◆名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)中连接词的运用
名词性从句中的连接词有从属连词that/whether/if，连接代词what/who/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever，连接副词where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever。
1．that的用法。
(1)主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。
That they are good at English is known to us all.
The problem is that we don’t have enough money.
The report that there will be a severe storm in the northern area is false.
(2)一般情况下，宾语从句中的引导词that可省略，但在以下几种情况中that一般不省略：(A)当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入语时；(B)有多个that引导的从句时，第一个that可以省略，而其他的that常不可省略；(C)介词except，but，besides，in等后跟that引导的宾语从句时；(D)当when，who，what，where，why，how等引导的从句与that引导的从句作主句谓语动词的并列宾语时。
He judged that，because he was a child，he did not understand wine.
The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.
Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.
(3)that和what的区别。
that 引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不担当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定语从句中的“先行词＋关系代词”，即常说的“先行词＋that/which/who”。
It’s a shame that he has made such a mistake.
I will do what I can (do) to help him.
(4)同位语从句与定语从句中that的区别。
同位语从句中的连接词that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分；而定语从句中的关系代词that在句中作宾语或主语，与先行词有修饰关系。如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连接词that而不能用which。同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词后解释说明名词的含义或内容，如以下名词：news，fact，suggestion，truth，plan，belief，doubt，possibility，idea等，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。
They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.(同位语从句)
The hope that they expressed is that they would come to visit China again.(定语从句)
2．whether和if的用法。
(1)whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whether。
It all depends on whether they will come back.
(2)后面直接跟or not 时用whether。
I didn’t know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.
(3)主语从句、表语从句中只能用whether。
Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.
The question is whether they have so much money.
(4)whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，if则不能。
We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not.
(5)whether常与or连用表示一种选择，if不能这样用；whether也可与动词不定式连用但if不能。
The question of whether they are male or female is not important.
I have not decided whether to go or not.
(6)间接宾语位于句首时或者间接宾语提前时用whether不用if。
Thank you，but whether I’ll be free I’m not sure at the moment.
(7)whether可引导一个让步状语从句表示“不管”、“无论”，而if不能。
Whether he comes or not，we will begin our party on time.
3．“疑问词＋ever”和“no matter＋疑问词”的区别。
(1)“疑问词＋ever”可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的成分。
Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.
You can choose whatever you like in the shop.
(2)“疑问词＋ever”还可引导让步状语从句。
Whoever breaks the rule，he must be punished.
Whatever you do，you must do it well.
(3)“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。
No matter what you do，you must put your heart into it.
No matter who comes late，he must be punished.
4．when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
when 和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则when和where引导的是定语从句，否则为同位语从句。
They put forward the question where they could get the money.(同位语从句)
This is the place where the accident happened.(定语从句)
◆主语从句的核心考点
1．主语从句在复合句中充当主语，大多数主语从句都可以用it作形式主语而把主语从句置于句尾。
2．that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，that不可省；what引导的主语从句表示“……的东西”时，一般不用it作形式主语；whatever，whoever，whichever一般也不用it作形式主语。
That she will succeed is certain.
→It is certain that she will succeed.
What he needs is more experience.
常见的it替代that引导的主语从句的句式主要有以下几种：
(1)It＋系动词＋形容词(necessary，right，likely，unlikely，wrong，important，certain，clear，obvious，strange，normal等)＋that从句
It is certain that most of the farmers have brought in more money by all means.
(2)It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity，a shame，good news，a fact，an honour，a wonder，no wonder等)＋that从句
It’s no wonder that you’ve achieved so much success.
(3)It＋be＋过去分词(said，told，heard，reported，decided，suggested，advised，ordered，remembered，thought，considered，wellknown，announced等)＋that从句
It is said that the professor has already succeeded in carrying out the experiment.
(4)It＋特殊动词(seem，appear，happen，matter)＋that从句
It happened to me that I had been away when he called.
注意：(1)在“It is necessary/important/strange/natural...＋that从句”结构中，从句谓语常用“(should＋)动词原形”形式。
(2)在“It＋be＋suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required...＋that从句”结构中，that从句谓语应用“(should＋)动词原形”。
◆宾语从句的核心考点
1．动词的宾语从句
(1)大多数动词(hope，tell，say等)可以带宾语从句。
We all expect that they will win，for members of their team are stronger.
I don’t think you are right.
I don’t suppose he cares，does he?
(2)动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后有宾语补足语时，则需要it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。
I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day.
(3)有些动词带宾语从句时习惯上需要在宾语从句前加it。这类动词(短语)有hate，enjoy，like，love，dislike，see to等。
I hate it when they talk with their mouths full.
2．一般情况下介词后只能用wh类连接词引导宾语从句。
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
注意：(1)where引导的从句有时也可用作介词的宾语。
We could see the temple quite clearly from where we lived.
(2)that引导的从句作介词的宾语是很少有的，只有在except，in，but等介词后偶尔可能用到。
Your composition is quite good except that the organization is a bit loose.
