第十讲
动词的时态和语态
单句语法填空
1．(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)It was raining lightly when I arrived (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.
2．(2015·广东高考语法填空)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was_left (leave)．
3．(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)A boy on a bike caught (catch) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.
4．(2017·辽宁高考语法填空)Be patient! Tai Chi is_called (call) “shadow boxing” in English. It asks you to act like water: to be flexible as well as strong.
5．(2017·广东高考语法填空)We were_told (tell) that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week, but for the week after.
6．(2015·北京高考改编)In the last few years, China has_made (make) great achievements in environmental protection.
7．(2015·北京高考改编)—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
—All right. I will_call (call) him later.
8．(2015·安徽高考改编)It is reported that a space station will_be_built (build) on the moon in years to come.
一、时态
(一)一般现在时
1．一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语一般由动词原形后加s或es构成。其变化规则如下：
情况 变化规则 例词
一般情况 直接加s work—works learn—learns
come—comes
play—plays
want—wants
need—needs
结尾为s，x，sh，ch或o 在词尾加es pass—passes discuss—discusses
teach—teaches wash—washes
fix—fixes go—goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y” 变y为i再加es carry—carries cry—cries
study—studies
worry—worries
2.一般现在时的用法
1)主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time等时间状语。
Secondary school in the USA usually covers seven years, grades six to twelve.
美国的中学通常是七年制，即从六年级到十二年级。
2)表示主语目前的性格、特征、状态或能力等。
①She knows French and German besides English.
除了英语，她还会法语和德语。
②Planning so far ahead makes no sense — so many things will have changed by next year.
这么早作计划没有什么意义——到明年很多事情会发生变化。
3)表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象，或用在格言中。
①It’s known that the earth goes round the sun.
众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
②“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say, “because every step shows.”
奶奶过去经常说，“人生就像在雪中行走，因为每一步都留有足迹。”
4)一般现在时代替一般将来时。
(1)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态，可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，主句仍用一般将来时。
①I’ll tell him about it as soon as he comes.
他一来，我就告诉他这件事。
②They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(2)表示按规定、计划、安排、时间表等马上要发生的事，常与具体的时间状语连用。该用法常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息、安排等时刻表上，且仅限于少数表示短暂意义的动词，这类词语主要有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, take off, finish, stop等。
①The train leaves at 4：30 p．m.
火车在下午4：30出发。
②The plane takes off at 5 o’clock.
飞机在5点钟起飞。
(二)一般过去时
1．一般过去时的构成
(1)一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加ed构成，其变化规则如下：
情况 变化规则 例词
一般情况 在动词后加ed look—looked watch—watched
stay—stayed
expect—expected
以e结尾的动词 后加d hope—hoped like—liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词 变y为i再加ed study—studied try—tried
copy—copied
carry—carried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写词尾的辅音字母再加ed stop—stopped clap—clapped
plan—planned
prefer—preferred
admit—admitted
permit—permitted
(2)不规则动词的过去式。
不规则动词的变化详见《 》
“附录六：162个动词的不规则变化表”
2．一般过去时的用法
(1)表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。
—Is Peter coming?
—No, he changed his mind after a phone call at the last minute.(2015·重庆高考单选)
——彼得要来吗？
——不来了。他在最后时刻接了一个电话后改变了主意。
(2)表示过去一段时间内完成的动作。
—Long time no see! Haven’t you graduated from college?
—Yes.I studied English for four years in Nanjing.
——好久不见！你大学毕业了吗？
——毕业了，我在南京学了四年英语。
(3)表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。
I always got up late, and never had enough time for breakfast.
我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。
(4)有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明，但实际上是“刚才，刚刚”发生，应使用一般过去时。
①I didn’t know you were here.
我不知道你在这里。
②Sorry, I forgot to bring your book.
很抱歉，我忘记带你的书来了。
(5)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时表示过去将来的意义。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(三)一般将来时
1．will/shall＋动词原形
(1)表示不含主观因素，单纯的将来，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。shall一般用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称。
①By the time you have finished this book, your meal will get cold.
等到你看完这本书，你的饭就凉了。
②My birthday is coming. I shall be 18 years old.
我的生日就要到了。我将要18岁了。
(2)will还可表达说话时临时做出的决定。
—What time is it?
—I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.(2017·北京高考单选)
——几点了？
——我不知道。稍等，我帮你看一下。
2．be going to＋动词原形
“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
①I feel I am going to make progress with her help.
