第八讲
名词和主谓一致
(一) 名 词
单句语法填空
1．(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)．.. what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.
2．(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings (painting)．
3．(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
4．(2017·辽宁高考语法填空)Unbelievable！Oh ...,
if you don’t mind, I’ll stop and take a deep breath (breathe)．
5．(2017·湖北高考改编)Her motivation (motivate) for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.
6．(2011·浙江高考改编)Anyway, I can’t cheat him — it’s against all my principles (principle)．
一、名词的单复数
1．单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则
(1)以o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加s，但下列名词要加es，它们是：黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes。
但下列以o结尾的名词既可以加es，也可以加s，它们是：zeros/zeroes零，mosquitos/mosquitoes蚊子，volcanos/volcanoes火山。
(2)以f或fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般f或fe去掉加ves，它们是：为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半，即selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves。但下列以f或fe结尾的名词直接加s，它们是：屋顶上的首领信仰保险箱，即roofs, chiefs, beliefs, safes。
但下列以f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加ves，也可以直接加s，它们是：handkerchiefs/handkerchieves手帕，scarfs/scarves围巾。
(3)合成名词变成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如：sonsinlaw女婿；passersby过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；breakfasts早餐；housewives家庭主妇。
2．常见单复数同形的名词
Chinese 中国人；Japanese 日本人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果；crossroads 十字路口；horsepower 马力；jin斤等。其中fish, fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes, fruits。
二、抽象名词具体化
1．具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：
单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义
success 成功 成功的人或事
pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事
attraction 吸引 有吸引力的人或事物
beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物
comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger 危险 危险的人或因素
delight 高兴 令人高兴的事
failure 失败 失败的人或事物
surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情
shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情
pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事或人
I’m disappointed the experiment turned out to be a complete failure again.
我很失望，这次试验证明又一次完全的失败。
2．抽象名词与a (an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。
①Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
②—A serious explosion happened in Tianjin.
—Yes, news came as a shock to me.
——天津发生了一起严重的爆炸事件。
——是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情。
三、名词所有格
1．名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分’s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。
①Many students’ eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.
很多学生的视力变得越来越差了。
②From the top of the hill, you can get a bird’s view of the city.
从山顶上，你可以鸟瞰整个城市。
2．由and 连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加’s，表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加’s：
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间
Tom and Jim’s room 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间
3．双重所有格
指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格，即“of＋名词所有格”。
a play of Shakespeare’s莎士比亚的一个戏剧
a friend of my wife’s我妻子的一个朋友
[知识积累]
名词常见后缀集锦
1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
ion/tion/
sion/ation correct→correction 改正
attract→attraction
吸引
conclude→conclusion
结论；结束
decide→decision
决定
admit→admission
接纳；准许入学
invite→invitation
邀请
explain→explanation
解释
expect→expectation
期望
er/or teach→teacher 老师
announce→announcer
播音员
conduct→conductor
指挥；售票员
ment punish→punishment 惩罚
achieve→achievement
功绩；成就
argue→argument
辩论；论据
equip→equipment
装备；设备
ance/ence appear→appearance 出现；外貌
perform→performance
表演；节目
exist→existence
存在；生存
prefer→preference
偏爱
ing hear→hearing 听力；听觉
begin→beginning
开始
ure/ture fail→failure 失败；没做到
press→pressure
压力
mix→mixture
混合；混合物
depart→departure
离开；出发
y recover→recovery恢复；痊愈
discover→discovery
发现
其他 choose→choice 选择
vary→variety
多样化；种类
tend→tendency
趋向；趋势
2．形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
age short→shortage 不足；短缺
cy efficient→efficiency 效率；功效
fluent→fluency
流利；流畅
accurate→accuracy
准确性
private→privacy
隐私；私密
dom free→freedom 自由；自主
wise→wisdom
明智；智慧
ence different→difference 差异
silent→silence
沉默
ness weak→weakness虚弱；弱点
kind→kindness
仁慈；好意
careless→carelessness
粗心大意
th strong→strength力气；强项
warm→warmth
温暖；热情
y
ty
ity honest→honesty诚实
difficult→difficulty
困难
cruel→cruelty
残酷；残暴
safe→safety
安全
disable→disability
无能；伤残
responsible→responsibility
责任
[典题精选] [我来改正] [常设误点]
①(2015·四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.
②(2015·陕西高考)Mum taught me some basic step of baking.I insisted on doing most of the baking myself. ①friend→friends
②step→steps (1)可数名词单复数的错用
①可数名词前有数词、数量词、some或one of ...等修饰，则该名词应用复数形式；
②在指示代词this, that后用单数名词；在these, those后用复数名词。
①(2017·辽宁高考)We’ve called several time about Cleo’s early morning barking.
