＋形容词(necessary/clear/strange/important...)＋主语从句/不定式

　　③It＋不及物动词( seems/happens/appears...)＋主语从句

　　④It is＋过去分词(reported/hoped/thought/said/expected/believed...)＋主语从句

　　　It is obvious that I am glad to give you an offer.

　　显然，我很愿意给你提供帮助。

　　It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question.你对这个问题作了这样的回答，令人吃惊。

　　It appeared that he had a taste for music.

　　看来他对音乐有一定的鉴赏力。

　　【对接高考】

　　(2017·浙江高考)No matter how bright a talker you are，there are times when it's better

　　silent.

　　A．remain

　　B．be remaining

　　C．having remained

　　D．to remain

　　【解析】　考查非谓语动词。句意：不管你多么能言善辩，但有时候还是保持沉默更好。该题考查“it is＋形容词＋to do”这一句型，句中to remain silent“保持沉默”是真正的主语，it是形式主语。

　　【答案】　D

　　翻译句子

　　①学好英语很重要。

　　②看来他非常喜欢流行歌曲。

　　③据说李涛去了欧洲。

　　【答案】　①It is important to learn English well.　②It seems that he enjoys pop songs very much.　③It is said that Li Tao has been to Europe.

　　3．bring an end to(＝bring sth. to an end)结束；终止

　　The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric project which has brought an end to the danger of flooding.(教材P57)三峡大坝是一个水力发电工程，它结束了洪水成灾的历史。

　　We must bring an end to these endless arguments.

　　我们必须结束这些无休止的争吵。

　　put an end to(＝put sth.to an end) 结束，终止

　　come to an end 结束，告终

　　at the end (of)(……的)尽头

　　in the end 最后，终于

　　end up with 以……结束，最后

　　　I wonder how I can bring their quarrel to an end.

　　我不知道怎么样才能让他们停止争吵。

　　We must put an end to waste in our work.

　　我们必须杜绝工作中的浪费现象。

　　用end短语完成句子

　　①他们应该终止那场战争了。

　　They should

　　that war.

　　②那项工作上个月完成了。

　　That job

　　last month.

　　③最终，我决定还是不去。

　　，I decided that I wouldn't go after all.

　　【答案】　①bring/put an end to　②came to an end

　　③In the end

　　4．freezing adj.冷冰冰的；极冷的

　　It was freezing！(教材P58)天冷极了！

　　It is freezing in this room；put the fire on!

　　这屋子里冷冰冰的，生上火吧！

　　①the freezing point 冰点

　　above/below freezing 零度以上/以下

　　frozen adj.冻僵的；结冰的；冷冻的

　　③freeze(froze；frozen) v. 结冰；冻住

　　　The temperature remained below freezing all day.

　　温度整天都在冰点以下。

　　I'm frozen－ could you close the window?

　　我冻僵了，你把窗子关上好吗？

　　The north wind has frozen the water in the pool in the garden.北风使花园里的池水结冰了。

　　On a

　　morning the little match girl was found

　　at the corner of the street.

　　A．freezing；freezing

　　B．freezing；frozen

　　C．frozen；frozen

　　D．frozen；freezing

　　【解析】　freezing寒冷的；frozen作主语补足语，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。

　　【答案】　B

　　观察下列从Reading and Vocabulary中选取的句子，体会非限制性定语从句的用法。

　　①The power of the Yangtze River，which is the world's third longest river，has been harnessed by the Three Gorges Dam.

　　②The Three Gorges Dam，which is the biggest construction project

　　in China since the building of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal，has been built to control flooding and provide hydro­electric power for the central region of China.

　　③Sun Yat­sen，who was the leader of the 1911 Revolution，first suggested the idea of a dam across the Yangtze River in 1919.

