第一节 名词和冠词
考点一
名词概要
1．名词的数
名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单复数之分，不可数名词通常只有单数形式。
2．抽象名词具体化
抽象名词具体化是考查的重点和难点，常见的表达有：
抽象名词 抽象名词具体化
drink 饮料 a drink 一杯饮料
comfort安慰；慰藉 a comfort 一件令人感到安慰的事
feeling感觉；感情 a good feeling 一种愉快的感情
success 成功 a success 一位成功的人或一件成功的事
failure 失败 a failure 一个失败的人或一件失败的事
surprise 惊奇 a surprise 一件令人惊奇的事
difficulty 困难 a difficulty 一件难事
coffee 咖啡 two coffees 两杯咖啡
Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
His new book is quite a success.
他的新书获得了巨大成功。
—Would you like some coffee?
——你想喝点咖啡吗？
—I'd like a coffee and two beers.
——我想要一杯咖啡两瓶啤酒。
3．名词作定语
名词作定语往往说明被修饰词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等，常用单数形式，但有些以复数形式出现的名词作定语时仍用复数形式。
(1)名词作定语时，大多数情况用单数形式。例如：a shoe factory 一家鞋厂
(2)man，woman修饰名词时，随名词单复数的变化而变化，试比较：
a man teacher 一位男老师→ two men teachers 两位男老师
a woman doctor 一位女医生 → two women doctors 两位女医生
a boy student 一位男生→ two boy students 两位男生
[名师点津] 有些名词作定语时用复数形式，常见的有：a clothes shop 一家服装店；a goods car 一辆货车；a customs officer 一位海关官员；sports clothes
运动服。
4．名词的格
(1)有生命的人或物的所有格一般由名词加“'s”构成；若是几个人共有，或几个词作为一个单位时，在最后一个名词后加“'s”，若表示各自的所属关系时，各名词的末尾都要加“'s”。如：Mary's dictionary，Mary and Mike's desk，Mary's and Mike's mothers。
[名师点津] 表示“某某的家/店铺”的名词所有格，常常省略其名词。如： at Mr.White's, at the tailor's。
(2)无生命的事物的所有格一般采用“of＋名词”的结构。如：the liberation of the country, the window of the house。
[名师点津] 表示时间、距离、天体、金额、国家或城市等的名词所有格也可在名词后直接加“'s”构成。如：two weeks' holiday, ten minutes' drive, China's population。
(3)有时，上述两种所有格形式可以结合在一起，构成双重所有格。如：a friend of my father's。
[考点小结]
名词在高考中的考查形式多样，由于受母语的影响和干扰，在考试中考生往往会陷入命题者所设的“陷阱”中。因此在平时的学习中，考生要对名词的单复数变化，尤其是物质名词、抽象名词的量化方法、名词作定语以及名词的所有格给予足够的重视，掌握名词同义词、近义词在具体语境中的差别，这些都是高考考查的热点和难点。
考点二
冠词的用法
1．不定冠词a/an的用法
(1)单数可数名词前用不定冠词a/an表示泛指。
(2017·福建高考)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people's wellbeing and a dream of harmony，peace and development.
“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦，是一个和谐、和平发展的梦。
(2)在某些抽象名词前加不定冠词可使抽象名词具体化。
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在困难时期能够买得起一杯饮料是一个莫大的安慰。
(3)不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示“再一，又一”。
He missed the gold in the high jump，but will get a second chance in the long jump.
他没得到跳高的金牌，但在跳远项目上还有一次机会。
(4)a/an相当于every，表示“每一”。
—It's said that John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year.
——据说约翰将获得一个年薪超过六万美元的工作。
—Right，he will also get paid by the week.