我觉得在她的帮助下我会进步的。
②Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.
看那些乌云。天要下雨了。
3．be to＋动词原形
“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock.
10点前你们得交上论文。
(四)现在进行时
1．现在进行时的构成
现在进行时的构成形式为：am/is/are＋v.ing。v.ing形式的变化规则如下：
情况 变化规则 例词
一般情况 在词尾直接加ing work—working
look—looking
study—studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词 去e再加ing have—having face—facing
take—taking
write—writing
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写该辅音字母再加ing cut—cutting put—putting
swim—swimming
begin—beginning
以ie结尾的动词 变ie为y再加ing lie—lying tie—tying
die—dying
2.现在进行时的用法
(1)表示说话之时或现阶段正在发生或一直进行着的动作。
The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill.
秘书生病时，教授自己打他的信。
(2)现在进行时还可以表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，这类动词主要有：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stop, do等。
My aunt is leaving for Shanghai at eleven o’clock tomorrow morning.
明天早上十一点我婶婶将离开去上海。
(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。
Tom is always coming late for meetings, which makes his boss very angry.
汤姆开会老是迟到，这使他的老板很生气。
(五)过去进行时
1．过去进行时的构成为was/were＋doing。表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
当那个男孩的父亲下班回来时，他正在做作业。
2．表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有leave, start, arrive, go, come等。
I was coming to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.
我打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是不得已打电话取消了。
(六)将来进行时
表示将来某个时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作。其构成为：will/shall be doing。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如：at this time tomorrow (明天的这个时间)，from 1：30 to 4：30 the day after tomorrow (后天从1：30到4：30)等。
①If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you will be eating fresh watermelon in the fall.
如果你春天播下西瓜种子，那么秋天就能吃上新鲜的西瓜了。
②I’ll be talking with the professor at this time tomorrow.
明天这个时间我将在和教授谈话。
(七)现在完成时
现在完成时由“have/has＋过去分词”构成，其基本用法如下：
1．表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。
—I’m sorry, but I don’t quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?
—Sorry, I haven’t made myself clear. We want to return on October 20.
——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？
——对不起，我没有表达清楚，我们打算10月20号回来。
2．表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
3．在时间、条件状语从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
Will you come to my office when you have finished your work?
你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？
4．在“It (This) is the best (worst, most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
这是自从我到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。
5．在“It (This) is (will be) the first/second/third ... time＋that从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
It is the third time that you have been late for work this week, isn’t it?
这已经是这周你第三次工作迟到了，不是吗？
(八)过去完成时
过去完成时的构成为：had＋done，其基本用法如下：
1．表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before, after, by, up till)，这种时态从来不孤立使用。
I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.
我发现这个报告很难懂，因为当我到的时候，它已经开始了。
2．动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped to come to help you. Something happened to me. That’s why I didn’t come.
我本希望能来帮助你，但我出了点事，所以没有来。
3．在“hardly (scarcely)．..when ..., no sooner ...than ...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“一……就……”。
Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.
演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。
4．by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用过去完成时。
By the time the messenger reached him, the damage had been done.
送信人赶到他那儿时，损失已经造成了。
5．表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
这是她第二次看见她的祖父了。
(九)将来完成时
表示在将来某个时刻前已经完成或一直持续的动作，并对将来产生一定的影响。常与“by＋将来的某个时间”或when/before引导的时间状语从句连用。其结构为：will/shall have done。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家时我将已把房子彻底打扫一遍了。
(十)现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“have/has been＋现在分词”构成，其基本用法如下：
1．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作，并仍在进行。
Since the time humankind started gardening, we have been trying to make our environment more
beautiful.(2017·湖南高考单选)
自从人类开创园艺工作以来，我们一直在努力使我们的环境更加美丽。
2．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。
Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere.
你刚才去哪里了？我们一直在到处找你。
3．现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
I have been ringing you several times in two days.
这两天内我给你打过几次电话。
(十一)过去完成进行时
表示一个动作从过去某个时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去时刻，到那个时刻，这一动作可能刚结束，也可能仍在进行。
He had been living here before he went to New York.
他去纽约之前一直住在这里。
(十二)过去将来时
1．过去将来时的基本构成和用法
过去将来时由“would＋动词原形”构成，主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作(尤其用于宾语从句中)，还可以表示过去的动作习惯或倾向。
She said that she wouldn’t do that again.