　　[自我总结]

　　与限制性定语从句相比，非限制性定语从句是指与主句关系不十分密切，只对主句中的先行词作

　　作用的定语从句。其标志是主句和从句之间用

　　隔开。

　　【答案】　补充说明；逗号

　　非限制性定语从句

　　非限制性定语从句用来对先行词作补充说明。没有它，主句也能独立存在；非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不密切，它与先行词之间常用逗号隔开。

　　1. 非限制性定语从句的引导词

　　类别 引导词 修饰的先行词 在从句中所作成分

　　关系

　　代词

　　who 人 主语、宾语

　　whom 人 宾语

　　which 事/物或整个主句 主语、宾语

　　whose 人或物 定语

　　as 整个主句 主语、宾语

　　关系

　　副词

　　when 表示时间的名词 时间状语

　　where 表示地点的名词 地点状语

　　　Then he met Mary，who invited him to a party.

　　然后他遇见了玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。

　　Once more I am in Beijing，where I have not been for ten years.我又来到了北京，我已有十年没有到这里来了。

　　He was too careless，which resulted in his failure in the exam.他太粗心了，因此考试没及格。

　　We will put off the outing until next week when we won't be so busy.

　　我们把郊游推迟到下个星期，那时我们不会这么忙了。

　　【提示】　that和why不引导非限制性定语从句。

　　2．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

　　名称

　　意义

　　结构要求

　　引导词 先行词 译法

　　限制

　　性定

　　语从

　　句 起限定作用，不可省去，否则主句不完整 紧跟在先行词之后，同先行词之间没有逗号 所有关系代词和关系副词 名词、代词或名词性短语 一般

　　译为

　　定语

　　非限

　　制性

　　定语

　　从句 起补充说明的作用，省去后，不影响句子的意思 用逗号将之与先行词隔开 关系代词which，who(m)，as；关系副词when，where 名词、代词、名词性短语或整个主句 一般译为并列分句

　　　The children who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.

　　想踢足球的那些孩子因为下雨而感到失望。

　　The children，who wanted to play football，were disappointed when it rained.

　　那些孩子想踢足球，但因为下雨他们感到失望。

　　as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别

　　(1)相同点：as和which都可在定语从句中作主语或宾语，先行词是整个的句子。

　　He won first place in the contest，as/which gave us a surprise.他在比赛中获得第一名，这使我们大吃一惊。

　　(2)不同点：

　　①引导的定语从句的位置不同：as引导的定语从句可位于主句之前、之中、之后，而which引导的定语从句只位于主句之后。

　　As is known to all，Li Na won the champion in French Open.众所周知，李娜赢得法网冠军。

　　Mr. Green comes from Canada，as we can know from his accent.格林先生来自加拿大，这从他的口音上我们就能辨别出来。

　　Li Ning，as we know，is now a famous businessman.

　　李宁，我们都知道，现在是一个著名的商人。

　　The boy was admitted to Peking University，which made his parents proud.这个男孩被北京大学录取了，这使他的父母非常自豪。

　　②含义不同：as常翻译成“正如，正像”，而which常翻译成“这一点/这件事……”。

　　As is reported on TV，a civil war broke out in that African country.正如电视上所报道的，那个非洲国家发生了一场内战。

　　He always plays computer games on weekends，which makes his mother angry.

　　他总是在周末玩电子游戏，这一点让他母亲很生气。

　　③as构成的固定搭配有：as is known to all(众所周知)；as is often the case(这是常有的事)；as was expected(不出所料)；as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)；as has been said before(如上所述)；as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。

　　As is known to all，smoking is harmful to one's health.众所周知，吸烟有害健康。

　　④当先行词受such/the same修饰时，关系词常用as。

　　Rose wore the same dress as her younger sister wore yesterday.罗斯穿着跟她妹妹昨天穿的一样的衣服。

　　定语从句的简化

　　如果含有定语从句的复合句很复杂，为了表意清晰，可以把定语从句进行简化。

　　(1)关系代词的省略

　　关系代词who，whom，that，which在限制性定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略。

　　The man (that/who/whom) I met on the street is my old friend.我在街上遇见的那个人是我的老朋友。

　　【提示】　关系代词作介词的宾语时，介词位于句尾时，关系代词可以省略，但关系代词紧跟在介词后面作宾语时，不能省略。

　　This is the girl (whom) he worked with./This is the girl with whom he worked.

