专题二 动词和动词短语
◆动词的辨析
动词包括连系动词、及物动词和不及物动词、持续性动词与非持续性动词，是高考考查的重点，无论是单项填空还是完形填空等题型中，动词辨析的比重都很大，并有逐年增加的趋势。动词辨析主要指：
1．词形相近的动词之间的辨析。如：lie，lay；rise，raise；sit，seat等。
2．意义相近的动词之间的辨析。如：borrow，lend; speak，say，talk; hope，wish等。
3．动词与其他词形相近、意义相似的词的辨析。如：advise，advice; cost，worth; pass，past 等。
4．意义不同但容易混淆的动词的辨析。如：explain，say; discover，invent; uncover，find等。
5．某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨析。如：ask，give，call，make，get，keep，want，see，hear等。
6．某些常用动词短语的辨析。如：give in，give up; turn on，turn off，turn down，turn up等。
题组训练1
选词填空
1．William found it increasingly difficult to read，for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
2．If you don’t like the drink you ordered just leave it and try a different one.
3．Mary，I reminded John of his promise to help you.
4．Knowledge and learning are important if we want to be successful，but they may also limit our thinking.
5．The minister said，“We are ready for discussions with any legal parties，but we’ll never negotiate with criminals.”
6．Clinical evidence began to accumulate，suggesting that the new drugs had a wider range of useful activities than had been predicted from experiments in animals.
7．—Are you still mad at her?
—Not really，but I can’t deny that her remarks hurt me.
8．I’d prefer to reserve my judgment until I find all the evidence.
9．You are old enough to earn your own living.
10．I opened a bank account after I made﹩1,000 by doing a parttime job during the summer vacation.
◆动词短语的考查要点
动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。需掌握以下要点：
1．根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。
(1)动词＋副词(不及物)
Tom turned up after the party when everyone had left.
(2)动词＋副词(及物)
Please turn every light in the house off.
注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。
She turned off all the lights which had been left on.
②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。
She gave them away.
(3)动词＋介词(及物)
You should learn to care about others.
注意：当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。
(4)动词＋副词＋介词
I look forward to seeing you soon.
注意：“动词＋介词”、“动词＋名词＋副词”、“动词＋副词＋介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。
In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after)
2．熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。
(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时意义上的差异。
①hear from收到……的来信 hear of听说
②look after照料 look at看 look for寻找
(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时意义上的差异。
①ring back回电话 ring off挂断电话
ring up打电话
②put away放好，收起 put on穿上；上演
put up挂起；举起
(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时意义上的差异。
look for寻找ask for请求
wait for等候send for派人去叫
(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时意义上的差异。
①break out发生；爆发 carry out进行；开展
go out熄灭
hand out分发
let out放出
look out当心
sell out卖完
set out出发
take out取出
work out算出
②break down坏了 come down落下来
get down下车
take down取下
write down写下
题组训练2
选词填空
take on，bring up，turn down，go over，come across，put up，care about，look up，put up with，speed up，bring down，work out1．I can put up with the house being untidy，but I hate it if it’s not clean.
2．The government has taken measures to bring down the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable.
3．They are broadening the bridge to speed up the flow of traffic.
4．You can’t predict everything. Often things don’t work out as you expect.
5．—You look upset. What’s the matter?
—I had my proposal turned down again.
6．If you care about faults but you still want the bicycle，ask the shop assistant to reduce the price.
7．He decided that he would drive all the way home instead of putting up at a hotel for the night.
8．Born into a family with three brothers，David was brought up to value the sense of sharing.
9．To get a better grade，you should go over the notes again before the test.
10．I often look up the words I don’t know in the dictionary or on the Internet.
11．She came across an old friend of hers yesterday while she was shopping at the department store.
12．Some insects take on the color of their surroundings to protect themselves.
