Unit 1 Great Scientists
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2015·青岛市二模)
Scientists investigated why Ebola virus is so deadly when it spreads from animals to humans and then from humantohuman contact. The research team looked at the Zaire Ebola virus in an animal system to understand how it gains strength. This virus is responsible for the current outbreak in West Africa. They found that initially the animal systems were not affected by the virus, but succeeding transmission(传送) into other animals caused the virus to “hot up” and become more severe.
The team analyzed the viruses at different stages and were able to identify several changes in its genetic material that were associated with increased disease.
Professor Julian Hiscox, who led the study from the University's Institute of Infection and Global Health, explains: “The work tells us that the evolutionary goal of Ebola virus is to become more fatal.”
“We were able to show through genetic analysis which parts of the virus are involved in this process. The information we have gathered will now allow us to monitor for such changes in an outbreak as well as develop future treatment strategies.”
Professor Roger Hewson, leading the study from Public Health England, Porton Down, said: “Ebola virus is such a destructive infection to the people affected by the disease and the economy of West Africa.”
“Our understanding of Ebola virus biology is way behind that of other viruses and our cooperation shows how we can bring together our specialists' skills to close this knowledge gap.”
Professor Miles Carroll, a coauthor of the work, said: “This study has allowed the team to be at the forefront of developing methodologies to analyze patient samples recently taken by the European Mobile Laboratory from West Africa to understand disease evolution during the current outbreak.”
文章大意：本文是医疗科研报告。文章主要讲述了关于埃博拉病毒的研究进展情况，该病毒与什么有关系，该如何控制该病的疫情。
1．What does the first paragraph mainly tell us?
A．How severe Ebola virus is.
B．How Ebola virus spreads.
C．How Ebola virus gradually becomes deadly.
D．What contributions scientists have made on Ebola virus.
答案：C 主旨大意题。A项埃博拉病毒有多严重；B项埃博拉病毒是如何传播的；C项埃博拉病毒是如何变得致命的；D项科学家们为埃博拉病毒做出了什么样的贡献。根据题干关键词the first paragraph。通读第一段，并根据第一句话Scientists investigated why Ebola virus is so deadly when it spreads from animals to humans and then from humantohuman contact可知该段的大意是埃博拉病毒是如何逐渐变得致命的。故选C。
2．Which of the following statements is mentioned in the passage?
A．In the first stage, the virus hurts its victims much.
B．As the virus spreads, it'll change and become more and more deadly.
C．The research in Ebola virus is more advanced than that in other viruses.
D．The scientists have a negative attitude to the research in Ebola virus.
答案：B 推理判断题。根据文章第一段的They found that initially the animal systems were not affected by the virus, but succeeding transmission(传送) into other animals caused the virus to “hot up” and become more severe中的关键词initially可知A是错误的；根据文章的倒数第二段“Our understanding of Ebola virus biology is way behind that of other viruses and our cooperation shows how we can bring together our specialists' skills to close this knowledge gap.”排除C；根据文章最后三段可排除D；根据文章第一段的最后一句话的后半句succeeding transmission(传送) into other animals caused the virus to “hot up” and become more severe可知选B。
3．The underlined word “fatal” has the closest meaning to ________.
A．optimistic
B．deadly
C．common
D．fantastic
答案：B 词义猜测题。optimistic乐观的；deadly致命的；common常见的；fantastic奇异的。根据文章第四段的The information we have gathered will now allow us to monitor for such changes in an outbreak as well as develop future treatment strategies和该段的the evolutionary goal of Ebola virus可知埃博拉病毒变得更加致命。由此推断fatal是致命的。故选B。
4．Where can we probably read this passage?
A．In a science report.
B．In a storybook.
C．In an advertisement.
D．In a textbook.
答案：A 细节理解题。In a science report在科技报告上；In a storybook在故事书中；In an advertisement在一个广告中；In a textbook在课本中。通读全文，并根据文章介绍埃博拉病毒的研究进程判断选A。
B
(2015·长春市质量检测二)
Scientists in Argentina have created the world's first cow with two human genes that will enable it to produce humanlike milk.