　　这是曾与他一起工作过的女孩。

　　(2)将定语从句变为非谓语动词

　　①定语从句转换成不定式短语

　　He is a good comrade with whom you can work.

　　→He is a good comrade to work with.

　　②定语从句转换成现在分词短语

　　The people who are living in the village have moved to other places.

　　→The people living in the village have moved to other places.

　　③定语从句转换成过去分词短语

　　I have heard the report which was made by Professor Wang.

　　→I have heard the report made by Professor Wang.

　　Ⅰ.单项填空

　　1．(2017·天津高考)We have launched another man­made satellite，

　　is announced in today's newspaper.

　　A．thatB．which

　　C．who

　　D．what

　　【解析】　句意：“我们又发射了一颗人造卫星，这件事在今天的报纸上被公布了。”B项which引导非限制性定语从句，指代“发射人造卫星”这件事，在定语从句中作主语。that和what不能引导非限制性定语从句；who在定语从句中只能指人。如果选that，需在that前加连词and。

　　【答案】　B

　　2．(2017·安徽高考)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2017，

　　made one of the Chinese people's longheld dreams come true.

　　A．it

　　B．that

　　C．what

　　D．which

　　【解析】　句意：莫言获得2017年诺贝尔文学奖，这件事使中国人民长久以来的一个梦想得以实现。此处为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。it和what不能引导定语从句，可排除；that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。故选D项。

　　【答案】　D

　　3．(2017·辽宁高考)He may win the competition，

　　he is likely to get into the national team.

　　A．in which case

　　B．in that case

　　C．in what case

　　D．in whose case

　　【解析】　句意：他也许会赢得比赛，那样的话，他就可能会进入国家队。此处引导定语从句，in which case指代“他可能会赢得比赛”这件事情，介词后的关系代词不能用that，故排除B项；what不引导定语从句；whose指代“……的”，不符合语境。

　　【答案】　A

　　4．(2017·山东高考)There is no simple answer，

　　is often the case in science.

　　A．as

　　B．that

　　C．when

　　D．where

　　【解析】　句意：没有简单的答案，在科学上情况通常是这样。因句中有逗号，其后面的句子中无连词引导，可判断是定语从句。本句的先行词是空格前的整个句子，有此用法的是 as。as在句中意为“正如，正像”。“as is often the case”常被看作是一个固定搭配，意为“情况通常是这样”，符合句意。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，when的先行词在后面的定语从句中作时间状语，where的先行词在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故B、C、D三项都不符合句意，应被排除。

　　【答案】　A

　　5．(2017·上海高考)Sophia got an e­mail

　　her credit card account number.

　　A．asking for

　　B．ask for

　　C．asked for

　　D．having asked for

　　【解析】　A题干中的意思是：“索菲亚收到了一封向她索要信用卡账号的电子邮件”。分析句子结构，

　　her credit card account number做后置定语，修饰an e­mail。ask for和an e­mail构成主动关系，所以用现在分词形式，相当于定语从句which asked for her credit card account number。

　　【答案】　A

　　6．I lost a book，

　　can't remember now.

　　A．whose title

　　B．its title

　　C．the title of it

　　D．the title of that

　　【解析】　whose title引导非限制性定语从句，whose title也可以说成the title of which。

　　【答案】　A

　　7．(2017·胶州高一检测)Last week，only two people came to look at the house，

　　wanted to buy it.

　　A．none of them

　　B．both of them

　　C．none of whom

　　D．neither of whom

　　【解析】　因为是两者，所以用neither或both，故排除A、C，但是them是代词，不能引导从句，所以选D。neither of whom在此引导非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰先行词two people。

　　【答案】　D

　　8．I was told that there were about 50 foreign students

　　Chinese in the school，most

　　were from Germany.

　　A．study；of whom

　　B．study；of them

　　C．studying；of them

　　D．studying；of whom

　　【解析】　第一空用现在分词结构作后置定语，相当于定语从句who study Chinese；第二空用whom来引导定语从句，且引导词whom 作介词of的宾语。

　　【答案】　D

　　9．(2017·潍坊高一调研)They will fly to Washington，

　　they plan to stay for two or three days.