——是的，他的工资将按周支付。
[名师点津] 高中常见的纯不可数名词有：baggage，luggage，furniture，health，weather，fun，space (太空)，advice，word (＝news)，progress，information，news，luck，wealth (财产)等。以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用。
(5)与不定冠词连用的常考习语。
have a gift for 有……的天赋
get a lift/ride 搭便车
as a rule 通常，照例
in a hurry 匆忙地
once in a while 偶尔
a waste of ……的浪费
have a population of 有……人口
2．定冠词的用法
(1)用于彼此都知道所指的人或物时，表示特指。
Let's go to the station to meet him.
我们到车站去接他吧。
(2)和形容词连用，代表一类人或事物。
The injured in the car accident were sent to the hospital immediately.
车祸中的受伤者马上被送往了医院。
(3)用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物之前。
Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
亚历山大·贝尔于1876年发明了电话。
[名师点津] 有些事物实际上也是独一无二的，但习惯上不用冠词，如space，nature，man(人类)。
Travel through space is not a dream today.
航天旅行在今天已不是梦想。
(4)用在序数词、形容词最高级前。还可用在对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。
He is the older of the two.
他是两人中年长的那一个。
It is the most expensive of all the articles.
那是所有物品中最贵的。
(5)用在姓氏复数名词前，表示全家人或这一姓氏的夫妇俩。
The Whites are on holiday now.
现在怀特一家(夫妇)正在度假。
(6)用在逢10的数词的复数形式之前，指世纪的某个年代，如in the 1990s在二十世纪九十年代。
(7)用在以festival组成的中国传统节日之前，但以day组成的节日前不加定冠词；在表示演奏的西洋乐器的名词前通常用定冠词，但中国传统乐器前不加定冠词。试比较：
in the Spring Festival 在春节；on Christmas Day 在圣诞节
play the piano 弹钢琴；play erhu 演奏二胡
(8)用在表示计量的名词前，如by the day，by the hour，by the dozen等，表示“按照……”“每……”；但如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词，前面不加定冠词，如by weight，by height等。
I rented the house by the month.
我按月租用那房子。
[名师点津] 定冠词用在一些固定搭配中，如in the end，on the whole，on the spot，out of the question，in the way，on the air，to the full等。
The thief was caught on the spot.小偷当场被抓。
3．零冠词的用法
(1)季节、月份、星期、节日、学科名称、球类、棋类、三餐等名词前不加冠词，但表示语言的词后有language时，要加定冠词the。
I usually go to my uncle's to watch them play chess.
我通常去我叔父家看他们下棋。
Of all the subjects，I like English/the English language best.
在所有的科目中，我最喜欢英语。
(2)表示独一无二的职位、头衔的名词用作表语、同位语、补足语或与姓氏连用时。
Mr.Brown，headmaster of our school，made a lecture to us.
我们学校的校长布朗先生给我们做了演讲。
(3)连系动词turn后的表语单数可数名词前不用冠词，但名词前若有形容词作定语时，则必须用冠词。而相同意义的become后作表语的名词前需加冠词。
For some reason，he turned thief in the end.
由于某种原因，最后他成为了小偷。
(4)表示交通工具的名词与by连用，不指具体某辆车，而是作为工具时。
He often goes fishing by car.他经常开车去钓鱼。
(5)as，though引导倒装的让步状语从句中的名词移至句首时不用冠词。
Child as/though he is，he often helps his mother do the housework.
虽然他还是个孩子，他却常常帮助妈妈做家务。
(6)用在一些固定搭配中，如at war，in place of，take place，at dawn，lose weight，on business，at home等。
Nowadays many young women try to lose weight.