Genetic engineering was used to introduce the “mothers' milk” genes into the animal before birth, according to the National Institute of Agribusiness Technology in Buenos Aires.
As an adult the cloned cow “will produce milk that is similar to humans” in what will prove “a development of great importance for the nutrition of infants(婴儿)”， said the institute.“The cloned cow, named Rosita ISA, is the first in the world that incorporates two human genes that contain the proteins present in human milk，” said the statement.
The Argentine team said the Chinese only introduced one human gene, while their research involved two，meaning the milk will more_closely_resemble that of humans.
“Our goal was to raise the nutrition value of cows' milk by adding two human genes, which do good to the immune system of the infants.” said Adrian Mutto, from the National University of San Martin which worked with the institute.
Cristina Kirchner, President of Argentina, said that the scientific institute “makes all Argentines proud.”She also rejected that she had rejected the “honour” of having the cow named after her. “They came to tell me that the name is Cristina, but what woman would like to have a cow named after her? It appeared to me to be more proper to call it Rosita.”
文章大意：这是一篇资讯报道，属记叙文体裁，介绍了阿根廷通过添加人类基因的方式培育出了“类人乳”牛。
5．What's the passage mainly about?
A．The importance of genetic engineering.
B．Ways to improve “mothers' milk”．
C．A cloned cow to produce humanlike milk.
D．Advanced agricultural technology in Argentina.
答案：C 主旨大意题。根据科技资讯报道的特点，在文章第一段就会出现文章主题句，即 Scientists in Argentina have created the world's first cow with two human genes that will enable it to produce humanlike milk.即可得出正确结论，故选C。
6．Which of the following can best replace “more closely resemble” in Paragraph 4?
A．have more varieties than
B．be more similar to
C．have more nutrition than
D．be more different from
答案：B 词义猜测题。第四段内容介绍了中国培育了加入一个人类基因的牛可以被认为 “humanlike”，那么阿根廷加入两个，足见是“更接近人乳”了，故选B。
7．What can be inferred from Cristina Kirchner's statements?
A．She was quite satisfied with the research done by the institute.
B．She considered it an honor to name the special cow.
C．She felt it improper to be named after the cow.
D．She refused to give a name to the cow out of selfrespect.
答案：A 推理判断题。女总统的话the scientific institute “makes all Argentines proud” 说明A 正确。B中说她认为给牛命名是一种荣耀，并未提及。最后一段，只要明确name和name after区别即可。be named after her 是以她的名字命名，而be named after the cow是以牛的名字命名；显然C是错误的，而D中give a name to the cow是给牛起名的意思，故D不对。
Ⅱ.语法填空
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
(2015·甘肃省部分普通高中第一次联考)
The truth __1__ trees are vital to our life is not a secret. They provide us with food, wood and most __2__(important), oxygen. Now there is one more thing we can add to this list—blocking out harmful bacteria from water.
The discovery
__3__(make) by a team __4__(consist) of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and high school students __5__
were seeking a natural water filter—one that would help communities in developing countries that do not have __6__(accessible) to modern water filter systems.
The __7__(research), led by Professor Rohit Karnik, decided to turn to trees for help because they could allow liquid to flow through, while blocking out air bubbles.
They began by cutting 1.5inchwide sections of tree bark from the branches of a white pine tree. The people related then tested the wood's filtering ability by pouring water containing red dye particles of different sizes through. __8__ their amazement, they found that it was effective in trapping all the articles.
__9__(encourage), the team conducted
__10__ experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria. Sure enough, the sapwood held back 99% of the bacteria, allowing only 1% to flow through.