　　A．where

　　B．there

　　C．which

　　D．when

　　【解析】　句意：他们将乘飞机飞往华盛顿，在那儿他们计划逗留两三天。由于定语从句的先行词是表示地点的专有名词Washington，并且从句中stay后不接宾语，故须用关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，相当于in which。which常在从句中作主语或宾语；when只能引导表示时间的定语从句；地点副词there不能引导从句。

　　【答案】　A

　　10．I finished middle school in 2017，

　　my brother was in the army.

　　A．then

　　B．when

　　C．which

　　D．that

　　【解析】　句意：我在2017年初中毕业，那时我哥哥在部队上。when引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词in 2017，且在从句中作时间状语。then意为“at that time”时为副词，不能连接两个句子；which不能作时间状语；that不能引导非限制性定语从句。

　　【答案】　B

　　Ⅱ.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空

　　1．He said that he was invited，

　　was a lie.

　　2．Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase，the price

　　was very reasonable.

　　3．This book of yours，

　　I finished reading last night，was very interesting.

　　4．The film brought the hours back to me，

　　I was taken good care of，in that faraway village.

　　5．We will be shown around the city；schools，museums，and some other places，

　　other visitors seldom go.

　　6．This is Mr.Smith，

　　I think has something interesting to tell you.

　　7．There are two buildings，the larger of

　　stands nearly a hundred feet high.

　　8．

　　is said above，the number of the students in our school has increased.

　　9．He changed his mind，

　　made me very angry.

　　10．That old man is John's father，

　　your son helped with the luggage yesterday.

　　【答案】　1.which　2.of which　3.which　4.when

　　5．where　6.who　7.which　8.As　9.which　10.whom

　　Period ⅣCultural Corner & Writing

　　(教师用书独具)

　　●教学目标

　　(1)掌握本学案中所给出的词汇，能够理解并能熟练运用。

　　(2)理解课文。

　　(3)能够根据课文中所提出的问题，了解世界高层建筑的有关信息。

　　(4)掌握如何用英文介绍某一地方的变化。

　　●教学地位

　　该部分要求学生学习回复一份电子邮件，介绍某一地方的变化。通过阅读cultural corner，获取纽约帝国大厦以及世界上著名高层建筑的有关信息。

　　(教师用书独具)

　　●新课导入建议

　　这篇泛读课文主要提供了有关纽约帝国大厦的一些数据资料。教师可请学生回答下列问题。

　　1) What is the tallest building in the world?

　　2) What is the tallest building in the US?

　　3) What is the tallest building in China?

　　4) How much do you know about the Empire State Building in New York?

　　然后导入新课。

　　●教学流程设计

　　⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒

　　Ⅰ.判断正误

　　阅读P59课文，判断正误

　　1．All the tallest buildings in the world were built in the 1990s.()

　　2．The World Trade Centre twin towers were taller than the Empire State Building.()

　　3．At daytime，you could see five US states at the top of the twin towers.()

　　4．The World Trade Centre twin towers were destroyed in the year 1945.()

　　5．In 2004，the tallest building in the world was 509 meters in height. ()

　　【答案】　1－5　F T F F T

　　Ⅱ. 语篇理解

　　阅读P59课文，选取最佳答案

　　1．How long was the Empire State Building as the tallest building in the world?

　　A．For 75 years.

　　B．For 41 years.

　　C．For 31 years.

　　2．Which building has the most storeys in the world?

　　A．Taipei 101.

　　B．Empire State Building.

　　C．Sears Tower.

　　3．Which statement is TRUE according to the passage?

　　A．To build Empire State Building，people only used ten million bricks.

　　B．Lightning strikes the Empire State Building about 500 times a month.

　　C．There was once a plane，which crashed into the Empire State Building.

　　4．The highest building in the world in 2004 is in

　　.