她说她再不会这样做了。
2．表示过去将来时的其他表达法
(1) was/were going to ＋ 动词原形：该结构有两个主要用法，一是表示过去的打算，二是表示在过去看来有迹象表明将要发生某事。
I thought it was going to rain.
我认为要下雨了。
(2)was/were to ＋ 动词原形：主要表示过去按计划或安排要做的事情。
She said she was to get married next month.
她说她计划在下个月结婚。
(3)was/were about to ＋ 动词原形：表示在过去看来即将要发生的动作，由于本身已含有“即将”的意味，所以不再与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。
I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.
电话铃响时我正好要上床睡觉。
(4)was/were ＋现在分词：表示在过去看来即将发生的动作，通常可用于该结构中的动词是come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等瞬间动词。
Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.
杰克说他打算明天动身。
二、被动语态
(一)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化(以动词clean为例)列表如下：
形态
时间 一般 进行 完成
现在 am/is/are
cleaned am/is/are being cleaned have/has been
cleaned
过去 was/were
cleaned was/were
being cleaned had been cleaned
将来 shall/will
be cleaned
shall/will have
been cleaned
过去将来 should/would
be cleaned
①I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but was held back thankfully by the shop window.(2015·湖南高考单选)
当时我有一种强烈的愿望想要把手伸进去玩那个玩具，但是幸好被橱窗阻隔了。
②The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruits and vegetables.
如果人们被说服了吃更多的水果和蔬菜，那么死于心脏病的人数将大大减少。
(二)被动语态的基本用法
1．强调或突出动作的承受者。
New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.
新西兰葡萄酒质量很好，行销全世界。
2．不知道或无需说出动作的执行者。
—Have you heard about that fire in the market?
—Yes, fortunately no one was hurt.
——你听说市场里发生的火灾了吗？
——听说了，幸运的是，没有人受伤。
3．用在科技文献或资讯报道中。
Cars of this kind were made in the 1980s.
这种小汽车是二十世纪80年代制造的。
[典题精选] [我来改正] [常设误点]
①(2015·浙江高考)In the mornings, it was full of students exercising. The view from the back of the classroom is also splendid.
②(2016·石家庄市一模)When English is an only language in class, students will have more opportunity to practise listening and speaking. However, there were problems with this method. ①is→was
②were→are (1)上下文中时态不一致
若上下文叙述的是同一件事情，则时态应具有一致性。
①若上下文是一般过去时，则同样用一般过去时；
②若上下文是一般现在时，则同样用一般现在时。
①(2017·陕西高考)Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the sky — they were looked like rain!
②(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Tea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles. ①去掉looked或其前的were
②drank→
drunk (2)语态错用
常见错误类型有：
①系动词和不及物动词(短语)没有被动语态，误把系动词和不及物动词(短语)当作及物动词而使用被动语态；
②被动语态构成错误，其构成形式应为“be＋过去分词”。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·江西上饶三模)If it turns (turn) cold again, they’ll dive back down. But they come out again if it is warm.
2．(2016·大庆市二轮复习检测)He was_looking (look) for a house when he saw an advertisement in a newspaper one day.
3．(2016·江西九江三模)To the customers’ satisfaction, teas of the same high quality are_served (serve) in each shop every day.
4．(2016·长春质量检测二)After everything was_done (do) and just after he left the barber’s, he saw a man in the street with long dirty hair.
5．(2016·山师大附中模拟)May I have your attention, please? Now I’d like to make a speech here. As we know, waste has_become (become) a common scene on campus recently.
6．(2016·三门峡市二模)When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I had_caused (cause) her. But she refused.
7．(2016·临沂二模)Ice bucket challenge is a great success until now, a big donation has_been_received (receive)．
8．(2016·聊城模拟)By next Thursday, they will_have_completed (complete) the construction of the new school.
9．(2016·河南省考前质量检测二)Man changes his living habits in order to adjust to climate, but climate changes (change) as well, though more slowly.
10．(2016·青岛自主诊断)No physical cause could be_found (find). Finally the doctor said to the man, “Unless you tell me what’s on your conscience, I can’t help you.”
11．(2016·河南顶级名校5月模拟)Mrs. Woo Mei Fong said that her husband had just left for work when she felt (feel) that her house was moving.
