2016届高考英语二轮题型专题方略课件：专题3 书面表达（通用版）

　　③I was going to the bookstore and was waiting for the green light at a crossing when a girl of about ten was knocked down by a passing car，which drove off quickly. → I was on my way to the bookstore and was waiting for the green light at a crossing when a girl of about ten was knocked down by a passing car，which drove off quickly. (4)避免重复原则 尽量避免过多地使用某一个单词，必要时选择使用其他恰当的同义词或词组来代替。 ①I like reading while my brother likes watching football matches. →I like reading while my brother enjoys watching football matches. ②We’ve built a new experiment building beside the old one and we’ve also built a library where the old playground used to be. →We’ve built a new experiment building beside the old one and we’ve also set up a library where the old playground used to be. 常见高级写作词汇必备 1．第一first →to begin/start with

　　2．第二second →in addition/what’s more 3．最后finally→ last but not least 4．总之in a word→ to sum up/in conclusion/in summary 5．但是but→ however 6．机会chance→ opportunity 7．选择choice→ alternative 8．考虑consider→ take into account/consideration 9．充足enough →adequate

　　10．影响effect→ influence 11．最终finally→ eventually 12．勤奋hardworking→ diligent 13．帮助help→ assist 14．后果result→ consequence

　　15．应该should→ be supposed to

　　16．缺点shortcoming→ drawback

　　17．理解understand→ make sense of/figure out 18．可用useful→ available 19．使用use→ employ/make use of 20．种类繁多all kinds of →a wide range of 21．也；和as well as →in addition to/apart from 22．反对be against →object to 23．厌烦be bored with →be fed up with 24．忙于be busy in/with→be occupied in/with 25．发生happen →occur/come about 26．几乎不hardly →barely 27．提高improve →promote 28．重要important →vital 29．立即immediately →in a flash 30．不可能impossible →out of the question 31．有趣interesting →absorbing/striking/appealing 32．参加join →participate 33．幸运lucky →fortunate 34．巨大large →enormous 35．许多many →a large quantity of 36．明显obvious →apparent 37．丰富rich →abundant 38．小心谨慎be careful →be cautious 39．与……不同be different from →differ/vary from 40．渴望做……be eager to do →be dying to do/long to do 41．因为because of→ on account of 42．闻名be famous for →have a reputation for 43．正在建设 being built →under construction 44．感到舒心feel comfortable →feel at ease 45．在我看来in my opinion →as far as I am concerned 46．美化学校

　　make our school beautiful →beautify our school 47．故意on purpose →deliberately/by design 48．置若罔闻 refuse to listen to→ turn a deaf ear to 49．成功做某事succeed in doing sth.→make it 50．无法描述的美丽too beautiful to describe →beauty beyond description 51．一个表现好的孩子a child who behaves in a proper way→ a well­behaved child 52．节能的房子a house which saves energy →an energy­saving house 53．一位受到良好教育的妇女a woman who has received good education →a well­educated woman 54．精心组织的活动an activity that is organized well→ a well­organized activity 55．一个爱好和平的人a person who loves peace→ a peace­loving person 3．句式多变，结构复杂：高考评分标准中提出“较多的语法结构”就是指句式结构的多样性。毋庸置疑，单调的句式和结构、长度相近的句子会使文章呆板单调，缺乏生气和活 力，而灵活多变的句式则使行文丰富多彩，生动、自然、流 畅。感叹句、倒装句、复合结构、强调句型、定语从句、非谓语动词短语等语法结构的正确使用，可以使文章的语言充满层次感，从而较好地反映出作者的语言运用能力。常见的满分句型： (1)合并句子(丰富结构) ●_____________can I improve my oral English __________I learn some customs in western countries. ●_____________，they help to improve my writing skills and broaden my horizons.______________ ，they can enrich my life and provide me with great fun. (2)改变语态(避免单调) ●Besides，I am a book­lover and the books ______________ that they are as good as new. (3)使用省略(达到言简意赅的效果) ●If so，please keep quiet about it because we want to give him a surprise. Not only For one thing but also For