　　A．Taipei，PRC

　　B．Kuala Lumpur，Malaysia

　　C．Chicago，US

　　【答案】　1－4 B C C A

　　1．Why do you think there are so many tall buildings in the world now？(教材P59) 你认为为什么现在世界上有这么多的高层建筑呢？

　　句中do you think是一个插入语，放在特殊疑问词与句子其它成分之间。其余部分相当于think的宾语从句。即：疑问词＋插入语(do you think)＋陈述句？除think外，know，suppose，believe，think，expect，suggest，advise，insist等动词也可以用作插入语。

　　What do you think she'll do now?

　　现在你认为她要干什么？

　　Who on earth do you suppose could have done this?

　　你认为到底是谁能干出这种事来？

　　如果整句话为陈述句，那么也可以用I think，I believe，I suppose，I guess，I imagine，I find，I say或I know等作插入语，置于句中或句末，常用逗号和句子的其它成分分开，此类插入语若置于定语从句中，可不用标点。

　　　It sounds silly，I know，but try it anyway.

　　我知道这听起来很愚蠢，但无论如何试一试吧。

　　翻译句子

　　①你觉得谁会赢得这场比赛？

　　②你认为她出什么事了？

　　【答案】　①Who do you think will win the game?

　　②What do you think has happened to her?

　　2．crash vi.(飞机)失事；坠毁；倒闭；碰撞n.碰撞；失事；坠毁

　　In 1945，a US military plane，which was flying over Manhattan on a foggy day，crashed into the building just above the 78th floor.(教材P59)

　　1945年的一个雾天，美国一架军用飞机在曼哈顿上空飞行时，撞入了78层之上的楼层中。

　　The plane crashed within seconds of taking off.

　　飞机起飞几秒钟后便坠毁了。

　　A lot of passengers were killed in the train crash.

　　许多旅客在火车车祸中丧生了。

　　crash into 撞到……上

　　a car crash汽车撞车事故

　　an air crash飞机坠毁事故

　　　The car crashed into a tree suddenly and burst into flames.汽车突然撞在一棵树上，燃烧起来。

　　完成句子

　　她注意到一辆小汽车撞到了附近的一棵大树上。

　　She

　　a big tree nearby.

　　昨夜一架客机在丹佛西部坠毁。

　　An airliner

　　west of Denver last night.

　　【答案】　noticed a car crashed into　crashed

　　单项填空

　　Fortunately，neither the driver nor the passengers were hurt in the car

　　.

　　A．breakdownB．repair

　　C．driving

　　D．crash

　　【解析】　句意：幸运的是，司机和乘客都没有在这次撞车事故中受伤。crash“撞车”符合句意。breakdown“崩溃；故障”；repair“修理；修补”；driving“驾驶；操纵”。

　　【答案】　D

　　如何写电子邮件

　　英文e­mail的写法及格式

　　1．称谓和开头：电子邮件一般使用非正式文体，一般以Dear...或My dear...开头。而在e­mail中，如果是同学间或亲朋好友间的邮件，可以直呼其名，以逗号结束；但如果是发给老师、长辈或上级，最后在称呼前加上称谓或职位，男性用Mr.；女性用Miss(未婚)，Mrs.(已婚)，Ms.(不知婚否)；职位可用Doctor，Professor，Comrade等，如Professor Li。

　　2. 正文：正文通常可分成三部分：第一部分简单地问候、写邮件的原因、很思念对方等话语，这需要根据材料所给的内容确定；第二部分是邮件的主要内容，根据材料的内容具体确定；第三部分是结束段，可邀请对方来玩，或祝愿对方等。

　　3．结束语：首字母要大写，其后用逗号。通常结束语为：Yours sincerely/truly/faithfully，Sincerely/Truly/Faithfully yours，Yours(ever)等。

　　4．签名：在结束语下面附上写邮件的人的名字。除了对亲人或好友外，必须写全姓名。

　　【常用句型】

　　1．正文常见的开头用语有：

　　表示高兴：I was so glad/pleased/happy to receive your letter.

　　表示感谢：Thank you for your wonderful gift/your interesting letter.

　　表示关心和询问：How are you these days？/How are you getting on these days？/How are you getting on with your work/studies?