目前很多年轻女子试图减肥。
4．一些短语中有无冠词的区别
at table在吃饭，at the table在桌子旁
at school上学，at the school在学校
in hospital/prison住院/坐牢，in the hospital/prison在医院/在监狱里
by day白天，by the day按日计算
take place发生，take the place of取代
in charge of掌管，in the charge of在……掌管之中
in future今后，将来，in the future将来的某时刻
in front of在……的前面，in the front of在……的前面部分
out of question毫无疑问，out of the question不可能
[考点小结]
近几年高考对冠词的考查更侧重其在具体语言环境中的使用，主要考查考生对冠词知识的基本掌握程度以及在特定的语境中正确使用冠词的能力。在解答冠词类试题时，要注意三大原则：一是判断表示泛指还是特指；二是判断空格后的名词是可数名词还是不可数名词；三是判断空格后的名词是抽象名词还是具体名词。
针对训练
.完成句子
A．用适当的冠词，完成下列句子。
1．(2017·江西高考)They chose Tom to be ________ captain of the team，because they knew he was ________ smart leader.
【答案】 the；a
2．(2017·陕西高考)________ village where I was born has grown into ________ town.
【答案】 The；a
3．(2017·天津高考)Life is like ________ ocean: only ________ strongwilled can reach the other shore.
【答案】 an；the
4．(2017·浙江高考)The paper is due next month，and I am working seven days ________ week，often long into ________ night.
【答案】 a；the
5．(2017·重庆高考)I can't tell you ________ way to the Wilsons' because we don't have ________ Wilson here in the village.
【答案】 the；a
B．根据汉语提示，完成下列句子。
6．(2017·江苏高考)虽然两年前就已遭软禁，但她在去年的选举中仍然是有影响力的象征。
She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained ________________
in last year's election.
【答案】 a powerful symbol
7．(2017·天津高考)风现在是世界上增长最快的能源。
Wind is now the world's ________________ of power.
【答案】 fastest growing source
8．(2017·浙江高考)对于我们熟悉和喜欢的人提出的要求，我们一般都会同意的。
We most prefer to say yes ________________ someone we know and like.
【答案】 to the requests of
9．今天下午，杰克和琼两人的叔叔将去机场接他们。
________ uncle is going to pick them up at the airport this afternoon.
【答案】 Jack and Joan's
10．据说这些贼从商店里偷了价值一百万美元的珠宝。
It was said that the thieves had stolen ________ worth of jewelry from the shop.
【答案】 one million dollars'
.语篇填空
在空格处填入一个适当的冠词，使文章结构完整，语意通顺
Once upon 1.________ time，there was 2.________ old woman living at 3.________ foot of the mountain.She led 4.________ poor life，but she was very kind.She loved animals，and she would prepare food for birds in the windows，just like their owners.A lot of birds such as swallows and sparrows would like to live under her roof.
On 5.________ sunny day，a hunter with 6.________ bow and some arrows appeared near her house and she thought that something bad would happen.So she followed 7.________ hunter and found that he was shooting at 8.________ hare.She was angry and shouted at him loudly.The hunter was scared to death and ran away.When she came up to 9.________ hare，to her sorrow，she found the hare was injured and lay in 10.________ shadow of a tree without any movement.She brought it home at once and fed it on some herb.After several days，with her intensive care，the hare was recovered finally.
【答案】 1.a 2.an 3.the 4.a 5.a 6.a 7.the 8.a
9．the 10.the
综合演练
语法填空
用适当的冠词和下列名词的适当形式填空
illness；environment；smoker；harm；measure
With 1.________ development of industry，air pollution is getting 2.________ more and more serious problem.In Beijing，many people suffer different kinds of 3.________ because of air pollution.
Air pollution is caused by the following reasons：half of the problem is caused by vehicles.There are more and more cars and buses on the roads，and they give off 4.________ poisonous gases.Twentyfive percent of air pollution is caused by factories.Another factor is the 5.________.Smoking not only does 6.________ to their health but also to others.Besides these，about 10% of air pollution is caused by other reasons.
We should take some 7.________ to fight against 8.________ pollution.New fuel can be used to take 9.________ place of gas.We can plant more trees.If everybody realizes the importance of the 10.________ and does something to stop pollution，the problem will be solved.
【答案】 1.the 2.a 3.illnesses 4.不填 5.smokers 6.harm 7.measures 8.不填 9.the 10.environment