　　another are so well kept

　　(4)使用强调句型(突出语意) ●______________________________________ affect the children’s healthy development. (5)使用倒装句(增强说服力) ●__________________________________________________a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish. (6)使用虚拟语气(提出建议，委婉表达，易于接受) ●She would have never thought a complete surprise was waiting for her. (7)使用with结构(丰富句式) ●The park was full of freshness and beauty of spring，___________________________________________________． It is overprotection and too much care that Only when we match our words with actions can we make

　　with the sun shining and birds singing (8)使用状语从句(强调谓语或句子) ●_______________________________，they were always available.　 (9)使用定语从句(表意丰富) ●However，I was busy preparing for my final exam at that time，__________________________________． (10)使用名词性从句(体现扎实的语言功底) ●__________________________________________ children are the focus of families，shouldering the hope of their parents. Whenever I had difficulties which was of vital importance for me It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that

　　(11)使用非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词以及动名词的使用，可使句式多样化) ●What’s worse，they spat and even threw rubbish into the lake，___________________________________________________． ●These days，________________________________ are not uncommon，______________________ life and the environment. totally ignoring the noticeable sign “No Littering” nearby breaking traffic rules and littering causing serious harm to

　　(12)适当使用名言警句 在写作时，根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度，而且会提升文章的得分档 次。写作中常用的名言警句有： As a popular saying goes，“Every coin has two sides.”常言 道，“事物都有两面性。” As a proverb says，“Rome was not built in a day.”常言道， “伟业非一日之功。” Where there is a will there is a way.有志者事竟成。 As a popular saying goes，“Facts speak louder than

　　words.”正如格言所说，“事实胜于雄辩。” As is known to all，“No pains，no gains.”众所周知，“不 劳则无获。” It’ s no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。 Look before you leap.三思而后行。 He who laughs last laughs best.谁笑到最后，谁就笑得最好。 As is known to all，“Easier said than done.”众所周知， “说起来容易做起来难。” One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬以千 里。 A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之 行，始于足下， Well begun is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。 A life without a friend is like a life without sun.人生没有了朋 友，犹如生活没有了阳光。 A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。 Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不待人。 4．过渡自然，行文流畅：明确了文章的主题和中心后，我们就应该用适当的连词、恰当的短语、合适的句型将要点扩展成句，进而导向文章。在高考书面表达评分标准指出，书面表达应该注意“上下文的连贯性”，并能“有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑”。此处所说的连贯性，是指段与段、句与句之间以一种明晰的、合乎逻辑的顺序组织与安排，做到在文意与结构上层次分明，条理清楚，连贯流 畅。因此，为了增加文章的连贯性、逻辑性和可读性，大家在写作时要根据行文的需要，恰当使用各类过渡词、过渡句甚至过渡段来实现词与词、句与句、段与段之间的有效连接。 常用的过渡句式(黑体部分)： Also，do let me know if you need more information. Secondly，we should get up early to memorize idioms and useful expressions. Obviously，a good learning habit can help us to speed up to reach our destinations. What’s more，good books can help us to develop good characters. I lost my way in the forest and to make matters worse/what is worse，it became dark. In addition，we shouldn’t neglect that everyone wants a

　　friendly and peaceful society. Meanwhile/At the same time，I will regard it as my duty to

　　keep our environment clean and healthy. Take Beijing for example，it is one of the oldest cities in the

