第十二节 派生词
考点一
常见的前缀及派生词
Prefix Meaning Example
a 有in，on，at，by，with，to等含义 alone单独；asleep在熟睡中的
ab 离去，反常 abuse滥用；abnormal不正常的
anti 反(抗)，防 antifreeze防冻；antiwar反战的
bi 双；重 bicycle自行车；bimonthly双月刊
co 共同，相互 cooperation合作；coexist共存；coeditor合编者
com 共同，相互 compress压缩；composition作品，创作
dis 不，相反；除去，毁；分开 dislike不喜欢；discover发现
en 放进，饰以，使，使成 enrich使变富；enable使能够
ex 前任，以前的 exwife前妻；expresident前总裁
extra 超过，在……以外 extraordinary非常的，非凡的
fore 前，先，预 forehead前额；foretell预言
il 不，无，非 illogical不合逻辑的；illegal非法的
im (用在b，m，p前)不，无；向内 import进口；impossible不可能的
in 不，无，非；向内 incomplete不完全的；inactive不积极的；income收入
inter 在……之间(之际)，互相 international国际的；interchange交换；interview面试，采访
ir (用在r之前不，无；向内) irreligious无宗教信仰的；irregular不规则的
micro 微 microwave微波炉；microcomputer微型电脑
mid 中部 midnight半夜；middle中间的；midterm期中
mini 小，微 minibus小型公共汽车；miniskirt超短裙
mis 误，恶，不 misfortune不幸；mistrust不信任
multi 多 multicultural多元文化的；multicoloured多色的
non 不，无，非 nonsmoker不抽烟的人
out 胜过；过分；在外 outdoor户外的；outstanding杰出的
over 过度，在外，颠倒等 overwork劳累过度；overcoat外套
post 后 postwar战后；postmodern后现代主义的
pre 前，先 prearranged预先安排的；prehistoric史前的
re 再，重，又；相反；回 reaction反应；return返回
self 自己 selfdefence自卫；selftaught自修的
step 后，继 stepfather继父；stepmother继母
sub 在……下面；亚于；次于 subway地铁；subtitle副标题
super 上，超 superpower超级大国；supermarket超市
trans 横过，超越，变换 transnational跨国的；transform改变
tele 远(程) television电视；telescope望远镜
tri 三(个……) triangle三角形；tricycle三轮脚踏车
un 不，无，非，未 unfriendly不友好的；untie解开，解决
vice 副 vicechairman副主席；vicepresident副总统
考点二
常见的后缀及派生词
1．名词后缀
suffix Meaning Example
al 表示过程或状态 removal移动；arrival到达
(i)an 来自；专长于……的人 musician音乐家；Egyptian埃及人
ance 表状态，行为 appearance外表；acceptance接受；reliance依靠
ant ent 人，物 servant仆人；inhabitant居民，栖居动物
ar er 人，物 beggar乞讨者；murderer杀人犯；recorder录音机
(t)ion ation 表状态，动作过程，行为 suggestion建议；graduation毕业；liberation解放；expression表达
dom 身份，领域 freedom自由；wisdom智慧
ee 人，物 employee被雇用者；refugee难民
ence 性质，状态，行为 difference区别；confidence自信；dependence依靠
ess 表女性，雌性 hostess女主人；actress女演员；tigress母老虎
ful 充满 basketful满篮；mouthful满嘴；houseful一屋子
hood 性质，身份，状态，时期 childhood儿童时代；neighbourhood附近
ism 宗教，风格，主义 heroism英雄气概；communism共产主义；socialism社会主义者
ist 人，主义者 novelist小说家，socialist社会主义
ity 性质，状态 reality现实，ability能力；equality平等
ment 行为，物，组织，运动，结果 disappointment失望；movement运动；agreement协议
ness 性质，状态 kindness仁慈；tiredness疲劳
or 人，物 visitor参观者；actor男演员
ship 性质，身份，资格 hardship艰苦；leadership领导身份；friendship友谊
sion 行为，状态 conclusion结论；tension紧张
ure 行为，状态 exposure暴露；failure失败
th 结果，过程，性质，状态 truth真理；youth青春；growth生长；warmth温暖
age 集合，地点，结果 storage储藏；shortage短缺；marriage婚姻
2.形容词后缀
Suffix Meaning Example
able ible ble 可……的，能……的 acceptable可接受的；reasonable合情合理的；comfortable舒适的
(u)al 属于……的，具有……属性 equal平等的；national国家的；chemical化学的
an ……(地，人)的 republican共和国的；European欧洲人的
ary ……的 imaginary想象的；revolutionary革命的
ative ……的 creative有创造性的；qualitative质量的
ed (具)有……的(特征) determined坚定的；learned博学的；aged年老的
ent ……的 frequent经常的；silent沉默的；diligent勤奋的
ese (地，人)的 Chinese中国(人)的；Japanese日本(人)的
ern 表示方向 eastern东方的；southern南方的
en ……的 golden金色的；wooden木制的；woolen羊毛的
ic 与……有关的 realistic现实的；energetic精力充足的
ing 具有……(特征)的 boring令人厌烦的；frightening令人害怕的
ish 近乎……的，如……的 childish孩子气的；foolish愚蠢的；selfish自私的
ive 与……有关的，有……倾向的，有……特性的 expensive昂贵的；effective有效的；decisive决定性的
ful 满的；有……性质的，引起……的 faithful信任的；powerful强大的；cheerful愉快的
less 无……的；不……的 homeless无家可归的；sleepless失眠的；careless粗心的
ous 多……的，有……特性的 various各种各样的；humorous幽默的；dangerous危险的
ly ……品质的，每……的 friendly友好的；motherly母亲般的；weekly每周的
ward 向……的 backward向后的；forward向前的
y 多……的；有……的；如……的 cloudy多云的；funny有趣的；lucky运气好的
3.副词后缀
Suffix Meaning Example
ly ……地，状态，程度，方式 extremely非常；slowly慢慢地；happily高兴地
s 时间，地点，状态 outdoors在户外；indoors在室内
ward(s) 方向 afterward(s)后来；outwards向外；downwards向下
4.动词后缀
Suffix Meaning Example
en 使变成 sharpen削尖；broaden加宽；strengthen加强；deepen加深
fy 使……化 simplify简化；beautify美化；purify净化；horrify使恐怖
ize 使……化 modernize使现代化；realize实现；mechanize使机械化
注意：一般情况下，加前缀改变词义，加后缀改变词性。
[本节小结]
在新课标全国卷的语法填空题中，有涉及单词的形式变化的题目。此外，新考纲要求考生掌握3 000多个英语单词。因此，掌握常用派生词的构词方法不仅能帮助同学们做好语法填空题，还能帮助同学们扩大词汇量，为同学们在高考中稳操胜券奠定基础。针对训练
.完成句子
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1．I was supposed to arrive at the airport on time.________ (fortunate)，I was held up by the heavy traffic jam.
