第三周 考场作文常见的3类错误及防范措施
一、考场作文常见的3类错误
考场作文常见的错误主要分为三类：词汇类错误、语法类错误和汉语式英语。
(一)词汇类错误
考试时，我们很容易出现单词拼写错误和词形变化错误；而词性不清和词汇用法方面的错误主要还是受汉语的影响。其应对措施是在备考时要多注意容易拼错或容易出现词形变化的单词，真正用心去体会英语词汇的词性和运用，对一些固定习语更不能想当然地改动。
1．单词拼写错误
误：Our English teacher is friendly but very strick with us students.
正：Our English teacher is friendly but very strict with us students.
2．词形变化错误
误：People throwed cans, paper, bags and so on into the river water.
正：People threw cans, paper, bags and so on into the river water.
3．词性不清错误
误：Doing a parttime job always effects study.
正：Doing a parttime job always affects study.
4．词汇用法错误
误：He opened the light after he entered the room.
正：He turned on the light after he entered the room.
5．擅自改动习语
误：We lost the game, but we didn’t lose our heart.
正：We lost the game, but we didn’t lose heart.
[即时演练] 改正下列句子中的错误
1．We must try our best to prevent the enviroment from being polluted.
enviroment→environment
2．There is no doubt that keeping an English diary helps you a lot with writen English.writen→written
3．During my summer vacation, I spent half a month in the country and played very happy.happy→happily
4．We must notice our pronunciation when we speak English.notice→pay_attention_to
5．Just in the front of our house stands a tall tree with a history of 1,000 years.
in_the_front_of→in_front_of_
(二)语法类错误
一个正确的句子除了用词得当外，语法也应该准确无误。如果语法不正确，再好的构思也难以正确地表达，语法错误的多少会直接影响作文的档次。英语写作中语法类错误主要表现在：时态、语态错误、非谓语动词使用错误、主谓一致错误、比较级使用错误、多余的词以及平行错误等。
1．时态、语态错误
误：Children who raise in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.
正：Children who are raised in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.
2．非谓语动词使用错误
误：Comparing with other countries, the country pays little attention to the pollution.
正：Compared with other countries, the country pays little attention to the pollution.
3．主谓一致错误
误：My hobby is widespread, which include drawing, collecting stamps and so on.
正：My hobby is widespread, which includes drawing, collecting stamps and so on.
4．比较级使用错误
误：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting more and more smaller.
正：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting smaller and smaller.
5．多余的词
误：On one day, he went to the cinema.
正：One day, he went to the cinema.
6．平行错误
误：Then I put my book under my desk, opening it and started looking for the answer.
正：Then I put my book under my desk, opened it and started looking for the answer.
[即时演练] 改正下列句子中的错误
1．In the morning, we had bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees.去掉had
2．Not only Tom but also I are tired of one examination after another.are→am
3．They think students should have their own time to study and it is more quieter at home._more→much或去掉more__
4．There have been more and more road accidents happened in recent years.happened→happening
5．More and more people entered into the hall, so it became crowded.去掉into
(三)汉语式英语
一般来说，英汉两种语言既有许多相似之处，又有许多不同之处。在写作时如果想当然地去写，会出现许多汉语式英语，其中主要包括：纯汉语式思维和汉语式语序、句子成分残缺、句子粘连以及搭配不当等。
1．纯汉语式思维和汉语式语序
误：At this school studying, I really very happy.
正：Studying at this school, I am really very happy.
2．句子成分残缺
误：There are many students don’t support the project.
正：There are many students who don’t support the project.
3．句子粘连
误：On the other hand, dogs are our best friends, bring us a lot of fun.
正：On the other hand, dogs are our best friends, which/and bring us a lot of fun.
4．搭配不当
误：We walked a far way before planting trees.
正：We walked a long way before planting trees.
误：Under the help of the teacher, I have made great progress in my English.
正：With the help of the teacher, I have made great progress in my English.
[即时演练] 改正下列句子中的错误
1．We are impossible to finish the work in such a short time.
We_are_impossible→It_is_impossible_for_us
2．It’s known that the cost in big cities is very expensive.expensive→high
3．He has greatly improved his spoken English by this way.by→in或way→means
4．I haven’t heard from your letter for a long time and I miss you very much.your_letter→you
5．He has three sons, all of them work in Beijing.在逗号后加and或them→whom
二、防范出现错误的2个措施
写对句子是作文得高分的关键和保证，考场上要避免上述低级错误，可采取以下两个措施。
(一)确定主语
英语句子无论多长都有自己的主语(祈使句省略了主语you)。动手写句子首先要确定主语，其次要特别注意汉语与英语的区别。例如：
①北京八月多雨。
误：Beijing rains much in August.