　　world. What is more serious is that we don’t cherish wildlife. As far as I am concerned，they stand for love，friendship and unity. Besides，I wish there wouldn’t be too many students in a class. Moreover，it seems that he always thinks more of himself than of others. Worse still，I took many falls off the bike. Second，go outdoors and play team games with your friends as physical exercise is an effective way to get rid of anger. But unfortunately I mind my own business without considering my parents. However，not until the match was over did we realize that we became the loser. On the other hand，online shopping also has many disadvantages. On the contrary，the volunteers always claim that they are tired of the life on earth. Contrary to what I had originally said，the trip turned out to be fun. However，what amazes you most is the following new function. Otherwise we’ll have to answer for our selfishness sooner or later. But now because my left foot was injured，I cannot go with you as planned. 四、仔细检查 短文完成后，一定要养成仔细检查的好习惯，这是保证行文质量的非常重要的步骤。我们在检查时需要重点注意以下几个方面： 1．格式、人称是否正确。 2．内容要点是否齐全。遗漏要点是要扣分的。因此，我们应该重视每一个要点。 3．语法点是否出现错误。这也是我们检查的主要方面之一。复查点主要包括：①主谓是否一致；②名词的单复数、动词的时态、动词的语态、动词短语、非谓语动词的形式、介词的使用是否正确；③冠词是否遗漏；④形容词及副词是否使用得当；⑤句子结构是否完整；⑥标点符号、单词的大小写是否正确；⑦单词拼写是否正确；⑧词数是否严重不足或者超出太多等等。检查时，我们还应该遵循如下原则：尽可能只对文章做小方面的改动，对文章的构思、写作顺序等大的方面尽量不要改动。 五、规范誊写 高考英语写作评分标准中对书写有较高的要求，尤其是现在英语作文都要进行网上阅卷，如果书写较差，会影响到扫描质量。因此，考生在答卷时，一定要书写清楚，字母大小匀 称，单词间距适当，没有明显修改痕迹，以确保卷面干净整 洁。在平日训练中，我们就应该注重练好基本功，尽量避免因卷面不清而被扣分。 栏目导引 专题针 对训练 课堂达 标训练 专题五　书面表达 《考试大纲》明确要求：考生根据提示进行书面表达。考生应能：(1)准确运用语法和词汇；(2)使用一定的词汇、句型，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。在课标卷高考英语试卷中，英语作文是唯一一道主观性试题，也是要求考生能够根据试题提示使用英语进行书面表达，能够有效地运用所学语言知识清楚、连贯地传递信息，本题型旨在考查考生的英语运用能力，考查考生使用英语进行遣词造句、布局谋篇的能力。 一、命题特点 1．写作体裁与知识的实际运用密切结合。 近三年的新课标全国卷绝大部分为书信或电子邮件。这一应用文体，在日常生活中使用较多，考生十分熟悉。写作话题贴近实际生活，突出了对考生处理现实生活实际问题的能力的考查。 2．突出考查考生的想象力和创新能力。 近三年的书面表达的写作内容都是来自于生活的真实情景。需要考生根据自身的生活阅历展开合理想象，创设合情合理的语境。 3．半开放式已成主流。 近几年来，新课标全国卷书面表达全部为半开放式写作。这种考查形式使考生不完全受“提示形式”和“内容要点”的限制可以适当发挥。但这同时也对考生的写作能力提出了更高的要求。 二、命题预测 从高考书面表达的发展趋势看，2016年高考在体裁和题材上应该保持相对稳定，写作类型及提示形式也不会有太大的变 化。考查考生的创新意识、思维拓展能力和文化素养的试题比重会有所增加。 (2015·高考全国卷Ⅰ)假定你是李华，你校英文报“外国文化”栏目拟刊登介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活的短文。请给美国朋友彼得写信约稿，要点如下： 1．栏目介绍； 2．稿件内容； 3．稿件长度：约400词； 4．交稿日期：6月28日前。 注意：1.词数100左右； 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 3．开头语已为你写好。 Dear Peter， I’d like to ask you to write an article for our school’s English newspaper. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 【审题谋篇】 项目 结论 体裁 约稿信 话题 介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活 时态 一般现在时 人称 第二人称 【遣词造句】 1．词汇 (1)拓宽我们的视野_____________________ (2)受……欢迎_________________ (3)另外_______________ (4)只要_____________ (5)渴望________________ broaden our horizons be popular with in addition as/so long as look forward to 2．句式 (1)最近，在我们学校非常受欢迎的校报栏目“外国文化”拟刊登介绍西方文化生活的文章。 一般表达：The “Foreign Cultures” section in our newspaper is very popular among us students.It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries. 高级表达：(用非限制性定语从句并适当增加细节改写上面的句子) _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Recently，in order to broaden our horizons，the “Foreign Cultures” section in our school newspaper，which is very popular among us students，will carry articles written by foreign friends about western life and culture. (2)我希望你能在6月28日前交稿。 一般表达：Could we have your article before June 28?

