【人教大纲版】2017届高考英语一轮复习精品学案：SBⅡ Units 13-14

　　SBⅡ Units 13-14

　　1. The nutrients in whatever falls into the ocean quickly become available to other living creatures.(SB Ⅱ U13)

　　流入海洋里的任何营养物都会马上被其他生物所利用。

　　whatever在此作关系代词，引出一个名词性从句，作介词in 的宾语，相当于anything that或all that。

　　Whatever she did was right.

　　她做的任何事情都是正确的。

　　You may take whatever you like.

　　你可以拿任何你想要的东西。

　　①One should stick to (做任何已经开始做的事情)．

　　②Don't you know that

　　I always succeed in

　　　(我想尽力做的任何事)?

　　【答案】

　　①whatever one has begun

　　②whatever I try (to do)

　　2. Heat capacity is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree centigrade.(SB Ⅱ U13)

　　热能量是一种物质升高一摄氏度所需要的能量。

　　It takes…to do sth.是固定句式，“做某事需要……”

　　It takes usual courage and determination to make break with his family.

　　与他的家庭决裂需要非凡的勇气和决心。

　　It takes wisdom to settle the quarrel between the two countries.

　　平息两国间的争端需要智慧。

　　①Perseverance is a kind of quality and that‘s 　

　　　(做好一切事情所需要的)．

　　②(通常要10分钟) for a taxi to get to the hotel.

　　【答案】

　　①what it takes to do anything well

　　②It usually takes 10 minutes

　　3. One of the reasons why Harrier Tubman joined an action group in 1850 was that she wanted to help runaway slaves. (SBⅡ U14)

　　在1850年加入行动小组的原因之一是她想要帮助逃亡的奴隶。

　　The reason why…is/was that… ……的理由是……(why引导定语从句修饰 the reason；that引导表语从句)

　　The reason why he was late was that he got up late.

　　他迟到了是因为他起床迟了。

　　①__________________(原因) I was late was that there was too much traffic on the road.

　　②__________________(我不能帮你的原因)now is that I can't afford the time at all.

　　③Part

　　of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was ______ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.(2010·北京卷)

　　A. what

　　B. that

　　C. why

　　D. whether

　　【答案】

　　①The reason why

　　②The reason why I can't help you

　　③B

　　4. …where black people had equal rights and were free to live, study and work as they wished. (SBⅡ U14)

　　……黑人在那里享有平等的权利，可以像他们所希望的那样自由地生活、学习和工作。

　　as conj. 像……，按照(引导方式状语从句)

　　①Leave it __________________(照现在这样)．

　　②Do __________________(按医生告诉你的那样)and you will soon recover.

　　③No matter whether you are tall or short, this or that, you should accept yourself ______ you are.

　　A. what

　　B. as

　　C. because

　　D. which

　　【答案】

　　①as it is

　　②as the doctor told you

　　③B　像你目前的样子接受自己。

　　5. There was a time when women had no right to vote, could not go to university or choose their jobs.(SBⅡ U14)

　　有一段时期，妇女没有选举权，不能够上大学或选择工作。

　　There is/was a time when 有一段……的时间(when引导定语从句，修饰time)

　　__________________(有一段时间) I made up my mind to study French.

　　【答案】 There was a time when

　　课文原句高考对照

　　Pick out the topic of each paragraph and use the structures below to make six questions.

　　选出每段的主题，且用下面的结构提出六个问题。 　

　　It was so dark in the cinema that I could

　　hardly ______ my friend.(2007四川卷)

　　A. turn out

　　B. bring out

　　C. call out

　　D. pick out

　　解析：选D。句意：电影院里如此漆黑以致

　　几乎找不出我的朋友。pick out选出，挑

　　出，辨认出。

　　课文原句高考对照 课文原句高考对照

　　The nutrients in whatever falls into the ocean quickly become available to other living creatures.