正：It rains much in Beijing in August.
②写得很匆忙，我们发现书中满是错误。
误：Written in a hurry, we found the book full of mistakes.
正：Written in a hurry, the book was found full of mistakes (by us)．
(二)确定谓语动词
英语中没有动词就构不成句子，但动词千变万化，稍不注意就会写错句子。在写句子时应特别注意以下几个方面：
1．注意及物与不及物动词的正确运用。
误：The living standard of the people has raised in the past twenty years.
正：The living standard of the people has risen/has been raised in the past twenty years.
2．注意延续性与非延续性动词的正确运用。
误：He has left his hometown for twenty years.
正：He has been away from his hometown for twenty years.
3．注意一些不可用于被动语态的动词。
误：Many stars are appeared in the sky at night.
正：Many stars appear in the sky at night.
[综合演练提能]
Ⅰ.以下句子含有考生常犯的错误，请改正
1．Dr. Smith, together with his wife, are to arrive on the evening flight.are→is
2．The car hitted the old man and drived away.hitted→hit;_drived→drove
3．It is high time we do something to reduce traffic accidents.do→did或在do前加should
4．There are many students are planting trees on the hill.去掉第二个are或在students后加who
5．Eat at school is very convenient for students.
句子改为：It_is_very_convenient_for_students_to_eat_at_school.
6．It was Sunday, they all went for a picnic in the woods.在逗号后加so或was→being
7．Would you please meet my uncle at the airport because this is the first time visit to the US？去掉time
8．While having our dinner, the doorbell rang.
在having_前加we_are或the_doorbell_rang→we_heard_the_doorbell_ringing
9．Recently our village has taken place great changes.
句子改为：Recently_great_changes_have_taken_place_in_our_village.
10．Fishing is his favorite hobby, and he also likes collecting coins.
he_also_likes_collecting_coins→collecting_coins_also_gives_him_pleasure
Ⅱ.下面的考生作文中含有10处错误，请改正
(2016·南昌市第三次模拟)生活中，朋友间免不了会有冲突和误会，解决方法之一就是及时道歉。假如你是李华，Henry是你最要好的朋友，你们约好昨晚7点半在新华书店门口见面。可是由于妈妈在医院看病，回家晚了，你得在家照顾妹妹。又因忘带手机而没能及时联系到Henry而失约了。请给Henry写一封道歉信以化解误会。
内容包括：
1．表示歉意；2.解释失约的原因；3.请求原谅。
注意：1.不得在文中出现作者的真实姓名；
2．语句连贯，词数100左右。作文的标题、开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。
A Letter of Apology
Dear Henry，
I am really sorry __________________________________________________________
I won’t let things like that happen again.
Yours，
Li Hua
[求诊病文]
A Letter of Apology
Dear Henry，
①I am really sorry that I can not meet you at 7：30 last night. ②I do hope you didn’t wait too long outside Xinhua Bookstore.
③On yesterday afternoon, I had to look after my younger sister until my mother returned back home. ④She was ill and stayed at the doctor’s so that she arrived at home very late. ⑤I ran all the way to the bus stop only finding the last bus had already left. ⑥I had to call a taxi, but it was already half an hour later. ⑦I was going to call up you, but I had forgotten my mobile phone at home. ⑧Finally, I had no choice but to go back home, disappointing and sad.
⑨I sincere hope that you will forgive me and we can be best friends as usual. ⑩I won’t let things like that happen again.
Yours，
Li Hua
[诊断结果]
第①句：can→could
第③句：On_yesterday→Yesterday;_去掉back或returned→came
第④句：去掉arrived后面的at
第⑤句：finding→to_find
第⑥句：later→late
第⑦句：call_up_you→call_you_up;_forgotten→left_behind
第⑧句：disappointing→disappointed
第⑨句：sincere→sincerely
第二步用高级表达增分(用时9周)
阅卷时，一篇高考作文往往在1分钟内就被判定生死，大众化的词汇、平庸的表达已使长时间工作的阅卷老师产生了视觉疲劳。在词汇方面：如果一篇作文中突然出现几个与众不同、让人眼前一亮的词汇，阅卷老师的给分也绝不会吝啬；在句式方面：如果考生多运用一些并列句和复合句等高级句式，并注意句式的灵活多变，使文章读起来抑扬顿挫，让考生深厚的语言功底得以体现，阅卷老师一定会毫不犹豫地将你的作文定位于五档线。