◆易错易混点
1．lay(放)，lie(躺)与lie(说谎)，这三个易混动词构成见下表：
原形 过去式 过去分词
lay放，搁；下蛋，产卵 laid laid
lie躺；位于 lay lain
lie说谎 lied lied
2.rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。
3．hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为“悬挂”，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为“绞刑”，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。
4．sit与seat：seat为及物动词时作“容纳”讲，sit只是表示一个动作；seat表示“就座”时要用be seated 或用seat oneself。如：They were seated at their desks.或I seated myself in the armchair.
5．win与beat：win作“胜、赢”讲时其后应接a game，an argument，a battle，a prize，a contest，a race，a bet等，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含义。如：I have won him.即“我已说服他了，我赢得了他的好感。”而beat是及物动词，意为“击败、胜过”，直接接人、队。
6．lost，gone与missing：作补足语时意为“丢失、不见了”，可以用lost，gone，但要用miss时则不能用missed，而要用missing。
◆语法与写作
根据提示翻译下面的句子
1．必须指出我愿意在这个假期里去旅游。(point out)(2017·山东·写作)
It must be pointed out that I would love to go travelling during this holiday.
2．踢足球和看电视占据了我很多的业余时间。(take up)(2017·四川·书面表达)
Playing football and watching TV take up much of my spare time.
3．我必须使自己适应美国的生活方式，帮助他们了解中国文化的最优秀部分。(adapt to)(2017·浙江·书面表达)
I had to adapt myself to their American lifestyle and help them understand the best part of Chinese culture.
4．前面将会有很多挑战，但我有信心我会挑起这个担子。(take on)(2017·天津·书面表达)
There will be many challenges ahead，but I have confidence that I’ll take on the burden.
5．在中国，这些中国结(Chinese knot)代表友谊、爱和好运。(stand for)(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ·书面表达)
In China，these Chinese knots stand for friendship，love and good luck.
◆语法填空A
Have you ever thought why there are very few great people？Here is the reason：
Most people do not pay the price of greatness.
I think this is quite obvious.Now，the next question is：why not？If there are so many people who want to be great，why only very few of them actually pay the price？The answer to these questions 1.explains (explain) the difference between the almost 100% people who want to be great and the much less than 0.01% who actually be so.
The reason 2.why very few people actually pay the price is 3.this：The road to greatness is continuously painful for a long time.
Greatness requires sacrifices and there is no sacrifice 4.without pain.This kind of sacrifices 5.required (require) for greatness is the ones that make the process continuously painful for a long time.If you want to be great it will be painful every now and then，and many people can still handle 6.it.Being great is 7.a totally different level.The pain is deep and continuous，which very few people can endure.Most people 8.naturally (nature) choose things that bring pleasure to them.It’s unnatural to choose pain over pleasure，let alone 9.enduring (endure) pain continuously for a long time.
Therefore，I believe，the secret 10.to greatness is choosing pain over pleasure continuously for a long time.
B
What 1.an embarrassment！Our English teacher in the US was in the middle of telling us about the Native Americans，2.when my iPod suddenly started playing music!
Luckily，it was in my pocket.I quickly pressed my pocket，hoping the sound would die out.But it simply went on and on!
Our teacher said：“The Native Americans liked to listen to what went on around them.” Then she stopped to let us experience 3.what it was like to listen 4.as the Native Americans did.
The classroom became quiet immediately.The whole class heard the music and burst into 5.laughter (laugh)．
“Well，that was loud！”the teacher said with a 6.meaningful (meaning) smile.Then she went on teaching as if nothing 7.had happened (happen)．The teacher had forgiven me in spite of the rules，I thought.Then I realized that this was probably the first time something like this had happened in the classroom and so there was no punishment 8.for my deeds.
In China it might have been different.We always think we should severely punish people who do something wrong so that they never do it again.This experience taught me that the most important thing when 9.it comes to punishment is for the violators themselves 10.to realize (realize) they have done something wrong so they know not to do it again in the future.