1．______ 2.______ 3.______ 4.______ 5.______
6．______ 7.______ 8.______ 9.______ 10.______
文章大意：树木作用巨大。最新研究表明，它们能去除水中的细菌。
1．命题立意：考查同位语从句。
答案：that 此处是同位语从句，又因为从句中不缺少成分，故选用从属连词that。
2．命题立意：考查形容词和副词的转换。
答案：importantly 此处most importantly是在修饰谓语动词provide，故用副词。句意为“他们为我们提供了食物和木头，更重要的是提供了氧气”。
3．命题立意：考查谓语动词的时态和语态。
答案：was made 此处指上文中的新发现是由一个被几个科学家组成的队伍做出的，the discovery和make之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。由本句话可知，用一般过去时。
4．命题立意：考查非谓语动词。
答案：consisting 此处是现在分词短语“consisting of scientists”作后置定语，修饰team。因为被修饰词team和consist之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词。
5．命题立意：考查定语从句。
答案：who/that 分析句子可知此处为who/that引导的定语从句，因为先行词是students，并且students在后面的定语从句中充当主语，故用who/that。
6．命题立意：考查形容词和名词的转换。
答案：access have access to，意思为“使用，接近，可以利用”，是固定搭配。
7．命题立意：考查动词和名词的转换。
答案：researchers 分析该句结构可知，谓语动词为decided，那么能发出这个动作的主语应该为researchers研究人员，研究者。
8．命题立意：考查介词。
答案：To to one's amazement，是固定结构，表示“令某人惊讶的是”。
举一反三：类似的用法有to one's delight，令人高兴的是， to one's relief，令人欣慰的等等。 “to ＋ one's ＋情感名词”是英语中一个十分有用的结构，主要表示某人由于某事的发生而唤起其内心的某种情感，通常译为“令某人……的是”“使某人感到……的是”。
9．命题立意：考查非谓语动词。
答案：Encouraged 此处为分词作状语，主语team与encourage之间是动宾关系，故选用过去分词“encouraged”。
10．命题立意：考查代词。
答案：another 根据上文可知关于此事做过实验，这次是除了上次以外的另一个实验，故用another，表示“另一个”。
Ⅲ.短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加，删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用()划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
(2015·河北衡水中学测试)
Alexander was a military genius or great explorer. But he also had a great ambition. He wanted to rule a country that people could
live in peace with one another. From 330 to 327B．C., Alexander led his soldier east, through Afghanistan and into Central Asia. As he travel, he built more cities. He ordered soldiers, merchants, and scholars from many lands to settle here.
In 326 B．C. Alexander turned south, into India. But by now his men were tired and weak. They were far home in an unknown land. The soldiers refused to go farther.
Unwillingly, Alexander turned back. By 323 B．C., he reached for Babylon in presentday Iraq. There he caught the fever and died at the age of 33.
His country was divided between his generals.
答案：
Alexander was a military genius
great explorer. But he also had a great ambition. He wanted to rule a country
people could
live in peace with one another. From 330 to 327 B．C., Alexander led his
east, through Afghanistan and into Central Asia. As he ， he built more cities. He ordered soldiers, merchants, and scholars from many lands to settle .
In 326 B．C. Alexander turned south, into India. But by
his men were tired and weak. They were far
home in an unknown land. The soldiers refused to go farther.
Unwillingly, Alexander turned back. By 323 B．C., he reached for Babylon in presentday Iraq. There he caught
fever and died at the age of 33.
His country was divided
his generals.
1．命题立意：考查连词。
解析：or→and 根据句意military genius和great explorer是并列关系。故改为and。
2．命题立意：考查定语从句。
解析：that→where 此处为where引导的定语从句，从句中不缺主宾，故用where引导，在从句中作地点状语。故改为where。
3．命题立意：考查名词。
解析：soldier→soldiers soldier是可数名词，亚历山大的士兵不可能只有一个，故用复数。
4．命题立意：考查时态。
解析：travel→travelled 本文讲述过去发生的事情，此处时态应与上下文保持一致，故用一般过去时。
5．命题立意：考查副词。
解析：here→there 根据句意可知此处为远指，故用there。
6．命题立意：考查副词。
解析：now→then 根据前句中的in 326 B．C.可知此处应为by then。
7．命题立意：考查固定短语。
解析：far后加from far from是固定短语，意为“距……很远”。
8．命题立意：考查介词。
解析：去掉for reach是及物动词，不用加介词。
9．命题立意：考查冠词。
解析：the→a catch a fever是固定短语，意为“发烧”。
10．命题立意：考查介词。
解析：between→among 根据his generals以及常识可知应为三者或三者以上，故用among。