第十二讲
情态动词和虚拟语气
(一) 情态动词
单句语法填空
1．(2015·北京高考改编)—Can’t you stay a little longer?
—It’s getting late.I really must go now. My daughter is home alone.
2. (2015·福建高考改编)—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it’s too bad. You should_have_made (make) full preparations.
3．(2015·陕西高考改编)You may feel all the training a waste of time, but I’m a hundred percent sure later you’ll be grateful you did it.
4．(2015·重庆高考改编)You must be Carol. You haven’t changed a bit after all these years.
5．(2017·江西高考改编)Life is unpredictable; even the poorest might become the richest.
6．(2017·四川高考改编)I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends.
7．(2017·江苏高考改编)It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, should bring me food.
8．(2017·辽宁高考改编)Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He must_have_drunk (drink) too much at the party last night.
一、情态动词的基本用法
(一)can/could的用法
1．表示能力，意为“能，会”。
①Many people can use the computer.
许多人会用电脑。
②No one could answer this challenging question.
没人能回答这个具有挑战性的问题。
2．表示客观或理论上的可能性。
①It can be very hot here in summer.
这里夏天有时会很热。
②Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.
醉酒的司机都有可能发生交通事故。
3．表示请求或允许。在疑问句中could可以代替can，语气更委婉。
Can I have a word with you? It won’t take long.(2017·北京高考单选)
我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花很多时间的。
4．表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。
①He can’t be our manager. He has gone to Beijing.
他不可能是我们经理。我们经理已经去北京了。
②He can’t have left. His coat is here.
他不可能已经走了。他的外套还在这里。
(二)may/might的用法
1．表示请求和许可。在疑问句中might可以代替may，语气更加委婉。
—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter?
—Yes, you may.
——我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗？
——是的，可以。
2．表示推测，意为“或许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。
—I don’t really like James. Why did you invite him?
—Don’t worry. He might not come. He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.
——我真的不喜欢詹姆斯。为什么你邀请他？
——别担心，他或许不会来。他说他还不能确定他的计划。
3．表示祝愿，常用结构为“May＋主语＋动词原形！”
May you be happy every day!
愿你快乐每一天！
(三)must的用法
1．表示“必须”，语气强烈。
have to表示“不得不”，意义与must相近，但又有所区别。must表示说话人的主观看法，have to则强调客观需要；must只有一种形式，而have to有人称、时态等方面的变化。
①—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
—I am afraid you must, in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我该马上通知他日程改了吗？
——我想你必须(通知他)，以免他开会迟到。
②I have to go now , because my mother is in hospital.
我现在不得不走了，因为我母亲在住院。
2．表示推测，意为“一定”，用于肯定句。
Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday. I found it wet.
昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞，我发现它湿了。
3．意为“偏要，非要……不可”。
If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停止。
4．mustn’t表示禁止，意为“不得，不允许；一定不要”。
That car is my property; you mustn’t use it without my permission.
那辆车是我的财产，你必须得到我的允许才能使用。
(四)shall的用法
1．用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见。
①Shall we put off the sports meet till next month?
我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月？
②Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?
明天汤姆可以和我一起去那里吗？
2．用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等；或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。
You shall be punished for what you have done.
你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。
(五)should/ought to的用法
1．should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。
We should be strict with ourselves.
我们对自己应该严格要求。
2．should表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然，居然”。
Such a gentleman should do that.
这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。
3．ought to表示义务或责任，意为“应该”，语气比should稍重。
You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.
这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。
4．should和ought to表示推测，指预期的可能性，意为“应该，估计”。
She promised to come by 10 o’clock. She should/ought to be here at any moment.
她答应10点之前来的。她随时都可能来到。
(六)will/would的用法
1．表示意愿、意志、决心。will指现在，would指过去。
①I will never talk to him again.
我再也不愿意和他说话了。
②—Why didn’t you come to Simon’s party last night?
—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.
——为什么你昨天晚上没来参加西蒙的聚会？
——我想去参加，但只是我妈妈不愿意让我那么晚出去。
2．表示征求意见或提出请求，多用于第二人称疑问句中。would比will语气委婉。
Would you mind opening the window for me?
请你给我打开窗户好吗？
3．表示习惯性动作、固有属性、必然趋势，意为“总是；习惯于”。will指现在，would指过去。
①Fish will die without water.
没有水，鱼会死去的。
②Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
每天早晨，他总是沿着小河散步。
③Mum would tell us stories before we went to bed.
