专题四 名词性从句
◆名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)中连接词的运用
名词性从句中的连接词有从属连词that/whether/if，连接代词what/who/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever，连接副词where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever。
1．that的用法。
(1)主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。
That they are good at English is known to us all.
The problem is that we don’t have enough money.
The report that there will be a severe storm in the northern area is false.
(2)一般情况下，宾语从句中的引导词that可省略，但在以下几种情况中that一般不省略：(A)当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入语时；(B)有多个that引导的从句时，第一个that可以省略，而其他的that常不可省略；(C)介词except，but，besides，in等后跟that引导的宾语从句时；(D)当when，who，what，where，why，how等引导的从句与that引导的从句作主句谓语动词的并列宾语时。
He judged that，because he was a child，he did not understand wine.
The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.
Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.
(3)that和what的区别。
that 引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不担当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定语从句中的“先行词＋关系代词”，即常说的“先行词＋that”。
It’s a shame that he has made such a mistake.
I will do what I can (do) to help him.
(4)同位语从句与定语从句中that的区别。
同位语从句中的连接词that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分；而定语从句中的关系代词that在句中作宾语或主语，与先行词有修饰关系。如果句子
是同位语从句，就应用连接词that而不能用which。同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词后解释说明名词的含义或内容，如以下名词：news，fact，suggestion，truth，plan，belief，doubt，possibility，idea等，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。
They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.(同位语从句)
The hope they expressed is that they would come to visit China again.(定语从句)
2．whether和if的用法。
(1)whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whether。
It all depends on whether they will come back.
(2)后面直接跟or not 时用whether。
I didn’t know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.
(3)主语从句、表语从句中只能用whether。
Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.
The question is whether they have so much money.
(4)whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，if则不能。
We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not.
(5)whether常与or连用表示一种选择，if不能这样用；whether也可与动词不定式连用但if不能。
The question of whether they are male or female is not important.
I have not decided whether to go or not.
(6)间接宾语位于句首时或者间接宾语提前时用whether不用if。
Thank you，but whether I’ll be free I’m not sure at the moment.
(7)whether可引导一个让步状语从句表示“不管”、“无论”，而if不能。
Whether he comes or not，we will begin our party on time.
3．疑问词＋ever和no matter＋疑问词的区别。
(1)疑问词＋ever可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的成分。
Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.
You can choose whatever you like in the shop.
(2)疑问词＋ever还可引导让步状语从句。
Whoever breaks the rule，he must be punished.
Whatever you do，you must do it well.
(3)no matter＋疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。
No matter what you do，you must put your heart into it.
No matter who comes late，he must be punished.
4．when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
when 和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则when和where引导的是定语从句，否则则为同位语从句。
They put forward the question where they could get the money.(同位语从句)
This is the place where the accident happened.(定语从句)
◆主语从句的考查要点
1．主语从句在复合句中充当主语，大多数主语从句都可以用it作形式主语而把主语从句置于句尾。
2．that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，that不可省；what引导的主语从句表示“……的东西”时，一般不用it作形式主语；whatever，whoever，whichever一般也不用it作形式主语。
That she will succeed is certain.
→It is certain that she will succeed.
What he needs is more experience.
常见的it替代that引导的主语从句的句式主要有以下几种：
(1)It＋系动词＋形容词(necessary，right，likely，unlikely，wrong，important，certain，clear，obvious，strange，normal等)＋that从句
It is certain that most of the farmers have brought in more money by all means.
(2)It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity，a shame，good news，a fact，an honour，a wonder，no wonder等)＋that从句
It’s no wonder that you’ve achieved so much success.
(3)It＋be＋过去分词(said，told，heard，reported，decided，suggested，advised，ordered，remembered，thought，considered，wellknown，announced等)＋that从句
It is said that the professor has already succeeded in carrying out the experiment.
(4)It＋特殊动词(seem，appear，happen，matter)＋that从句
It happened to me that I had been away when he called.
注意：(1)在“It is necessary/important/strange/natural...＋that从句”结构中，从句谓语常用“(should＋)动词原形”形式。
(2)在“It＋be＋suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required...＋that从句”结构中，that从句谓语应用“(should＋)动词原形”。
题组训练1
用适当的连接词填空
1．What_Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
2．It is obvious that you’ve made a big mistake.
3．It was never clear that the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.
4．Why he did that wasn’t quite clear.
5．It is still under discussion whether the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.
◆宾语从句的考查要点
1．动词的宾语从句
(1)大多数动词(hope，tell，say等)可以带宾语从句。
We all expect that they will win，for members of their team are stronger.
I don’t think you are right.
I don’t suppose he cares，does he?
(2)动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后有宾语补足语时，则需要it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。
I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day.
(3)有些动词带宾语从句时习惯上需要在宾语从句前加it。这类动词(短语)有hate，enjoy，like，love，dislike，see to等。
I hate it when they talk with their mouths full.
2．一般情况下介词后只能用wh类连接词引导宾语从句。
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
注意：(1)where引导的从句有时也可用作介词的宾语。
We could see the temple quite clearly from where we lived.
(2)that引导的从句作介词的宾语是很少有的，只有在except，in，but等介词后偶尔可能用到。
Your composition is quite good except that the organization is a bit loose.