②(2016·长春市质检)Looking back on the progresses that I have made so far, I really appreciate your support. ①time→times
②progresses→
progress (2)混淆名词的可数与不可数
①有些词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词，例如time表示“次数”为可数名词，表示“时间”为不可数名词；experience表示“经历”时为可数名词，表示“经验”时为不可数名词；
②误把不可数名词当作可数名词，例如纯抽象名词：progress, luggage/baggage, advice, weather, information, equipment, furniture等都只能用作不可数名词。
(2016·济宁市一模)I’ve learned English for so long that I can communicate with native speakers of English without difficult. difficult→
difficulty (3)词性错用
误把动词、形容词等当作名词。
(二) 主谓一致
单句语法填空
1．(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)This cycle goes (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures.
2．(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio.
It was (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.
3．(2015·湖南高考改编)It is important to remember that success is (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often takes (take) years to achieve.
4．(2017·湖南高考改编)All we need is_(be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.
5．(2017·江苏高考改编)Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others is (be) essential to their development.
英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三大原则：意义一致原则、语法一致原则和就近一致原则。这三个原则发生冲突时，优先考虑意义一致原则。
一、意义一致原则
1．由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)，谓语动词用单数。
①The writer and teacher Smith has gone through millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.
既是作家又是教师的史密斯自从搬到悉尼经历了无数的成败。
②To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.
早睡早起是个好习惯。
2．“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有充分的理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。
3．非谓语动词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
To prevent the air from being polluted is what we’re now researching.
阻止空气受污染是我们现在正在研究的课题。
4．含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况。
(1)many a/more than one＋单数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
More than one student has been admitted to the club.
不止一名学生被录取到这家俱乐部。
(2)the rest, the remaining/part ...＋主语，谓语动词应根据所表达的单复数意义而定。
The factory used three fifths of the raw materials, the rest of which were saved for other purposes.
工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三，剩余部分节省出来作为他用。
(3)分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所表示的意义。
①About 50% of the land is suitable to grow plants.
大约50%的土地适合种植物。
②About 80% of the people in the city object to the price of running water going up.
这个城市中大约80%的人反对自来水价格上调。
5．单复数同形的名词作主语的情况。
单复数同形的名词，如means, works, sheep, deer, crossroads, series等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据具体情况而定。
①Each means has been tried to solve the problem, but none is effective.
解决这个问题的每一种方法都试过，但没有一种有效。
②There are various means of communicating with a stranger.
同陌生人交流有很多不同的方法。
6．从句作主语的情况。
从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词要根据从句的意义决定。
①That Jack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.
杰克出国了，这使我们都很惊讶。
②What he says and acts do not agree.
他的言行不一致。(指他说的话和他做的事，是复数概念)
二、语法一致原则
1．主语和谓语通常遵循语法一致的原则，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。
①Mr Black is a wellknown expert on AIDS.
布莱克先生是著名的艾滋病专家。
②My friends have no intention of going shopping with me.
我的朋友们无意和我去购物。
2．a quantity of接名词时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。quantities of后接复数名词、不可数名词，后面的谓语动词都用复数形式。
With more and more forests being destroyed, a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year.
＝With more and more forests being destroyed, quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.
随着越来越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
3．由“kind(form, type, sort, species, portion, series) of”等修饰的主语，其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。
This new type of buses is now on show.
这种新型的公共汽车现在正在展出。
4．主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等附属成分时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
The teacher together with the students is discussing Reading Skills that was newly published in America.
这个老师正在和学生们一起讨论在美国新出版的《阅读技能》这本书。
三、就近一致原则
1．由or, nor, either ...or, neither ...nor, not only ...but (also)连接的并列主语，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的单复数形式要和与它邻近的主语的数保持一致。
①Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.
他父母和他本人都不是银行职员。(根据靠近谓语的主语he而定)
②Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home accident.
不是杰克而是他父母应为这次家庭事故受到责备。(根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定)
2．there be句型中，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are several grammar mistakes and a wrong sentence in your composition.
你的作文中出现了几个语法错误和一个错误的句子。
[典题精选] [我来改正] [常设误点]
①(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)My dream school look like a big garden.
②(2017·辽宁高考)Hard work have made him very ill. ①look→looks
②have→has (1)名词作主语时谓语动词单复数的误用
可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词应该用单数。
①(2017·辽宁高考)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.
②(2017·陕西高考)What I liked best were the free highspeed Internet connection in the room. ①have→has
②were→was (2)非谓语动词或从句作主语时主谓一致错误
动名词、不定式或名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。注意：名词性从句作主语表示复数概念时，谓语动词应用复数。
①(2016·兰州一中自我完善卷)I as well as my parents are going to New York City this month.
②(2016·郑州二模)Not only my parents but also I are good at dancing and singing. ①are→am
②are→am (3)“就近”与“就远”原则的错用
①“就近”原则常见的有：either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ...，not ... but ...等；
②“就远”原则常见的有：as well as, but, except, (together) with等。
①(2017·陕西高考)Finally, there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.
②(2016·太原市模拟)Among all my friends are a special one I’m most thankful to.