12．(2016·聊城三模)Hurry up! We need to get to the top of the mountain before the sun sinks (sink) in the west.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2016·临沂二模)One day I saw an advertisement in a local newspaper.I ring up the company, and I was given the job immediately.ring→rang
2．(2016·青岛自主诊断)Mother promised she will buy me a bike.will→would
3．(2016·东北三校高三第一次联考)The answer sheet must cut from the newspaper and sent to China Daily before the deadline.must后加be
4．(2016·江西鹰潭二模)Last summer I went to London for a holiday.I spend just a week there.spend→spent
5．(2016·山师大附中模拟)The new secretary will supposed to report to the manager as soon as she arrives.will→is
6．(2016·东北三校联考)In the past two and a half years, our school had organized many activities.had→has
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·江西三校4月联考)Red envelopes __1__ (relate) to the Chinese Lunar New Year for long. I myself have had plenty of __2__ (experience) both receiving and giving out red envelopes in the past, and generally speaking, it’s been fun. I mean, who doesn’t love free money?
I’m truly surprised by the extent of people’s obsession with virtual red envelopes this year. In fact, everyone I know spent at least a day or two __3__ (crazy) shaking their smart phones, mostly trying to get as much lucky money as possible. Thanks to messaging app giant WeChat’s new feature that allows users __4__ (send) money electronically, grabbing virtual red envelopes has never seemed so easy.
Just in case you are one of the very few people still not on the bandwagon, here’s __5__ it works. Givers link their WeChat to their bank accounts, and then they can send specified amounts of money to their WeChat contacts through a personal message. They can also put the cash up __6__ grabs in chat groups full of friends, and anyone who acts fast enough will get __7__ share. Later, receivers can transfer the funds from their WeChat back into their own bank accounts.
In theory, this sounds like a fun game. I’m always for some harmless fun in life, so my __8__ (nature) response would be: Why not? Moreover, I’ve always believed that it’s human nature to want free stuff, regardless of whether you actually need it or not. This may not be a good quality, but it’s not against the law, so I won’t get all judgmental here. __9__ (consider) these reasons, I really can’t fault anyone for their enthusiasm in grabbing virtual red envelopes. I would have done it too, __10__ I not thought linking WeChat to my bank accounts was too much trouble.
1．have been related 考查时态。be related to为固定短语，意为“与……有关联”。根据时间状语for long可知，应用现在完成时。
2．experiences 考查名词。experience作“经历”讲，为可数名词。此处表示复数概念，故用复数形式。
3．crazily 考查副词。设空处需用副词作shaking 的状语，故答案为crazily。
4．to send 考查非谓语动词。allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”，故此处用不定式to send。
5．how 考查表语从句。根据下文有关微信抢红包程序的介绍可推知本空答案为how。
6．for 考查介词。句意：他们也可以将现金放在微信朋友圈中，让网友去抢。根据句意可知设空处表示目的，故答案为for(为了)。
7．a 考查冠词。句意：动作快的人将会抢到一份。share在此处为名词，意为“一份”，在本句中表示泛指，故与不定冠词连用。
8．natural 考查词性转换。空处作定语，修饰名词response，故应用形容词natural。
9．Considering 考查非谓语动词作状语。Considering ... 为独立成分，意为“考虑到 ……”。
10．had 考查虚拟语气。根据本句中主句谓语动词would have done可知，从句为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，其谓语动词形式为“had＋过去分词”。had I not thought linking ... ＝ if I had not thought linking ...
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·衡水中学三调考试)
Dear Mr. Green，
I’m very exciting to learn that you will start a magazine together. That sounds great and I definitely agree you on that.
Some of the columns that you mention in the letter are really my cup of tea. “Cultural Express” give us a better understanding of the world. Since people from different part of the world have different values, it’s necessary to learn from each another. Apart from that, “Blurt Out” is pretty good for Chinese students to learn English idioms and improving oral English. “Entertainment” is also cool! The popular singers, actors or celebrities are so attractively that you absolutely can’t miss this part. Teenagers are to fond of popular things, too.
Well, I can’t list more. I really can’t wait to read this magazine.
Yours，
Li Ming
答案：第一句：exciting→excited
第二句：agree后加with
第三句：mention→mentioned
第四句：give→gives
第五句：part→parts; another→other
第六句：improving→improve
第八句：or→and; attractively→attractive
第九句：去掉to