　　表示抱歉：I'm sorry that I did not write to you so long but I have been very busy these days.

　　表示遗憾：I was sorry to learn that you did not do well in the entrance examination./I was so upset to hear that you are ill these days.I do hope you are getting better.

　　2．正文中提供自己的建议和观点时的常用语有：

　　In my opinion，/Personally，...

　　I think you'd better...

　　It's a good idea to...

　　3．邮件的结尾客套用语有：

　　I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

　　Please give my regards to your family.

　　Take good care of yourself and keep in touch.

　　Thank you for your consideration.

　　[题目要求]

　　假设你是李华，在一所中学读书。最近收到美国朋友Smith先生的来信。他三年前参观过你们学校，听说现在变化很大，希望了解有关情况。请你根据下面的汉语提示，给他回一封电子邮件，介绍你们学校的变化。

　　三年前：一座教学楼，一个操场。

　　现状：

　　1．校园扩建，新建起了一座教学楼和一座图书馆，内有音乐室、美术室、微机房等，体育设备齐全；

　　2．学生人数：从1,000增加到2,000；

　　3．绿化了校园。

　　词数：120左右

　　[思路点拨]

　　1．本文要求写一封电子邮件，注意使用开头、结尾的常用句式和客套话语。

　　2．本文主要使用现在时态，在介绍三年前的情况时用过去时态。

　　3．本文可采用以下结构：

　　(1) 称呼语

　　(2) 开头语

　　(3) 介绍学校在这三年间的变化

　　(4) 结束语

　　(5) 落款(签名)

　　[词汇热身]

　　1．收到……的来信

　　2．发生

　　3．过去常常

　　4．使用中

　　5．装备着

　　6．……的数目

　　【答案】　1.hear from　2.take place　3.used to　4.in use　5.be equipped with　6.the number of...

　　[句式温习]

　　1．过去的三年间我们学校发生了很大的变化。

　　in my school in the past three years.

　　2．我们的学校不再是三年前只有一座教学楼和一个操场的学校。

　　Our school is

　　three years ago，when there was only a teaching building and a playground.

　　3．其中一座楼是我们的教学楼，内有音乐室、美术室、微机房等。

　　One of the buildings is a new classroom building，

　　for music，art and computer teaching.

　　4．我相信我们的学校会变得越来越好，我希望你再来我们学校参观。

　　I believe my school will

　　，and I hope you will visit our school again.

　　【答案】　1.Great changes have taken place　2.no longer what it used to be　3.in which/where there are rooms　4.become better and better

　　[连句成篇]

　　【参考范文】

　　Mr. Smith，

　　I was pleased to hear from you and I am writing to tell you something about my school.

　　You are right.Great changes have taken place in our school in the past three years.It is no longer what it used to be three years ago，when there was only a teaching building and a playground.I'm happy to tell you that two new buildings have been built and are in use.One of them is a new classroom building，in which there are rooms for music，art and computer teaching.The other is the library，where there are all kinds of books，newspapers and magazines.Besides，my school is well equipped with sports facilities.The number of the students has also grown from 1,000 to 2,000.What's more，we have planted a lot of trees in and around the school.

　　I believe our school will become better and better，and I hope you will visit our school again.

　　Yours，

　　Li Hua

　　Ⅰ.立体式复习单词

　　A．基础单词

　　1．

　　adj. 民用的；国内的

　　2．

　　vi. 始于(某一历史时期)

　　3．

　　adj. 荒唐的；可笑的

　　4．

　　vi.(飞机)失事；坠毁

　　【答案】　1.civil　2.date　3.ridiculous　4.crash

　　B．词汇拓展

　　5．

　　vt. 容纳(乘客等)→

　　n. 住宿；工作场所

　　6．

　　n. 建造；建设；建筑→

　　vt. 建造

　　7．

　　adj. 狭窄的 v．变窄→

　　adv. 狭窄地；勉强地

　　8．

　　n. 诗；诗歌→

　　n．诗人

　　9．

　　vt. 迁移；搬迁→

　　n.