(3)sure，certain，glad，pleased，happy，surprised等表示“情感”的形容词后也可带宾语从句。
I’m sure that they will make it in spite of the terrible weather.
题组训练2
用适当的连接词填空
1．The shocking news made me realize what terrible problems we would face.
2．We’ve offered her the job，but I don’t know whether/if she’ll accept it.
3．The villagers have already known what we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge.
4．His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out what it is he is trying to express.
5．Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach how they should read first.
◆表语从句的考查要点
1．主句的主语是idea，advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement等名词时，表语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气，即“(should＋)动词原形”的形式。
His suggestion is that we (should) change our course.
2．主语为名词reason时，表语从句中的连接词要用that，而不用why或because。
The reason for such a serious accident is that the driver was too careless and drank too much.
3．because，as if，as though，as，like等连接词也可引导表语从句。
He has heart disease. That is because he has been smoking too much.
题组训练3
用适当的连接词填空
1．I am afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer，which is why he never finishes anything.
2．I’d like to start my own business—that’s what I’d do if I had the money.
3．The reason why he didn’t go to school was that he fell ill.
4．He came late. That was because he got up late.
5．The question is whether_we can reduce the cost of the product.
◆同位语从句的考查要点
同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词的内容的从句。
1．能接同位语从句的名词有：belief，fact，hope，idea，doubt，news，conclusion，suggestion，problem，order，answer，decision，explanation，information，thought等。
2．同位语从句一般用that引导，但也可以用连接代词(what，which，who)、连接副词(when，where，why，how)或whether引导。
I have no idea what has happened to him.
3．有时同位语从句不紧跟在它所说明的某个名词后，而是被别的词隔开。
The story goes that William Tell did kill the king with that sword.
题组训练4
用适当的连接词填空
1．There is clear evidence that the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.
2．When the news came that the war broke out，he decided to serve in the army.
3．I have no idea when they will be back and settle down.
4．The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is a trend.
5．The question why so many people would choose to live in the countryside but to work in the city is still under discussion.
◆语法与写作
根据提示翻译下面的句子
1．父亲建议我们进行爬山比赛。(使用宾语从句)(2017·湖南·书面表达)
My_father_suggested_we_climb_the_hill_and_have_a_match.
2．它表明了当今的一个普遍现象：孩子是家庭的中心。(使用同位语从句)(2017·福建·书面表达)
It_shows_a_common_phenomenon_nowadays_that_children_are_the_focus_of_families.
3．我最在乎的是和你在一起的美好记忆。(使用主语从句)(2017·湖南·书面表达)
What_I_care_most_is_the_wonderful_memory_of_being_together_with_you.
4．我的建议是你们应该资助一些项目让人们意识到长江江豚(finless porpoise)的严重形势并去保护它们。(使用表语从句)(2017·重庆·写作二)
My_suggestion_is_that_you_should_finance_some_programmes_to_make_people_aware_of_the_serious_situation_of_the_finless_porpoise_and_protect_them.
5．没有人否认这样一个事实，在这个过程中我们能够开阔视野。(使用同位语从句)(2017·山东·写作)
No_one_can_deny_the_fact_that_we_can_have_our_vision_broadened_in_the_process.
◆语法填空A
Last week，in an unusual way，a stranger treated me with generosity.At an Asian grocery store on a busy evening，I was shopping for the items I needed 1.for my volunteer work of cooking breakfast on Saturday at a homeless shelter in San Jose.I went to the store 2.to buy (buy) tofu and vegetables.As I 3.was waiting (wait) in line to finish the purchase，the lady next to me approached me to find out 4.how I was going to consume the big box of tofu I was buying.Enthusiastically，I replied that I was buying food for the breakfast for homeless people.
While I was getting ready to pay the bill，to my 5.amazement (amaze)，she offered to pay for everything.Despite multiple requests for 6.her name，she responded that she felt good because I was doing the kind of community work which her parents once received help from 7.when/as they came to this country as refugees.Hence she wanted to take 8.the opportunity to show her gratitude.
It was the 9.best (good) reward I had ever received for my volunteer work，10.which began three years ago.In a strange way we are all connected and feel for each other.That’s what I call being a “human”．
B
The expression “go for it” is a way of encouraging someone to try something.
“Go for it” means you should not worry about failure or be too 1.careful (care)．You should take a chance，be brave，and act firmly.
“Go for it” gets its name from football.Not football 2.as it is played in most countries such as England，Egypt or Japan，but the kind of football played in the United States and Canada.
One of the most exciting times in football comes when a team 3.fails (fail)，after three attempts，to move the ball forward ten yards.The team must make 4.a critical decision.
The conservative choice is to kick the ball and accept temporary defeat in order to gain a good position for your team the next time 5.it gets the ball.The more exciting choice，6.however，is to try a fourth and final time to gain the 7.remaining (remain) yards needed.
People present are certain to shout their advice.They will encourage the team to take a chance.“Go for it！” they will scream.
8．In/During the nineteen eighties，people began using this expression in many kinds of situations to encourage someone to act bravely.
There is no guarantee 9.that the action you go for will succeed.But that is the chance you can get when you decide to go for it.You put your fears behind.You choose courage over safety.You hold10.your breath and go for it.