2016届高考英语二轮复习攻关篇专题训练：题型1 阅读理解2.2.7（新课标全国通用）

　　专题七 史地常识类

　　专项强化·训练

　　A

　　(2015甘肃一模)

　　Next year marks the 150th anniversary of when large numbers of Chinese started working on a huge project in the United States.They help to build America’s first transcontinental railroad between 1863 and 1869,connecting the East Coast with the West.

　　People know little about the Chinese railroad workers and what happened to them after the project was finished.Stanford University in California wants to learn more about the lives of these men by reaching out to their families.

　　Bill Yee’s ancestors came from southern China.He said,“My great-great-grandfather came to America during the ‘gold rush’ days and he returned to China as a wealthy man.And then my great-grandfather came to work on the railroad and died there.”

　　But that did not stop his grandfather from coming to the US on false papers.He operated a laundry.Bill Yee’s father continued to run the business and has never returned to China.

　　“Things were pretty bad in some parts of China in the 1860’s.They came to America at all costs in order that they no longer had to bear hunger,” Bill Yee said.

　　Shelley Fisher Fishkin is helping to direct the Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project at Stanford University.She said,“Many of the Chinese workers who came to work on the transcontinental and other railroads returned to China after their work was done and created families there.Some of them settled in America and created new families,but they had families who they left when they came here and they may have descendants in China.”

　　There is a need to create a record of old objects and spoken histories from the families of the railroad workers.

　　“The US could not have become the modern industrial nation without the railroads.And the railroads would not have come together without the work of these Chinese workers,” said Shelley Fisher Fishkin.

　　【语篇导读】文章讲述了Bill Yee的祖先很早就到了美国,做过铁路工人,后来他的爷爷在那里开了洗衣店,父亲继承了爷爷的事业再也没有回国。很多中国人对美国的铁路历史做出了奉献。

　　1.What do you know about Bill Yee?

　　A.His family was rich in the 1860’s.

　　B.His father settled in the USA.

　　C.He knows little about his ancestors and hopes to know more.

　　D.His grandfather came to America with his great-grandfather.

　　解析:细节理解题。根据第四段“But that did not stop his grandfather from coming to the US on false papers.He operated a laundry.”尤其是这一句“Bill Yee’s father continued to run the business and has never returned to China.”可知B项是正确的。

　　答案:B

　　2.According to Bill Yee,many Chinese went to America in the 1860’s mainly　. 

　　A.to run their own businesses

　　B.to find their ancestors

　　C.to make a living

　　D.to dig gold

　　解析:细节理解题。根据第五段“‘Things were pretty bad in some parts of China in the 1860’s.They came to America at all costs in order that they no longer had to bear hunger,’Bill Yee said.”可知,他们不惜一切代价去美国就是为了不再挨饿。故选C项。

　　答案:C

　　3.According to Shelley Fisher Fishkin,　. 

　　A.the descendants of the Chinese railroad workers all live a good life

　　B.they expect to find all the descendants of the Chinese railroad workers

　　C.some Chinese railroad workers hope they can find their descendants in China

　　D.some Chinese railroad workers have descendants both in China and the US

　　解析:细节理解题。根据倒数第三段最后一句“Some of them settled in America and created new families,but they had families who they left when they came here and they may have descendants in China.”可知,D项为正确答案。

　　答案:D

　　4.Why did Stanford University carry out the project?

　　A.Because they want to help the Chinese railroad workers’ descendants to get together.

　　B.Because they want to show the importance of America’s first transcontinental railroad.

　　C.Because they want to learn more about how to build a railroad in the past in America.

　　D.Because they want Americans to remember the Chinese railroad workers’ role in US history.