　　流入海洋里的任何营养物质马上被其他生物所利用。 　

　　There are plenty of jobs ______ in the

　　western part of the country.(2008浙江卷)

　　A. present

　　B. available

　　C. precious

　　D. convenient

　　解析：选B。句意：在祖国西部有很多可

　　以获得的工作。如同在“课文原句”里的一

　　样，available意为“可以利用的”。

　　课文原句高考对照 课文原句高考对照

　　It was during the “March on Washington DC” in 1963 that he gave the speech…

　　他就是在到华盛顿特区的行进中发表了这篇演讲……

　　It was in New Zealand ______ Elizabeth

　　first met Mr.Smith.(2008全国卷Ⅱ)

　　A. that

　　B. how

　　C. which

　　D. when

　　解析：选A。本题为强调句式，被强调成

　　分为in New Zealand。

　　课文原句高考对照 课文原句高考对照

　　It was during the “March on Washington DC” in 1963 that he gave the speech…

　　他就是在到华盛顿特区的行进中发表了这篇演讲……

　　John's success has nothing to do with

　　good luck. It is years of hard work ______ has

　　made him what he is today.(2010湖南卷)

　　A. why

　　B. when

　　C. which

　　D. that

　　解析：选D。约翰的成功与好运没关系。

　　是多年的努力工作造就了他的今天。

　　1.It的用法：it作代词的各种用法，特别是it

　　作形式主语和形式宾语以及it的模糊用法。

　　2.强调句： 强调句的用法，特别是在疑问句

　　中的运用以及强调句和状语从句、定语从

　　句的区别。

　　It的用法与强调句

　　1.代词it

　　（1）用作人称代词，替代前面提到的事物。例如：

　　My pen is missing. I can’t find it anywhere.

　　我的钢笔丢了，哪儿都找不到。

　　（2）指人（不明身份的人或婴儿）。例如：

　　Who is it speaking? (电话用语，it=that)

　　请问你是谁？

　　— Is it your baby？

　　—No, it isn’t.

　　——是你的孩子吗？

　　——不，不是。

　　（3）表示时间、天气、环境、距离等。例如：

　　It was nearly midnight when she came back.（表示时间）

　　她回来时差不多是半夜。

　　It was very quiet in the classroom.（表示环境）

　　教室里很安静。

　　It is a long way from my home to school.（表示距离）

　　从家到学校有一段很长的距离。

　　（4）替代前述的短语或句子。例如：

　　Don’t let your children play with fire. It is dangerous.（it=play with fire）

　　别让你孩子玩火，那太危险了。

　　Jack is ill. Have you heard about it?

　　杰克病了，你听说了吗？

　　（5）指心目中或性别尚未确定或身份不明的人。

　　— Who knocked on the door?

　　— It’s Mary.

　　2.引导词it

　　（1）作形式主语，代替不定式、动名词、主语从句。例如：

　　It is difficult to understand the long passage.（代替不定式）

　　理解这篇长文章很难。

　　It is no use arguing about that.（代替动名词）

　　对此争论是没用的。It is said that the meeting will be put off.（代替主语从句）

　　据说会议将要推迟。

　　it作形式主语常见的句型有：

　　It is kind/necessary… (of/for sb.) to do sth.

　　It is+形容词+that从句

　　It takes sb. sth. to do sth. 做……要花费某人……

　　It’s + no use / no good/of little use + doing

　　It is said/reported/learned…+that从句（据说/报道/据悉……）

　　It seems 似乎，看起来好像

　　It appears似乎，看来

　　It looks 显得，好像

　　It happens碰巧，偶然

　　（2）作形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词、宾语从句。例如：

　　We think it important to learn a foreign language.（代替不定式）

　　我们认为学一门外语很重要。

　　They made it clear to the public that they were doing an important and necessary job.（代替宾语从句）

　　他们向公众表明他们正在做的是一项重要而必须的工作。

　　3.it的模糊用法

　　（1）it + that 可以引导宾语从句。能这样用的动词或动词词组有：see to (确保), depend on, rely on, insist on, take等。例如：

　　I take it that (猜想，认为) he is not fond of reading this novel.

　　我想他不喜欢读这本小说。

　　Our teacher saw to it that our homework should be finished on time.

　　我们的老师确保家庭作业能按时完成。

　　（2）like (love, hate) it＋介词短语＋when引导的从句。例如：

　　I hate it in the evening when you sing.

　　晚上我不愿意听你唱歌。（实际上it代替when引导的从句。）

　　1.强调句型的结构：

　　It is/was+被强调部分+that / who+句子的其余部分。

　　强调句型主要用来强调主语、宾语、状语等句子成分。如果强调的部分是人，可用who, whom代替that。例如：

　　Mr Smith bought a new car from the factory last year.

　　史密斯去年从工厂买了一辆新车。

　　强调主语：

　　It was Mr Smith that/who bought a new car from the factory last year.

　　去年从工厂买新车的是史密斯先生。

　　强调宾语：

　　It was a new car that Mr Smith bought from the factory last year.

　　史密斯先生去年从工厂买的是一辆新车。

　　强调状语：

　　It was from the factory last year that Mr Smith bought a new car.

