一 二 三 四 形容词和副词在句子中的作用不可忽视。它们丰富了句子的表现力,丰满了句子的内涵。如果说句子的主语和谓语构成句子的骨架,那么形容词和副词就是句子的血肉。形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征,在句中作定语、表语、宾语、补语。副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、句子等,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。副词在句中主要作状语。在语法填空和短文改错两个题型中,对该部分的考查主要集中在形容词和副词的基本用法、构词法知识和比较等级等方面。 二 三 四 一 一、句子中的语义相关 对于形容词来说,无论在句子中作定语还是表语,从句意层次来说,其语义和句子中的名词或代词有相关性,用来修饰或说明名词或代词的属性、性状或状态等。副词则与句子中的动词或形容词相关,用来说明动作的时间、地点、程度、方式等情况。在句子中形容词的位置要围绕名词、代词或系动词来安放;副词要围绕动词、形容词等来排列。观察下列句子中的形容词和副词的使用,从语义相关和位置两方面来深刻理解。 An idea suddenly struck me. 我心中忽然产生了一个念头。 I have already finished my work. 我已经做完了工作。 Look at the picture carefully.仔细看这幅画。 二 三 四 一 He is seldom late for school.他上学很少迟到。 I think he is a man suitable for the job. 我认为他是适合做这项工作的人。 He must be the best violinist alive. 他一定是当代最好的小提琴手了。 This isn’t anything important. 这并不是什么重要的东西。 Jack is good at playing basketball. 杰克擅长打篮球。 二 三 四 一 二、考查构词法知识 1.名词变为形容词 (1)部分名词后面加-y可以变成形容词(尤其是一些与天气有关的名词) 如:rain→rainy,cloud→cloudy,wind→windy,snow→snowy 如果名词以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,这时应双写词尾的辅音字母再加-y。如:sun→sunny,fun→funny,big→bigger 少数以不发音的e结尾的名词变为形容词时,应去掉e再加-y。如:noise→noisy,ice→icy (2)一些抽象名词在词尾加-ful可以变为形容词 如:beauty→beautiful,sorrow→sorrowful 二 三 四 一 (3)一些表示国家的名词可以变词尾为-ese,-ish或直接加-n构成表示国籍、语言的形容词。 如:China→Chinese,England→English,America→American,India→Indian (其中注意Canada→Canadian)。 (4)在名词后加-less构成含有否定意义的形容词 如:care→careless,use→useless,hope→hopeless,home→homeless (5)在名词后加-ous 如:fame→famous,danger→dangerous,mystery→mysterious (6)有些名词后不发音的e变为al,有些直接加后缀-al变为形容词 如:medicine→medical,music→musical,nature→natural,person→personal,nation→national,education→educational,tradition→traditional,origin→original 二 三 四 一 (7)名词加后缀-ly 如:friend→friendly,live→lively,love→lovely,month→monthly,week→weekly等。 另外,Europe→European,fool→foolish,wool→woolen,wood→wooden,gold→golden也应该加以注意。 二 三 四 一 2.动词变为形容词 (1)词尾加-ful 如:use→useful,care→careful,help→helpful,thank→thankful,forget→forgetful,play→playful,wonder→wonderful (2)词尾加-d或-ed 如:please→pleased,unite→united,excite→excited,surprise→surprised,organize→organized,close→closed,wound→wounded,relax→relaxed,develop→developed,appreciate→appreciated,frustrate→frustrated,interest→interested,annoy→annoyed,use→used,frighten→frightened,crowd→crowded,thrill→thrilled,pollute→polluted (3)有些动词可将词尾y变为i,加-ed worry→worried,marry→married,fry→fried,terrify→terrified,satisfy→satisfied
以后缀-ed结尾的形容词通常用于说明人,不用于说明事物,即使它们所修饰的名词是事物,那它们指的也是与该事物相关的人。 二 三 四 一 (4)词尾加-ing。若词尾为不发音的e,去e再加-ing 如:interest→interesting,surprise→surprising,excite→exciting,develop→developing,frighten→frightening,frustrate→frustrating,relax→relaxing,live→living,sleep→sleeping
以后缀 -ing 结尾的形容词主要用于说明事物,表示事物的性质或特征,若用它们说明人,则表示此人具有此性质或特征。 (5)词尾加-able 如:enjoy→enjoyable,suit→suitable,adjust→adjustable,comfort→comfortable 二 三 四 一 3.前缀与形容词词义变化 英语中有许多表示否定的前缀,如dis-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,un-,mis-,non-,dis- 等,可以加在形容词前构成否定意义的形容词。如: un-:untrue,unimportant,unhealthy,unkind,unnecessary,undoubted,unfinished in-:informal,incorrect,invisible,inaccurate im-:(加在字母m,b,p之前)impossible,impolite il-:(加在以l开头的单词的前边)illegal,illiterate,illogical ir-:(放在以r开头的单词前面)irregular,irresistible,irrelevant non-:non-existent,non-essential,non-electrical 二 三 四 一 4.