(3)sure，certain，glad，pleased，happy，surprised等表示“情感”的形容词后也可带宾语从句。
I’m sure that they will make it in spite of the terrible weather.
◆表语从句的核心考点
1．主句的主语是idea，advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement等名词时，表语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气，即“(should＋)动词原形”的形式。
His suggestion is that we (should) change our course.
2．主语为名词reason时，表语从句中的连接词要用that，而不用why或because。
The reason for such a serious accident is that the driver was too careless and drank too much.
3．because，as if，as though，as，like等连接词也可引导表语从句。
He has lung disease.That is because he has been smoking too much.
◆同位语从句的核心考点
同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词的内容的从句。
1．能接同位语从句的名词有：belief，fact，hope，idea，doubt，news，conclusion，suggestion，problem，order，answer，decision，explanation，information，thought等。
2．同位语从句一般用that引导，但也可以用连接代词(what，which，who)、连接副词(when，where，why，how)或whether引导。
I have no idea what has happened to him.
3．有时同位语从句不紧跟在它所说明的某个名词后，而是被别的词隔开。
The story goes that William Tell did kill the king with that sword.
◆名词性从句与语法填空
在语法填空题中主要考查名词性从句中的连接词。名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，其连接词一般不可省略(宾语从句中的that可省略)。
典题试做1
在空白处填入适当的连接词
1．As natural architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly
thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015·全国Ⅱ)
答案 how
解析 分析句子结构可知，这是一个宾语从句。根据形容词thick及结构可知这里的意思是印第安人要算出土坯墙的确切厚度。故填how。
2．I didn’t understand
this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.(2017·广东)
答案 why
解析 考查宾语从句中的连接词。“我”不知道/不明白
会发生这样的事情。不明白的一定是原因，故用why引导。
3．
is important is that we let others know we care about them.(2017·湖南)
答案 What
解析 设空处引导主语从句且在从句中充当主语，应用what。
4．Over the next several months，my professor taught me
one story was so much better than the other.One was rich in metaphor(隐喻) and character development，while the other was humorous but too shallow.(2011·湖南)
答案 why
解析 考查宾语从句中的连接词。根据后句可知，“我的教授教给我为什么一个故事比另一个更好的原因”，故填why。
5．For one thing，parents have time to think about
they want to say before they write.(2010·湖南)
答案 what
解析 考查宾语从句中的连接词。设空处引导宾语从句且在从句中作say的宾语，故填what。
应对策略1
若含有两个主谓结构的句子之间，没有句号或分号，也没有连词，那么空格处一定填连接词，若其中一个分句作另一个句子的成分，注意根据成分关系确定相应的复合从句，再根据从句中缺何成分确定连接词。
◆名词性从句与短文改错
短文改错中对于名词性从句的考查主要涉及连接词使用不当，缺少连接词以及what与that、which混用等。
典题试做2
单句改错(每小题1处错误)
1．After looking at the toy for some time，he turned around and found where his parents were missing.(2015·全国Ⅱ)
答案 去掉where或where→that
解析 句意为：……他转过身发现父母不见了。由句意可知宾语从句句意完整，所以应该用that引导从句或省略。
2．How do you think I should do？(2015·四川)
答案 How→What
解析 考查宾语从句中疑问词的选择。本句中do之后缺少宾语，故用what。
3．If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt，tell your teacher immediately.(2017·四川)
答案 去掉when
解析 考查宾语从句中连接词。that后为陈述式的宾语从句，作notice的宾语。
4．“He has ruined his health.We are worried about him.”That is which other teachers say.(2017·辽宁)
答案 which→what
解析 考查表语从句中的连接词。what作say的宾语，指其他老师说话的内容。
5．This is how I need to improve in the future.(2017·大纲全国)
how→what/where
应对策略2
对于名词性从句中连接词的考查，注意首先判断两个单句之间是否有连接词，再根据不同的句式结构，判断连接词是否运用正确。解题时，可以注意以下几个方面：
(1)把握前后两句话之间的衔接关系进行判定是何从句，再根据连接词在句中作何成分，判断正误；
(2)注意which与that，which与what，whether与if以及其他wh连接词的用法区别。
◆书面表达中名词性从句易错点聚焦
1．语序问题
(误)These pictures show you what does our village look like.
(正)These pictures show you what our village looks like.
此处宾语从句的语序应用陈述语序，而不是特殊疑问句的语序。
(误)Do you think which of these is the most useful invention?
(正)Which of these do you think is the most useful invention?
在疑问语气中，宾语从句的连接词应担当特殊疑问词的角色位于句首。
2．what和that的运用
(误)America was that was first called “India” by Columbus.
(正)America was what was first called “India” by Columbus.
在名词性从句中，连接词that既不作任何句子成分，也没有意义；而连接代词what则相反，它既充当从句的主干成分也有其自身的意义。
另外，我们可以把what解释为：the＋名词＋that/which。
3．whether和if的运用
(误)If we’ll hold the party has not been decided yet.