　　去年史密斯先生是从工厂买的新车。

　　强调句型的一般疑问句形式是：

　　Is/Was it+被强调部分+who／that+…? 例如：

　　Was it from the factory that Mr Smith bought a new car last year?

　　去年史密斯先生是从工厂买新车的吗？

　　特殊疑问句形式是：

　　疑问词+is／was+被强调部分+that…? 例如：

　　Where was it that Mr Smith bought a new car last year?

　　去年史密斯先生是从哪里买的新车？

　　2.使用强调句的几个注意方面：

　　（1）not until 结构用于句首时，主语和谓语通常用倒装语序。但在“It is/was not until… that…”句型中，that后的主谓不倒装。例如：

　　Not until he came back did I know the truth.

　　直到他回来，我才知道真相。

　　It was not until he came back that I knew the truth.

　　直到他回来，我才知道真相。

　　（2）被强调部分是主语，who／that之后的谓语动词应该在人称和数上与原句中的主语保持一致:

　　It is I who am right.我是对的。

　　It is he who is wrong.他是错的。

　　It is the students who are in need of practice.

　　学生需要练习。

　　（3）被强调部分是句子中的时间状语、地点状语、原因状语时，不能用when, where, because，要用that。例如：

　　It was because of the heavy rain that he came late.

　　是因为大雨他迟到的。

　　（4）被强调部分既包括人又包括物，用that不用who。例如：

　　It was the things and people that they couldn’t forget.

　　他们不能忘记的是这些人和事。

　　（5）强调句型用于宾语从句，为一大热门考点。例如：

　　“She looks sad. Could you please tell me what it is that prevents her from being as happy as before?”

　　“她看起很悲伤，请你告诉我是什么让她没有以前那样快乐？”

　　（6）考试试题中常将定语从句的考点与强调句型合考，从而增加试题的迷惑性。例如:

　　It was in Beihai Park where they made a date for the first time that the old couple told us their love story.

　　这对老夫妇向我们讲述他们的爱情故事是从北海公园的第一次约会开始的。

　　（7）强调句和状语从句的区别:

　　It was at 6 o’clock that he came back.（强调句型）

　　他是6点钟回来的。

　　It was 6 o’clock when he came back.（状语从句）

　　当他回来时，已是6点钟了。

　　15

　　() 1. It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village ______ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner. (2010·安徽卷)

　　A. where

　　B. that

　　C. when

　　D. which

　　B

　　考查强调句型。迷惑点在于强调部分中含有一个定语从句that she had bought in the village。

　　() 2. Being a parent is not always easy, and being the parent of a child with special needs often carries with ______ extra stress. (2009·北京卷)

　　A. it

　　B. them

　　C. one

　　D. him

　　A

　　it在句中代指being the parent of a child with special needs; 故选A。

　　() 3. — I've read another book this week.

　　— Well, maybe ______ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.

　　( 2009·浙江卷)

　　A. this

　　B. that

　　C. there

　　D. it

　　D

　　考查强调句型的用法。把“is”和句中的that省略后，该句话依旧成立，由此可知该题是强调句型的结构，所以答案只能是it。如果不能准确区分句子结构是该题出错的主要原因。

　　() 4. — Is it OK if I take this seat?

　　— Sorry, ______. (2009·辽宁卷)

　　A. here you are

　　B. take it

　　C. it's taken

　　D. never mind

　　C

　　由sorry可知座位已经有人了，故选it's taken。 it 作代词指代前文的seat。A项“给你”的意思；B项“做吧” ；C项“没关系”，道歉时的答语，这三项都和上下文意思不吻合。