形容词变副词通常是加-ly,其变化有规律可循: (1)一般情况下直接加-ly。如: quick→quickly,polite→politely,sad→sadly,immediate→immediately,recent→recently (2)绝大多数辅音字母加e结尾的形容词直接加-ly。少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly。如:true→truly,due→duly,wide→widely,polite→politely (3)以y结尾的,且读音为/I/的,先将y改成i,再加-ly,如: happy→happily,heavy→heavily,angry→angrily,busy→busily 但是如果读音为/aI/,直接加-ly,如:dry→dryly;sly→slyly;shy→shyly (4)以ic 结尾的词,加-ally。如: economic→economically,basic→basically,scientific→scientifically,automatic→automatically,energetic→energetically 但是public→publicly 例外。 二 三 四 一 (5)以辅音字母加le结尾时,去e加-y。如: simple→simply,considerable→considerably,terrible→terribly,gentle→gently,possible→possibly,probable→probably,incredible→incredibly 形容词词尾为元音字母加le时,变副词需加 -ly,如:sole→solely。但是whole→wholly例外。 (6)以ll结尾时,只加-y。如:dull→dully;shrill→shrilly (7)有些单词本身是副词,加上-ly后同样是副词。一般无-ly的副词表示具体的含义,而有-ly的副词表示抽象的含义。如: close意思是“近”;closely 意思是“仔细地”。 late意思是“晚”;lately 意思是“最近”。 deep意思是“深”,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,“深深地”。 二 三 四 一 high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。 wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是“广泛地;在许多地方”。 free的意思是“免费”;freely 的意思是“无限制地”。
friendly,motherly,lovely,likely,daily,weekly等词是形容词而非副词。 二 三 四 一 三、考查比较等级 1.形容词和副词的比较级与最高级 同级比较用“as+原级+as”,两者比较用“比较级+than”,三者或以上比较用“最高级+in/of...”。如: Speaking of all the songs he has written,I think this is probably his best-known one. 提到他写的所有歌曲,我认为这是他最有名的一首。 Alan is a careful driver,but he drives the least carefully of my friends. 艾伦是一个细心的司机,但他却是我的朋友中开车最粗心的。 Little Mary plays the piano as beautifully as her sister. 小玛丽与她姐姐弹钢琴一样好。 注意:与比较等级有关的还有几个特殊用法需要引起我们的注意。 二 三 四 一 (1)“the+比较级...,the + 比较级...”表示“越……,越……”,前面的句子相当于条件状语从句,一般不用将来时。如: The more you use a dictionary,the more useful you will find it to you. 你越使用字典,你会发现它对你越有用。 The higher you climb the mountain,the less air you can breathe. 你爬山爬得越高,你吸到的空气越少。 (2)“the+比较级+of the(两者)”表示“两者中比较,更……的”。如: Which is the better of the two books? The younger of the brothers is much clever. (3)“a+最高级”不表示“最……”,而表示“非常”。如: This is a most difficult lesson in this book. She is a most mysterious person. 二 三 四 一 (4)否定副词never与比较级连用有时可表示最高级的意义。如: I have never met a kinder man. 我从来没遇见过这么仁厚的人。 (5)not more...than 不如…… no more...than 和……一样不(否定两者) not less...than 不如……不(即指不如 less 后形容词的反面) no less...than 和……一样(肯定两者) no more than表示“仅仅”“只有”“只不过”,强调程度低或数量少。如: You are more careful than he is.你比他仔细。 You are not more careful than he is.你不如他仔细。 You are no more careful than he is.你和他一样不仔细。 You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔细(你比他粗心)。 二 三 四 一 You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔细(你不如他粗心)。 You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一样仔细。 He is no more than an ordinary English teacher. 他只不过是个普通的英文老师。 He has no more than three shirts. 他只有3件衬衫。 (6)“more+形容词或副词+than...”表示对同一人或物在不同方面进行取舍,意为“与其说……倒不如……”。如: He is more hungry than tired. 与其说他累了,倒不如说他饿了。 二 三 四 一