　　高级表达：(用状语从句并适当增加细节来改写上面的句子) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I hope you would be so kind as to send it to us before June 28th，so that it can be published in time. 【美文呈现】 Dear Peter，

　　I’d like to ask you to write an article for our school’s English

　　newspaper. Recently，in order to broaden our horizons，the “Foreign Cultures” section in our school newspaper，which is very popular among us students，will carry articles written by foreign friends about western life and culture. Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States？And we would especially welcome articles about how Americans spend their holidays and festivals，and the life of American high school students.You can write anything relevant so long as it’s interesting and informative.400 words would be fine.I hope you would be so kind as to send it to us before June 28th，so that it can be published in time. Yours， Li Hua 书面表达题主要考查考生用英语表达自己思想的能力，即考查考生是否能用所学的英语知识，用合乎英语习惯的表达方式传递信息，进行思想交流。这种测试既符合英语教学总目标的要求，又与日常生活和社会交往密切相连，尤其突出了语言交际功能的特点。其解题方法如下： 一、审题立意 审题是做好书面表达的前提。做题前应认真分析材料，明确题目要求。 1．审文体：文体形式一般有记叙文、说明文、议论文及各种应用文(包括书信、通知、日记、便条等)，要注意不同文体在格式上的要求以及与汉语表达不同的地方。 2．审人称：弄清书面表达要求用何种人称，然后以合适的身 份、语气，从适当的角度进行表达。 3．审时态：考生容易出错的就是时态。首先应确定文章的主体时态。例如：日记一般使用一般过去时，说明文一般使用一般现在时等。当然，为满足写作的需要，我们还要把其他时态与主体时态交叉使用。 4．审要求：考生要特别关注书面表达题中的“注意”一项，这是命题人对考生提出的具体答题要求，因此对于题目所提供的说明，无论是英语还是汉语，都应该认真分析，反复推 敲，做到写作时没有偏差。 二、列出要点 高考书面表达评分标准之一是要点齐全。但在考场上，由于担心时间不够、紧张以及受不良答题习惯等因素的影响，不少考生答题心切，没有认真审题，导致所写的文章要点残 缺，详略不当，结构不清。 拿到题目后，考生首先要整体把握本篇书面表达的中心内容和重点是什么，要求最大篇幅是多少；其次要弄清哪些是次要信息，只需要交代一下；最后确定可以在哪里补充一些内 容，以使文章内容丰富，上下文连贯。具体来讲，可以分以下三种情况。 1．提纲作文：命题人通过汉语、英语给定写作提纲，要求考生根据给出的提纲，确定文章的中心，然后紧紧围绕中心表达提纲的主旨。考生要细读提示，认真审题，在定好体裁、时态、人称、明确信息全面、要点清晰的基础上，根据要点和重点词汇的句法功能、句子的语法规则，按照提示或说明中所提供的事实和情节发展的顺序选词造句，然后将零散的句子排列成主谓一致、时态呼应、脉络分明、合乎逻辑、内容完整的短文。 2．看图作文：这种类型的书面表达最容易遗漏要点。无论是单幅、双幅还是多幅图画，考生一定要认真研究图画中的每一个细节或信息，这些都要在文章中有所体现。注意有些题目还会要求考生发表对该图画的看法，考生一定要根据题目要求和图画寓意表达出来。 3．(半)开放作文：这种类型的书面表达往往分为两种。一种是题目给出一段汉字，一种是给出一幅(组)漫画，让考生发表看法。这时，考生要紧扣文章提示，先对该现象或图画进行简单扼要的描述或介绍，然后再据此发表议论。 三、遣词造句 列好要点后就进入写作的实质阶段了，那就是提笔成文。提笔成文时，我们应该注意的是： 1．开头出彩，结尾精妙：一般说来，短文应由三部分构成——开头、正文、结尾。好的开始是成功的一半，开好头、起好步对书面表达至关重要，好的开头会让阅卷老师的眼睛为之一“亮”。开头常见的方式包括开门见山、以俗语谚语或直接引语引出等，当然也可以以疑问句、套语开头。文章能否得高分，关键还要看结尾，好的结尾能起到画龙点睛的作 用。文章的结尾应根据不同体裁而定，或总结全文，或表明对所叙述的人或事的态度，适可而止，但千万不能草草收 场，结尾一定要显得水到渠成。 常用开头句式(黑体部分)： First，I think everyone needs friends and is eager to get friendship. First of all，we must make full use of every 45­minute lesson. Nowadays/Recently，people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic. In the first place，she can read at the rate of 100 words a minute. To begin with，smoking should be banned in public areas. Generally speaking，the more you practise，the more skillfully you can write in English. As the proverb says/As the saying goes，“Time is money.” As can be seen from the table，nearly everyone owns one