(正)Whether we’ll hold the party has not been decided yet.
whether适用于任何情况；if(作“是否”讲)仅限于动词宾语从句中，但discuss，decide等动词后的宾语从句除外。
4．连接词的使用易受汉语干扰
(误)The reason why I was late is because I was trapped in the traffic jam.
(正)The reason why I was late is that I was trapped in the traffic jam.
通过提取简化可得出：The reason is because...在英语中这显然造成了重复现象。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．
we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
答案 How
解析 分析句子结构可知“
we understand things”为主语从句，主语从句中主谓宾成分齐全，结合句意可知，此处缺少方式状语。故填how。
2．A ship in harbor is safe，but that’s not
ships are built for.
答案 what
解析 that’s not后跟从句作表语，表语从句中的for后缺少宾语，用what引导，what与for连用，表示目的。what在句中既作表语从句的连接词又作从句中for的宾语。故填what。
3．—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
—Yeah，but I have no idea
he did it；that’s one of his favorite universities.
答案 why
解析 答句句意为：是的，但我不知道他为什么那样做，那是他最喜欢的大学之一。he did it作idea的同位语，由句意可知表示原因，故填why。
4．The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered
the boy would do.
答案 what
解析 设空处既作宾语从句的连接词又作从句中do的宾语，故填what。
5．It doesn’t matter
you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park.
答案 whether
解析 句意为：你在十字路口往右拐还是往左拐都无关紧要——两条路都通往公园。考查主语从句。根据句意及or可知此处用whether构成固定搭配whether...or...(是……还是……)。if一般不引导主语从句。
6．As many as five courses are provided，and you are free to choose
suits you best.
答案 whichever
解析 句意为：这里有五门课程供你选择，你可以自由选择任何一门最适合你的。本题考查宾语从句。从句中缺少主语成分。且题干中已给出选择的范围as many as five courses are provided，故用whichever。
7．Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt
he could have expressed it differently.
8．The notice came around two in the afternoon
the meeting would be postponed.
答案 that
解析 句意为：下午2点左右，有人通知说会议要推迟了。本题考查同位语从句。came around two in the afternoon把名词notice与其同位语从句分隔开来，增加了题目的难度。同位语从句结构完整，不缺少任何成分，所以用连接词that引导。
9．A farmer once organized a competition between his dog and his rabbit.He dug a hole in one of his biggest fields，and hid a carrot and a bone in it.He wanted to see
animal would find them first.
答案 which
解析 农夫想看看狗和兔子哪一个先找到胡萝卜和骨头。
10．It can be really upset trying to ask for something in a store or to tell the taxi driver
you are going.
答案 where
解析 此处where引导宾语从句，在从句中作地点状语。
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题1处错误)
1．That Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
答案 That→What
2．It was never clear whether the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.
答案 whether→why
3．It is still under discussion if the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.
答案 if→whether
4．The shocking news made me realize how terrible problems we would face.
答案 how→what
5．The villagers have already known which we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge.
答案 which→what
6．What he should do is he stays at home and waits for his mother from work.
答案 is之后加that
7．The reason why he was late was because his bike went wrong.
答案 because→that
8．I’d like to start my own business—that’s how I’d do if I had the money.
答案 how→what
9．He came late.That was he got up late.
答案 was之后加because
10．The question that why so many people would choose to live in the countryside but to work in the city is still under discussion.
答案 去掉that
Ⅲ.语法填空
A(名词性从句专练)
1．What worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is 2.that she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill.She has some doubts 3.whether she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar.Also，with the college entrance examination approaching，she becomes more stressful and she can’t sleep well these days.Maybe this is 4.why she becomes fatter these days，she thinks.5.How she becomes slimmer and healthier has been her main task.So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions.But where she could get better suggestions and 6.who will give her better advice also puzzle her.It is her parents’ suggestion 7.that she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital.Professor Wang suggests 8.that she keep a balanced diet first.She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber，vitamin and protein.What’s more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day.Mary asked Professor Wang 9.when she should take exercise.Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o’clock in the afternoon.That is 10.because she will have more time to do sports.It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has become much healthier now.
B
In China，college years 11.are seen(see) as a time for fun and 12.relaxation(relax)．It’s a period to explore the freedom you never had in high school.13.But in the US，students have to face 14.added(add) responsibilities.
According to 15.a new study from the Georgetown University Center，most college students in the US—between 70 and 80 percent—are working 16.while attending school in order to reduce the financial burden of tuition.
These “working 17.learners(learn)” also benefit by gaining workplace experience，according to the study.They tend to have an 18.earlier(early) time finding a job after graduation.They are also reported 19.to be(be) more likely to eventually enter a professional or managerial job，compared to those 20.who didn’t work during college.
Work and learning are becoming a popular trend among the youth.