　　短文改错解题技巧

　　【要点概述】

　　一、题型特点：

　　本题给出一篇短文，词数在100～120左右，其中10行右边标有题号，要求考生就这10行判断是否有错，如有错即将其改正。错误类型包括词法、句法、行文逻辑等。

　　二、考点分布：

　　1．词法上，主要涉及：

　　(1)动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词及情态动

　　词的用法等。

　　(2)名词、代词的数、格。

　　(3)形容词、副词的比较等级。

　　(4)主谓语一致及其他的一致关系。

　　(5)连词、关系词的使用等。

　　2．句法上，主要涉及简单句否定、疑问、倒装、省略、替代等变化。

　　3．行文逻辑上，主要涉及人物的性别及与之相对应的物主代词、句意的并列与转折、时间的顺序、数量的增减以及因果的倒置等。

　　三、解题方法：

　　1．通读全文，把握大意。

　　短文改错涉及逻辑行文错误，及句子与句子之间必要的联系。单独看可能是对的，但从整体看却与上下文不符，因此，事先必须通读全文，把握文章的大意及上下文之间的联系。

　　2．记住多、漏、错及正确项命题的数量比例。

　　在短文改错中正确项一般只有一个，多项1到2个，漏项1到2个，错项6个左右。这一比例告诉我们应从哪些方面去发现错误，怎样改正错误。

　　3．分句阅读，逐行改错。当一个句子分布在上下两行时，一句中可能有两处错误；如果一行中有两个句子，则不会两句都有错。要着重从以下诸方面去发现问题：

　　(1)动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词及情态动词。

　　(2)名词的单复数、代词与格、形容词和副词的比较等级。

　　(3)冠词、不定代词等一些名词前的限定词及不定式符号to多用、少用或错用。

　　(4)介词与名词、形容词搭配以及作时间状语的名词短语前的介词。

　　(5)不及物动词后是否缺介词或副词、及物动词后是否多介词或副词。

　　(6)名词性从句的连接词和定语从句的关系代词、关系副词。

　　(7)句子成分残缺(一般缺be动词)。

　　(8)固定搭配和习惯用法。

　　(9)主谓一致、句子中的平行现象以及上下文中的一致现象。

　　(10)表示肯定与否定、全部否定与部分否定、并列、转折、让步、因果关系的词是否用得恰当，是否影响了句子与句子之间的逻辑关系。

　　4．复读全文，消除疏忽。

　　做完后，应把改正后的答案放在短文中去复读一遍，一查是否通顺恰当，二查该加符号的地方是否用了该用的符号，以保证答题的准确率。

　　【体验高考】

　　此题要求改正所有短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行做出判断：如无错误，在该行右边横线上画一个勾(√)；如有错误(每行只有一个错误)，则按下列情况改正：

　　此行多一个词：把多余的词用斜线()划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线划掉。

　　此行缺一个词：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。

　　此行错一个词：在错的词下划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。

　　注意：原行没有错的不要改。

　　Ⅰ(2010·全国卷Ⅱ)

　　Christie was one of my best friend at high school.

　　76. ________________

　　At that time, we often spend time together.

　　77. ________________

　　Thank to her help, I made great progress in my

　　78. ________________

　　study. Last year, she decided to study abroad. In

　　79. ________________

　　other words, we would be separated for long time.

　　80. ________________

　　Before her leaving off, I prepared a gift to show

　　81. ________________

　　my best whishes to him. She said it was the best

　　82. ________________

　　gift she has ever had. From then on, we've

　　83. ________________

　　kept touch with each other through e-mails. I

　　84. ________________

　　look forward to see her again in the near future.

　　85. ________________

　　76. friend→friends　one of 结构中需加名词复数。

　　77. spend→spent　时态错误。

　　78. Thank→Thanks　thanks to 多亏。

　　79. √。

　　80. long前加a　for a long time 固定表达。81. 去掉off　leave 的意思为“离开”，而leave off的意思为“停止”。

　　82. him→her　人称使用错误，通过句意可知。

　　83. has→had　时态错误。

　　84. touch前加in　keep in touch 固定搭配。

　　85. see→seeing　look forward to 后加doing。

　　Ⅱ(2009·全国卷Ⅱ)

　　Hi Susan，

　　I'm sorry that I wasn't able to return to your

　　76. ________________

　　bike on time yesterday. I mean to give it

　　77. ________________

　　back to you before four in the afternoon, and I

　　78. ________________

　　was hold up on my way back. Just before I

　　79. ________________

　　turned corner of Park Street, I happened to

　　80. ________________

　　see an accident. A little girl was hurt and her

　　81. ________________

　　mother needed help. So I helped them going to

　　82. ________________

　　the nearest hospital. I stayed here for one and

　　83. ________________

　　a half hour and made sure that the girl was all

　　84. ________________

　　right. When I got back, it were already 6 pm. I

　　right. When I got back, it were already 6 pm. I

　　85. ________________

　　hope you understand.

　　Thank you!