①were→was
②are→is (4)倒装句的主谓一致错误
在倒装句中要找出句子的主语，从而判断谓语动词的单复数。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·兰州市诊断考试)In the rush hour, there were so many cars and buses (bus) on the road, so I was stuck.
2．(2016·江西新余二模)More than 300 coaches (coach) have been invited to the meeting.
3．(2016·四川部分名校联测)Unfortunately, a great many deer (deer) have been killed in the past decade.
4．(2016·大连一模)They took some photos (photo) when they visited China.
5．(2016·西工大附中一模)Mr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is (be) going to visit Beijing next year.
6．(2016·唐山一中仿真模拟)A needle and thread was_given (give) to her, but she could not sew the button on.
7．(2016·聊城二模)Between the two rows of trees stands (stand) the teaching building.
8．(2016·江西九校二模)This is because two thirds of the earth’s surface is (be) made up of vast oceans.
9．(2016·青岛自主诊断)The total number of the population in China is (be) about 1,320 million.
10．(2016·太原五中阶段检测)Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who wears (wear) evening dress.
11．(2016·山西四校模拟)Not only I but also Jane and Mary are (be) tired of having one examination after another.
12．(2016·海口二模)There is a growing tendency (tend) for people to work at home instead of in offices.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)Since then — for all these year — we have been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please.year→years
2．(2017·辽宁高考短文改错)I saw him lying in bed, looking at some of the picture we had taken together.picture→pictures
3．(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)When tea got popular in Britain, there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits.cup→cups
4．(2016·兰州市诊断考试)Whether the temple should be pulled down have caused a heated discussion.have→has
5．(2016·河南省开封市冲刺模拟)Hearing this, the whole class burst into laughter and my deskmate face turned red.deskmate→deskmate’s
6．(2016·江西新余市二模)It is our duty to work hard to achieve this goals.goals→goal
7．(2016·大连一模)Tom as well as two of his friends were invited to the party yesterday.were→was
8．(2016·吉林省实验中学第三次模拟)Nobody but three students were in the laboratory at that time.were→was
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·云南第一次统测)What is the most popular communication tool today? __1__ your answer is QQ or MSN, I must say you’re a bit oldfashioned. Today, a new form of communication “WeChat”， which __2__ (own) a Chinese name Weixin, is becoming the most influential text and voicing tool all over the world.
What advantages does WeChat have? First, WeChat is __3__ relatively cheap way of communication; that is to say, it uses network traffic instead of telephone fare. Next, we can know __4__ is going on at any time. And we can have __5__ (easy) access to information available than other messaging tools.
What roles does it play __6__ our daily life? According to the latest report, the registered users on WeChat platform have topped 200 million and WeChat has expanded its business to overseas market. Can you imagine that a mobile phone “app” is so __7__ (appeal) that it reaches 200 million users within 8 months? WeChat __8__ (it) has become the most popular mobile chat application in the world. A large number of people have become “WeChataholic”， which means they keep staring at the mobile phone all the time and can’t live without __9__.
However, while enjoying its great convenience, people should not ignore the danger of __10__ (cheat), for information
on Wechat is publicly known.
1．If 考查状语从句。由语境可知此处表示条件，故填If。
2．owns 考查时态和主谓一致。由全文的时态和语境可知此处应用一般现在时，且定语从句的关系代词指代WeChat (第三人称单数)，故答案为owns。
3．a 考查冠词。此处表示微信是一种相当便宜的通讯方式。way为可数名词单数，在本句中表泛指，所以用不定冠词a。
4．what 考查宾语从句。句意：其次，我们随时可以知道发生了什么。
5．easier 考查形容词比较级。根据本句中的“than”可知设空处需用形容词的比较级。
6．in 考查介词。play a ... role in ...为固定短语，意为“在……中起……作用”。句意：它在我们的日常生活中起着什么作用呢？
7．appealing 考查词性转换。appealing为形容词，意为“有吸引力的”。
8．itself 考查代词。空处作同位语，由语境和提示词it 可知此处应填反身代词itself。
9．it 考查代词。此处用it指代前面的the mobile phone。
10．being cheated 考查动名词作介词宾语。介词后应用动名词作宾语。people与cheat为逻辑上的被动关系，故用动名词的被动形式，即being cheated。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·河南省八市重点高中教学质量监测) In our life, we often regret what we did and which we couldn’t do. Actually, it doesn’t benefit us at all. As for most of us, we missed many chance to earn more money, to get a high position and to realize our dreams. We often regret that we don’t seize those opportunities, thus feel upset. Although we do know regretting the past is no benefit, but we still can’t help doing it.
To avoid the problem below, we need to pay more attention to what you are doing now, making us busier and having no time to recall the past. Moreover, we’d better set reasonably goals one by one. Only by doing so can we struggle for our future better.
答案：第一句：which→what
第三句：chance→chances; high→higher
第四句：don’t→didn’t; feel→feeling
第五句：no前加of; 去掉but
第六句：below→above; you→we
第七句：reasonably→reasonable