过去在我们上床睡觉前，妈妈总给我们讲故事。
4．表示功能，意为“能，可以”，常用于否定句。
The door won’t open.
这门打不开。
(七)need的用法
作情态动词时，need没有人称和时态的变化，后接动词原形，一般用于否定句或疑问句中。其否定形式是在其后直接加not，疑问形式是直接将need提到主语前。由need构成的一般疑问句，其肯定回答用must。
①You needn’t be told twice about one single thing.
同一件事不必对你说两遍。
②—Need I tell him everything that’s happened to his parents?
—Yes, you must./No, you needn’t.
——我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗？
——是的，必须。/不，没必要。
—————————————————————————————————————
need还可以作实义动词，此时有人称和数的变化，后面可跟名词、带to的不定式或动名词等作宾语，其否定形式、疑问形式都要通过助动词do构成。
—————————————————————————————————————
①Plants need light in order to survive.
植物存活必须有光照。
②Do I need to leave my telephone number and address?
我有必要把电话号码和地址留下吗？
③You don’t need to hand in your compositions today.
你们今天不必交作文。
二、“情态动词＋have done”的用法
情态动词＋have done 用 法
must have done 一定做过某事，其否定形式为can’t/couldn’t have done
can/could have done 1.本来能够做某事但却未做
2．可能做过某事
can’t/couldn’t have done 不可能做过某事
may/might
have done 或许/可能做过某事
should/ought to have done 本该做但却未做，其否定形式表示本不该做但却做了
needn’t have done 做了本没有必要做的事情
①He is so happy. He must have won the match.
他这么高兴，他一定赢了这次比赛。
②She can’t have read about the explosion. She didn’t know anything about it.
她不可能读过关于爆炸的消息，她对此一点也不知道。
③You could have done better, but you were too careless.
你本来能做得更好些，但你当时太粗心了。
④She may have bought the dictionary, but I’m not sure.
她可能买了那本词典，但我不太确信。
⑤Sorry, I’m late.I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
对不起，我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关掉后又睡着了。
⑥Look! There are so many mistakes in your composition.You should have fixed full attention on it.
看！ 你的作文里有这么多的错误。你本应该把所有的注意力都集中在它上面的。
⑦We needn’t have bought so much food now that Suzie won’t be with us for dinner.
既然苏西不与我们一起吃晚饭，我们原本不必买那么多食物。
(二) 虚拟语气
单句语法填空
1．(2017·广东高考语法填空)He walked in as if he had_bought (buy) the school.
2．(2015·安徽高考改编)It is lucky we booked a room, or we would_have (have) nowhere to stay now.
3．(2015·重庆高考改编)Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway wouldn’t_have_written (not write) his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
4．(2015·天津高考改编)I wish I had_been (be) at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
5．(2015·陕西高考改编)Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I danced (dance) as well as her.
6．(2017·北京高考改编)We would_be (be) back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.
7．(2017·福建高考改编)If there were (be) no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.
8．(2017·陕西高考改编)My mom suggests that we should_eat (eat)
out for a change this weekend.
一、if条件句中的虚拟语气
if条件
从句 从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式
表示现
在情况 动词过去式(be的过去式用were) should/would/could/might＋动词原形
表示过
去情况 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
表示将
来情况 should＋动词原形 should/would/could/might＋动词原形
动词过去式
were to＋动词原形
①If I had enough money, I would buy myself a computer first of all.
如果我有足够的钱，我首先要为自己买一台电脑。
②If Mr. Dewey had been present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.(2017·湖南高考单选)
如果Dewey先生在场的话，他就会为那里的人提供任何可能的帮助。
③If I saw/should see/were to see him tomorrow, I would invite him home.
如果明天见到他，我会邀请他到我家。
二、错综时间条件句中的虚拟语气
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。
①If we had booked a table earlier, we wouldn’t be standing here in a queue.(2017·北京高考单选)
如果我们早一点订一张桌子，现在就不会站在这里排队了。
②If you hadn’t left home without a word, your parents wouldn’t be so worried now.
要是你说句话再离开家，你父母现在就不会那么担心了。
三、省略if的倒装句
在虚拟条件状语从句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。
①Were she my daughter, I wouldn’t allow her to study abroad.
如果她是我的女儿，我就不让她出国学习了。
②Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.(2017·天津高考单选)
如果他赶上了早班火车，他就不会开会迟到了。
四、含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示，而是由otherwise, but, or, without, but for等来引导或者通过上下文引出。
①But for your advice, I would have failed.
＝If you hadn’t given me advice, I would have failed.