　　Li Ling

　　76. 去掉to　return sth. to sb.。

　　77. mean→meant　时态错误。

　　78. and→but　连词使用错误，通过句子意思可以判断。

　　79. hold→held　被动语态，我被困住。

　　80. turned后加the　特指那个角落。

　　81. √。 82. going→go　help sb. (to) do sth.。

　　83. here→there　副词使用错误，通过句意可知。

　　84. hour→hours　一个半小时，所以用复数。

　　85. were→was　主语是单数it，所以用was。

　　【强化演练】

　　Ⅰ

　　Helen is a twenty-years-old girl. She never had a job

　　76.________________

　　before. Now she wanted get a job. So she went to meet

　　77.________________

　　Mr. Black, the manager of the hotel. Mr. Black told

　　78.________________

　　her it was getting very busily in the hotel in the evenings.

　　79.________________

　　He asked her if she was interesting in a part-time job.

　　80.________________

　　The girl said that she did. Then Mr. Black said she had

　　81.________________

　　to work very faster and that she must be there at six

　　82.________________

　　every afternoon and work from six to ten, Monday to

　　83.________________

　　Friday. He offered her with 4.5 dollars an hour. Helen

　　84.________________

　　pleased with the offer and decided to start work the next day.

　　85.________________

　　76. twenty-years-old→twenty-year-old　由“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词中名词用单数。

　　77. wanted后加to　want后跟带to 的不定式。

　　78. 第一个the→a　Mr. Black应是酒店的一位经理，表示泛指。

　　79. busily→busy　作动词get 后的表语，应用形容词。

　　80. interesting→interested　应为sb. be interested in sth. “对……感兴趣”。 81. did→was　that后宾语从句为that she was interested in a part-time job. 故将did改为was。

　　82. faster→fast　根据上下文语意可知没有比较，所以改为原级。

　　83. √

　　84. 去掉with　应为offer sb. sth. 不用介词。

　　85. pleased前加was　此处pleased为形容词，故前面加be, 构成be pleased with “对……满意”。

　　Ⅱ

　　Dear Editor，

　　I'd like to tell you anything about the trouble I

　　76.________________

　　was facing in buying furnitures. The other day, I ordered

　　77.________________

　　a set of furniture at an furniture exhibition. Last week

　　78.________________

　　they sent me the furniture. So I found the

　　79.________________

　　colors and the sizes of some pieces were not what I had been

　　80.________________

　　ordered. What's worse, one leg of the desk is broken.

　　81.________________

　　I asked them to take back the furniture and gave

　　82.________________

　　back money, but they refused. I wrote to the

　　83.________________

　　director of the factory but there was no answer.

　　84.________________

　　I hope where you will publish my letter on the newspaper

　　85.________________

　　and help me solve the problem.

　　Yours，

　　John

　　76. anything → something　在肯定句中用something。

　　77. furnitures → furniture　furniture是不可数名词。

　　78. an → a　an 后的furniture第一个音发辅音。

　　79. So → But　根据上下文逻辑应是转折关系而非因果关系，所以So → But。 80. 去掉been　根据句中逻辑应是I 发出“订购”这一动作，所以去掉been。

　　81. is → was　陈述过去存在的事实。故is → was。

　　82. gave → give　与前文的to take back the furniture并列作宾语补足语。故gave → give。

　　83. 在money 前加the或my　 应是退回我买家具的钱，故特指。

　　84. √

　　85. 去掉where或where → that　hope的宾语从句不缺成分。

　　Ⅲ

　　Dear Editor，

　　I am a Senior 2 girl, for studying in the best

　　76.________________

　　high school in my city. We had an American

　　77.________________

　　teacher and I really want to speak to him. And

　　78.________________

　　I'm afraid of saying anything that might make

　　79.________________

　　him unhappily due to cultural differences. I am also

　　80.________________

　　afraid when my classmates will laugh at me and

　　81.________________

　　think I must mad about English. Can you help

　　82.________________

　　me? What should I do to get along with this

　　83.________________

　　foreign teacher and how can I make a good use

　　84.________________

　　of his classes? I'm badly in need of his advice.

　　85.________________

　　Mandy

　　76．去掉for　直接用v.-ing形式作伴随状语。

　　77．had→have　全文均是一般现在时。

　　78．And→But　前后句应为转折关系。

　　79．anything→something　这里是肯定的陈述句，根据逻辑应用something才对。

　　80．unhappily→unhappy　这里构成“make sth.+形容词”结构，只能用形容词作宾语。

　　55

　　81．when→that或去掉when　这里I'm afraid后要用that引导宾语从句。

　　82．must后加be　mad 是形容词，需加上系动词。

　　83．√

　　84．去掉a　make good use of 是习惯表达，其中use是不可数名词。

　　85．第二个his→your　这里是针对收信人说的话，应该用your。