　　解析:细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“‘The US could not have become the modern industrial nation without the railroads.And the railroads would not have come together without the work of these Chinese workers,’said Shelley Fisher Fishkin.”可知,他们想让美国人记得中国铁路工人在美国历史上起到的作用。

　　答案:D

　　B

　　(2015甘肃二模)

　　Considering Australia’s size and the fact that early settlements were far apart,Australian society is remarkably homogeneous(同种的).Its citizens are fundamentally prosperous and the way of life in the major cities and towns is much the same however many miles divide them.It takes a sharp ear to identify regional accents.

　　However,there is some difference in lifestyle between city settlers and the country people.Almost 90 percent of the population lives in the fast-paced cities along the coast and has little more than a passing familiarity with the desert. The major cities preserve images of colonial heritage,but the overall impression is modern,with new buildings reflecting the country’s youth.In contrast,the rural communities tend to be slow-moving and conservative.For many years,Australia was said to have “ridden on the sheep’s back”,a reference to wool being the country’s main money earner.However,it is no longer dominant (主宰的).Much of Australia’s relatively sound economy is now achieved from natural coal and wheat,and by being the largest diamond producer in the world.Newer industries such as tourism and wine making are also increasingly important.Australians are generally friendly and relaxed,with a modest sense of humor. 

　　Yet,contrary to widespread belief,very few Australians have true prisoner origins.Within only one generation of the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788,Australia had become a nation of immigrants.Originally coming almost entirely from the British Isles,today one in three Australians comes from elsewhere.Australia’s liberal postwar immigration policies led to a flowing of survivors from war-torn Europe,most notably Greeks,Italians,Poles and Germans.

　　The emphasis has shifted in recent years and today the majority of new immigrants are from Southeast Asia.Today Australia is a “mixture of nations” and although some racism exists,it has generally been a successful experiment and the country is reasonably proud to have one of the most harmonious multicultural communities in the world.

　　【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了澳大利亚的历史、地理、人口分布和经济特征。

　　5.What does the writer mean by saying “has little more than a passing familiarity with the desert” in the second paragraph?

　　A.The major population has a close relationship with the desert.

　　B.The fast-paced cities are just located by the desert.

　　C.The major population knows little about the desert.

　　D.The major population is familiar with the people living in the desert.

　　解析:句意猜测题。这句话的意思是“将近有90%的澳大利亚人口生活在节奏快速的沿海城市中,对于沙漠也只不过略知一二”。

　　答案:C

　　6.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

　　A.The pace of life in the city is different from that in the country.

　　B.One third of people living in Australia come from Europe.

　　C.The Australian economy is dependent on sheep exports.

　　D.Most Australians have ancestors who were prisoners.

　　解析:细节理解题。根据第二段中的第一句“However,there is some difference in lifestyle between city settlers and the country people.”及后面的内容介绍可知城市生活节奏和乡村不同。

　　答案:A

　　7.What used to be Australia’s main money earner?

　　A.Wheat.B.Wool.

　　C.Tourism. D.Diamond.

　　解析:细节理解题。根据第二段中的“For many years,Australia was said to have ‘ridden on the sheep’s back’,a reference to wool being the country’s main money earner.”可知澳大利亚过去以出口羊毛而闻名。

　　答案:B

　　8.We can infer from the passage that 　. 

　　A.nothing about Australia’s colonial part in modern cities can be seen by visitors

　　B.tourism and wine making resulted in fast development in rural communities only

　　C.immigrants from Europe have brought racial problems

　　D.Australia’s recent immigration policy encourages immigrants from Southeast Asia

　　解析:推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The emphasis has shifted in recent years and today the majority of new immigrants are from Southeast Asia.”可知最近几年,由于澳大利亚移民政策的改变,东南亚的移民占据了大多数。

　　答案:D

　　C

　　(2015北京东城一模)

　　It is easy to lose patience with science today.The questions are pressing:How dangerous is air pollution?What about low-level radiation?When will that horrible earthquake strike California?And why can’t we predict weather better?But the evidence is often described as “uncertain”,forcing scientists to base their points of view almost as much on intuition(直觉)as on science.