如果不是你的建议，我会失败的。
②Without your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded anyway.
＝If you hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have succeeded anyway.
没有你的帮助，我无论如何也不会成功。
五、(should＋) do ...结构的虚拟语气
1．用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中
常见的动词有：demand, order, require, insist, suggest, propose, advise, request, urge, command, prefer, desire, recommend等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
一主张：insist
二命令：order, command
三建议：suggest, advise, recommend
四要求：request, require, ask, demand
外加一个敦促：urge
The school recommends parents not permit their children to swim in rivers or lakes during summer holidays.
学校建议父母在暑假别允许他们的小孩在河里或湖里游泳。
2．用于主语从句中
在It is desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essential＋that从句中，从句的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.
人们建议会议推迟到下周。
3．用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在suggestion, proposal, order, idea(意见，想法), request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
①My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it.
我的意见是在接受之前我们要反复考虑。
②Your suggestion that the door (should) be shut when we leave is reasonable.
你的那个当我们离开的时候应该关上门的建议是合理的。
六、wish 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1.对现在情况的虚拟：wish＋主语＋动词过去式be用were
2.对过去情况的虚拟：wish＋主语＋had＋过去分词
3.对将来情况的虚拟：wish＋主语＋would/could/might＋动词原形)
①I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我是一只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。
②I wish you had come to the lecture.
但愿你当时来听报告了。
③We wish we would live on the moon one day.
但愿我们有一天能住在月球上。
七、其他句型中的虚拟语气
1．would rather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为“宁愿；但愿”。用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
①When my father is upset, he would rather we left him alone.
当我的父亲烦恼的时候， 他更喜欢我们不打扰他。
②I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it.
我宁愿你没有告诉我那件事。
2．在“It is (about/high) time＋that从句”中，谓语动词常用过去式或“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气。
It’s high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection and ecological improvement.
是我们致力于环境保护和生态改善的时候了。
3．as if, as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
①It seems as though it were spring already.
看起来好像已经是春天了一样。(事实上不是)
②The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.
这个女孩对月球的描述非常逼真，就好像她去过月球很多次似的。(事实上并没去过)
4．if only引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。
Look at the trouble we’re in.If only we had taken our teacher’s advice!
看看我们所处的困境，要是我们接受老师的建议就好了！
[典题精选] [我来改正] [常设误点]
①(2015·四川高考)If you are me, would you talk to them?
②(2016·石家庄市二模)Therefore, we strongly suggest that similar events are held every year!
③(2016·哈尔滨六中四模)Dear fellow students, it’s high time that we pay attention to this phenomenon. ①are→were
②are→be
③pay→paid或在pay前加should 虚拟语气的错用
注意以下几点：
①条件状语从句中的虚拟语气。应注意表示与现在、过去、将来事实相反时从句谓语动词的形式；
②宾语从句中的虚拟语气。表示“坚持、命令、建议、要求”等词后的宾语从句中谓语动词常用“(should＋)动词原形”，被动式则为“(should) be＋过去分词”；
③It’s (high) time (that)后的从句谓语动词用一般过去时或“should＋动词原形”，此时should一般不省略。
Ⅰ.用情态动词或其否定形式填空
1．(2016·兰州市诊断考试)Sometimes smiles around the world can be false, hiding other feelings like anger, fear or worry.
2．(2016·江西新余二模)You needn’t have taken so much cash with you, you know — that shop accepted checks.
3．(2016·四川部分名校联测)According to the factory safety rules, all accidents shall be reported to the safety officer.
4．(2016·大连一模)—School is over.How can we contact Robert?
—Try phoning him. He should be home by now. He lives only a stone’s throw from the school.
5．(2016·西工大附中一模)—Thank you for inviting us.Tell your wife that she gave us a perfect party.
—I will.See you later.
6．(2016·郑州高三诊断)She couldn’t have attended that meeting, for she was doing paperwork in the office then.
7．(2016·河南罗山高中二模)The fire was so big that it was several hours before firefighters could get it under control.
8．(2016·唐山一中仿真模拟)—You talk so much about London.You must have been there.
—Yeah, I went sightseeing on a tour last summer.
9．(2016·石家庄二模)—What a slow bus this is!
—Yes, we may/might just as well walk.
10．(2016·聊城二模)When she was a little girl, she would sit by the window every evening, deep in thought.
Ⅱ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．(2016·临沂二模)We could_have_faced (face) the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me?
2．(2016·济南模拟)Jack is a great talker.
It’s high time that he did/should_do (do) something instead of just talking.