　　mobile phone in China. With the development of the Internet，computers play an

　　important role in people’s life. It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. There is no denying that successful business lies in a healthy

　　body and mind. It is believed that health is above wealth. It is well known that an elephant is a very kind and gentle

　　animal. I’m excited to learn that we are going to start a magazine. I’m glad to hear that you will come to our school as an exchange student. As is known to all，shoes play an important role in our life，for it can protect our feet from being hurt. 常用结尾句式(黑体部分)： All in all，traveling is the best choice to recharge ourselves and get ready for the new challenges. In conclusion，a good citizen should observe traffic regulations. In a word，success is important，and so is failure，because it’s the mother of success. To sum up，environmental protection is of great importance，which can make us live more comfortably and healthily. On the whole，I find a bike more enjoyable than a motorcycle. I’d appreciate it if you could deliver them as soon as possible. It is high time that we did something to prevent the environment from being polluted. Only with combined efforts can we expect our hometown will take on a new look in the near future. We can，therefore，come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as peace in the world. From what has been discussed above，we may draw the conclusion that you must have self­confidence if you want to achieve something. In short，not only has the inclusion poisoned Chinese，but it may also bring about distance between the Chinese people. In a word，my life will be much richer and more colorful. I’ll be glad if you can consider my recommendation. 2．表达准确，用词高级：高考评分标准中所说的“应用了较多的词汇”，是指词汇使用的多样性，如词性的多样性、高级词汇的使用、同义词与反义词的使用、短语的使用等。由此可知，运用较高级词汇对提高书面表达的得分档次至关重要。使用高级词汇的4 大原则：

　　(1)具体性原则 在具备一定词汇量的条件下，具体的表达比泛泛而谈的内容更能引起读者的共鸣。例如：当描述一个具体事物或人时，类似a nice/good man的表达让人感觉很空洞，我们可以用有个性的、具体的词描绘一个人，如kind­hearted(好心的)；generous(慷慨的；大方的)；easy­going(随和的)等。 ①I will have my own family probably with a lovely child. ②It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere. (2)新颖性原则 写作时恰当得体地使用高中学过的、别人可能想不到的词汇，会给阅卷人耳目一新的感觉。但是需注意：既要避免使用俗词，又要避开冷僻词汇。 ①In the coming three years，our school life will be difficult. → In the coming three years，our school life will be challenging. ②So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up，we are sure to achieve success. → So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up，we are bound to achieve success. (3)短语优先原则 多使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。 ①Developing a good habit is also important. → Developing a good habit is also of importance. ②As the number of English learners is increasing，it’s not difficult for them to understand these words in Chinese contexts. → As the number of English learners is on the rise，it’s not difficult for them to understand these words in Chinese contexts. 栏目导引 专题针 对训练 课堂达 标训练 专题五　书面表达