　　When historians and philosophers of science listen to these questions,some conclude that science may not be able to solve all these problems any time soon.The unknowns can grow into riddles that are impossible to solve.Because of the unstable and changing state of the earth’s atmosphere,for example,scientists have struggled for centuries to predict the weather with precision(精确) but failed.

　　The case is different for scientists of astronomy.For example,they think that the gravitational force of a nearby space vehicle,though tiny,is able to change the path of a much larger planet if the vehicle spends enough time close to it.With the aid of Newton’s laws of gravitational attraction,ground controllers can predict the path of a planetary probe(探测仪)—or satellite—with incredible accuracy.They do this by calculating the gravitational force from each of the passing planets until the probe speeds beyond the edge of the solar system.A much more difficult task is to calculate what happens when two or three times of such force pulls on the probe at the same time.Such procedures can,of course,be very difficult,but for experiments,they are effective.

　　This range of questions—from simple problems to those impossibly complex—has resulted in nicknames for various fields of study:“soft” sciences and “hard” sciences.“Soft” sciences admit a great degree of uncertainty.Academicians tend to judge fields such as sociology,psychology,and political science as “soft” because they are assumed to be understandable,of unnecessary mathematical accuracy,and concerned with everyday affairs such as interpersonal relationships.However,“hard” sciences,such as astronomy and chemistry,are said to offer precise answers.Precise definitions for “hard” sciences vary,but the characteristics of “hard” sciences include:producing testable predictions;performing controlled experiments;relying on quantifiable data and mathematical models;a high degree of accuracy and objectivity;and generally applying a pure form of the scientific method.

　　【语篇导读】本文是科技文章阅读。文章主要讲述科学的不确定性,人们应该有耐心地去等待和观察。

　　9.We can learn from the passage that 　. 

　　A.a large planet is able to change the size of a tiny planet

　　B.ground controllers can affect the gravitational force of planets

　　C.calculating the probe speeds beyond the solar system is possible

　　D.predicting the weather is more difficult than predicting the path of a satellite

　　解析:推理判断题。根据文章第三段的“For example,they think that the gravitational force of a nearby space vehicle,though tiny,is able to change the path of a much larger planet if the vehicle spends enough time close to it.”排除A项;根据文章第三段的“They do this by calculating the gravitational force from each of the passing planets until the probe speeds beyond the edge of the solar system.”排除C项;根据文章第三段的“With the aid of Newton’s laws of gravitational attraction,ground controllers can predict the path of a planetary probe (探测仪)—or satellite—with incredible accuracy.”排除B项;根据第二段的“Because of the unstable and changing state of the earth’s atmosphere,for example,scientists have struggled for centuries to predict the weather with precision(精确) but failed.”判断选D项。

　　答案:D

　　10.According to the author,“soft” sciences 　. 

　　A.allow for certain inaccuracy

　　B.focus on personal relationships

　　C.are based on controlled experiments

　　D.are rooted in data and mathematical models

　　解析:细节理解题。根据文章第四段的“‘Soft’ sciences admit a great degree of uncertainty.”判断选A项。

　　答案:A

　　11.What might be the best title for the passage?

　　A.Science,A Long History

　　C.Science,Accurate Or Not?

　　B.Science And Its Functions

　　D.Science And Its Application

　　解析:主旨大意题。A项“科学,漫长的历史”;B项“科学,准确还是不准确”;C项“科学和它的功能”;D项“科学和它的应用”。通读全文并根据文章内容判断选C项。

　　答案:C

　　12.What is the author’s attitude towards science in this passage?

　　A.Objective.

　　B.Sceptical.

　　C.Disapproval.

　　D.Optimistic

　　解析:推理判断题。objective“客观的”;sceptical“怀疑的”;disapproval“不支持的”;optimistic“乐观的”。通读全文,并根据的第一段可知作者对待科学的态度是客观的。故选A项。

　　答案:A