3．(2016·江西八校一模)Sorry, I am too busy now.If I had (have) time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
4．(2016·南昌一模)His expression suggested that he had_passed (pass) the test.
5．(2016·东北三校联考)The order came that the medical supplies (should)_be_sent (send) to the earthquakestricken area soon.
6．(2016·河南商丘一模)Frankly, I’d rather you didn’t_do (not do) anything about it for the time being.The boss is very angry.
7．(2016·山东实验中学二模)If you had told me in advance, I would_have_met (meet) him at the airport.
8．(2016·大庆市二轮复习检测)My father suggests that I (should)_take (take) enough sleep before the final examination.
9．(2016·江西九江三模)We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we would_have_visited (visit) more places of interest yesterday.
10．(2016·洛阳高三二模)Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy would_have_been_saved (save)．
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．(2017·新课标全国卷短文改错)Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience I must make my toys last. must→could/might
2．(2016·青岛自主诊断)If only I have read the books on reading list before I attended the lecture. have→had
3．(2016·太原五中阶段检测)If you listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. listened前加had
4.(2016·山西四校模拟)But for the rain, we should have a pleasant journey yesterday. have后加had
5．(2016·海口二模)He had telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. 去掉had
6．(2016·曲阜市三校模拟)It’s surprising that she
won over her mother. won→(should)_win
7．(2016·大连高三一模)My suggestion is that we will hold a meeting this evening.will→should或去掉will
8．(2016·吉林省实验中学第五次模拟)If I am you, I would take an umbrella. am→were
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·河北百校联盟3月模拟)Do you have sleeping problems? If so, then these tips may help you fall asleep fast.
Set aside the thought __1__ you have to fall asleep. The more you think of it, the __2__ (hard) you will fall asleep.
The foods you eat also play __3__ important part. Avoid eating or drinking things like chocolates, coffee, tea and energy drinks. If you have to, then have them in the morning and never in the afternoon, __4__ (especial) before going to bed. Don’t eat too much at night. A full stomach will make it more difficult for you __5__ (fall) asleep because your body is working more time to digest the food you ate.
Make a __6__ (fix) time to go to bed. For example, by 9 o’clock in the evening you should already be in bed. Do this even if you’re not sleepy yet. Once __7__ (follow) this routine, you will gradually see that you feel __8__ (sleep) when it’s 9 o’clock.
Make your room comfortable for sleeping. You should also take note that the sleeping environment also affects your sleep. It must be in the room __9__ it’s not noisy. Otherwise, you will find __10__ difficult to fall asleep again after waking up.
1．that 考查同位语从句。设空处引导同位语从句，对thought进行解释说明，所填词在从句中不作成分且语义完整，故用that。
2．harder 考查比较级。本句为“the＋比较级 ..., the＋比较级 ...”结构，故填harder。
3．an 考查冠词。play an important part“起重要作用，扮演重要角色”。
4．especially 考查副词。修饰介词短语before going to bed应用副词形式，故填especially。
5．to fall 考查非谓语动词。在句型“make it＋adj.(difficult, easy etc.)＋for sb.＋to do sth.”中，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的不定式短语。
6．fixed 考查形容词。设空处作定语修饰time，故应用形容词形式。fixed“固定的，不变的”，符合语境。
7．following 考查现在分词。句意：一旦你开始这样做的话，就会逐渐发现自己在9点的时候就觉得困了。follow与逻辑主语you是主动关系，故应填现在分词following。
8．sleepy 考查形容词。feel 为系动词，后接形容词作表语。sleepy“困的”，符合语境。
9．where 考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the room，并在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where。
10．it 考查代词it的用法。在句式结构“find it difficult to do sth.”中，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的不定式短语。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·天水一中高考信息卷)I’m Li Hua and I’m writing to apply for the assistant post you advertised on Internet.
It is stated in my resume, I graduated from Zhejiang University with outstanding academic performances. I have a good command of English, and which is an advantage when apply for a job like this. Among all the factor, cooperation is the most important strength of a good assistant. I think I do good in the team work and I’m good at communicate with different people. Besides, I once get a parttime job in 2017 in Shandong Province and gained some precious work experience.
Since your company attaches important to employees’
creativity, that’s an honor for me to be one of your staff. I’m positive that I can be capable of this job if offered the chance. Thanks for your consideration.
答案：第一句：Internet前加the
第二句：It→As
第三句：去掉and; apply→applying
第四句：factor→factors
第五句：good→well; communicate→communicating
第六句：get→got
第七句：important→importance; that’s→it’s