【答案】 Unfortunately
2．Therefore，when they become older they are ________(able) to do any other kind of work.
【答案】 unable
3．Very early the next morning，amazingly，we got completely satisfied in a totally________________ (expect) way.
【答案】 unexpected
4．I won't do the purchase because the price of this dress is ________________ (reason)．
【答案】 unreasonable
5．Job ________________ (apply) need to show their ability to be both organized and flexible in taking on many tasks at the same time.
【答案】 applicants
6．All facts are the source of ________________ (conclude)．
【答案】 conclusions
7．However，most ________ (science) agree that EQ has a lot to do with ________(educate)．
【答案】 scientists；education
8．Excellent oral and written ________________ (communicate) skills in Chinese and English are of ________________ (important)．
【答案】 communication；importance
9．Fresh fruits and vegetables can provide much of our daily ________________ (require)．
【答案】 requirement
10．It is your ________________ (free) to do what you want after class.
【答案】 freedom
11．As is known to us all，the Entrance Exam is a great ________________，and the students are ________________ (compete)．
【答案】 competition；competitors
12．I am ________________ (grate) to you for your help.
【答案】 grateful
13．He gave me some ________________ (construct) suggestions.
【答案】 constructive
14．A jury's decision in a court case must be absolutely ________________ (object)．
【答案】 objective
15．He devoted much money to building schools in ________________ (mountain) areas.
【答案】 mountainous
.语篇填空
阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，使用括号中词语的正确形式填空
It was really a hard time when Li Ping first came to the United States.His 1.________(earn) could hardly cover the expenses，so when his wife gave 2.________(bear) to their second daughter，they could not afford enough nutrition food.Soon，poor nutrition caused the 3.________(die) of the poor baby.4.________(lonely) was another problem because they had no 5.________(relate) or friends there.Thanks to his 6.________(brave) and 7.________(persevere)，he managed to gain the 8.________(citizen) of the United States and in the end he had his permanent 9. ________(settle)．He always tells his children like this: Perseverance leads to 10.________(happy) and success.
【答案】 1.earnings 2.birth 3.death 4.Loneliness
5．relations 6.bravery 7.perseverance 8.citizenship
9．settlement 10.happiness
综合演练
语法填空
根据单词提示，用单词的相应词性变化完成下列短文
Sixtysix percent of 15to 25yearolds in China say they are happy，according to a survey of global youth 1.________(happy)conducted in 14 countries.
The survey shows young people worldwide are 2.________ (happy) when they are on vacation，being challenged，or achieving something.The 3.________(young)in the US，for example，said they were happiest between 8 and 10 pm on Saturdays in July，enjoying good 4.________(musician) or spending time with friends and family.
According to study author Joeri Van Den Bergh，young people don't just want to impress their friends.Today's youth want to accomplish something in life，whether this means big 5.________ (accomplish)like doing well in an important exam or finding a good job，or small things like making a delicious dinner.
The survey also shows higher happiness in 6.________ (develop)countries—Brazil，India and China all ranked 7.________(high)．Young people in these countries might realize they are better off than their parents in the improving 8.________(economy) environment.
However，Christine Carter，sociologist and happiness expert at the University of California.Berkeley，noted that many young people still do not feel happy because they are under so much 9.________(press) to achieve.
Carter said research shows people of all ages and cultures link happiness to a sense of gratitude，10.________ (generous)，compassion and social ties.
【答案】 1.happiness 2.happiest 3.youth 4.music
5．accomplishments 6.developing 7.highly 8.economic9．pressure 10.generosity