　　移动； 搬迁； 调动； 除去

　　10．

　　adj. 冷冰冰的；极冷的→

　　adj. 冷冻的；冻坏的→

　　v. 结冰

　　11．

　　adj. 有浓雾的→

　　n．雾

　　【答案】　5.accommodate；accommodation　6.construction；construct　7.narrow；narrowly　8.poem；poet

　　9．remove；removal　10.freezing；frozen；freeze

　　11．foggy；fog

　　Ⅱ.递进式回顾短语

　　A．短语互译

　　1．

　　起源于

　　2．

　　梦想；渴望

　　3．

　　阻止

　　4．come true

　　5．make sense

　　6．bring an end to

　　【答案】　1.date from　2.dream of/about　3.hold back　4.(梦想等)变成现实　5.有意义；有道理；能理解　6.结束；终止

　　B．用上面的短语的适当形式完成下列句子

　　7．No one can

　　the wheels of history.

　　8．I'm sure your wish will

　　.

　　9．The little girl

　　becoming a teacher.

　　10．Can you

　　of what I said.

　　11．His words

　　the meeting.

　　【答案】　7.hold back　8.come true　9.dreams of/about

　　10．make sense　11.brought an end to

　　Ⅲ.仿写式活用句型

　　1．It was strange to think that，when my grandparents lived in the village，there wasn't a reservoir there at all!

　　【句式仿写】　很难相信他有这么好的嗓音。

　　2．Why do you think there are so many tall buildings in the world now?

　　【句式仿写】　你认为他是什么时候出生的？

　　【答案】　1.It is hard to believe that he has such a beautiful voice.　2.When do you think he was born?

　　完形填空解题技法(十二)

　　复读查缺补漏法

　　做完之后，再用2～3分钟的时间将全文联系起来进行复读，查看所填单词或短语是否跟语境相符，是否与逻辑相悖。这样，通过查缺补漏，使答案万无一失，提高分数。

　　【实例透析】　

　　I was at a grocery store one evening. I had1(finished)selecting goods and as I was standing in line waiting for my2(turn), I noticed the woman3(directly)in front of me, who looked as if she had just had some kind of medical4(treatment). Her face looked as if she had known a lot of

　　5

　　and was tired of everything. She had bought everything

　　6

　　one would need to care for oneself at home. She7(kept)glancing at her groceries and counting the8(money)in her hand. I wish I had money to pay for her groceries. What can I do to9(help)her out?

　　...

　　5．A.painB．experiences

　　C．appointments

　　D．surprise

　　6．A.in case

　　B．for which

　　C．so that

　　D．that

　　【解析】　这是一篇记叙文。“我”在商店购物的时候看到助人为乐的一幕。“我”排队准备结账时，前面一个女士带的钱不够，于是有人出手相助。

　　5. A。6. D。在初次阅读这篇文章时很难对第5、6题作出直接的判断，但如果进行复读就很容易从上文中的medical treatment得出答案，故第5题选A。而对第6题所在的句子进行分析后就会发现：此处用that引导定语从句，that指代前面的everything, 并在从句中作need的宾语。

　　【技巧点拨】

　　复读是做完形填空的一个比较重要的环节，尤其是考生面对一些难度较大的文章时，第一遍读后往往会对许多问题的答案都似是而非，难以做出抉择，但通过复读这些问题往往就会迎刃而解。

　　Rossetti could see that the old fellow was deeply18(moved) . “Who is this fine young artist？”he asked . “Your son？”“No，”said the old man19(sadly). “It is me 40 years ago. If only I had heard your praise then！However, I got

　　20

　　and gave up too soon. ”

　　20. A．concerned

　　B．abused

　　C．independent

　　D．discouraged

　　【解析】　这是一篇寓意深刻的记叙文。一位老人拿着一些画作让著名画家罗塞蒂进行评价，这位老人在40年前才华横溢，却由于得不到鼓励与帮助而放弃了他的追求。

　　20. D。如果不仔细阅读，有些考生可能没有发现if only引导的虚拟语气。老人也正是由于没有在四十年前听到这些赞美之词而失去勇气放弃了他的艺术。