做“语法填空”题时应该注意:当括号中所给词是形容词或副词,且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时,要根据语境,理解句意,若该词意思不变,逻辑上讲得通,就很可能填该词的比较级(或最高级)。如: The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love.Nothing could be (sweet). 答案:sweeter 二 三 四 一 2.倍数比较的句型 (1)A+be+倍数+as+计量形容词原级+as+B。如: This tree is three times as tall as that one. 这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。 (2)A+be+倍数+计量形容词比较级+than+B。如: The Yangtze River is almost twice longer than the Pearl River. 长江差不多比珠江长两倍。 (3)A+be+倍数+the+size/height/length/width,etc.+of+B。如: The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one. 新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。 (4)...times+what+从句。如: The production is now three times what it was ten years ago. 现在的产量是十年前的三倍。 二 三 四 一 四、考查连接性副词 连接副词可用于连接句子或从句。常见分类如下: 1.表示增补:besides,further,then,similarly,likewise,moreover 2.表示等同:similarly,equally 3.表示对比:rather,oppositely 4.表示概括:altogether,generally 5.表示列举:first(ly),second(ly),finally 6.表示让步:however,still,yet,nevertheless,though,anyway 7.表示结果:therefore,consequently,accordingly,thus 8.表示着重:mainly,mostly,particularly,especially 二 三 四 一 连接副词的性质类似于并列连词,使用时其前通常用分号或句号;若其前用逗号,则通常带有并列连词(如and)。如: We all tried our best;however,we lost the game./We all tried our best.However,we lost the game. 我们都已尽了最大的努力,不过我们还是输了。 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ.完成句子(高考真题变式训练) 1.Raymond’s parents wanted him to have (good) possible education. 2.With online shopping increasingly popular,the Internet is seen as a(n)
(efficiency) way of reaching target customers. 3.It’s our hope that we will play a greater role in the market place and,
,supply more jobs. 4.Henry was away from home for quite a bit and saw his family. 5.—What did you do last weekend? —Oh,nothing . 6.Thanks for your directions to the house;we wouldn’t have found it
. 7.The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others (blind). the best
efficient
therefore
seldom
much
otherwise
blindly
Ⅰ Ⅱ 8.Those poor and needy teenagers were excited to find a shop at the corner where they could buy
(afford) priced bike. 9.There are a small number of people involved,possibly as as twenty. 10.Everything seemed to be going
(smooth) for the first two days after I moved to New York. affordably
few
smoothly
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ.单句改错 1.The sun was very big and red.How exciting we were! 2.I’m very interesting in the job and I’d like to apply for the position. 3.She has to use a wheelchair to get around and it often takes her a little longer to do everyday things,such as getting out of bed,getting dressing and going to school. 4.Meanwhile,I do hope the whole society can realize the important of food safety and begin taking action together to make sure food is safe. 答案:exciting→excited
答案:interesting→interested
答案:dressing→dressed
答案:important→importance
Ⅰ Ⅱ 5.Yes,even students with average intelligence can be top students without addition work. 6.When sitting in the classroom she looks just like all her classmates and after class her life is obvious different. 7.I got extreme interested in foreign cultures or customs. 8.I’m 18 years old and have a good command of English,especial in terms of speaking and listening. 答案:addition→additional
答案:obvious→obviously
答案:extreme→extremely
答案:especial→especially
Ⅰ Ⅱ 9.I dream constantly that I,along with my classmates,will study happy with the help of the respectable professors. 10.Similar,people prefer movies that reflect their mood. 答案:happy→happily
答案:S imilar→Similarly
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