定语从句精讲精练01
●核心考核要点解读
定语从句常被考查的知识有：（1）九个不同的关系代词或副词引导的限制性定语从句；（2）七个不同的关系代词或副词引导的非限制性定语从句；（3）对as，which，that，what代词的理解区分及运用。考查往往是通过关系代词或关系副词来实现，并考查定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句的区别。总之，对定语从句的考查主要集中在关系代词和关系副词的选择上，我们尤其要注意“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。定语从句的意义
形容词性从句一般称为定语从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时可修饰一个句子。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
定语从句的位置：一般置于先行词之后，由关系代词和关系副词引导。
关系词的用法
引导定语从句的关系代词有which，that，who，whom，whose。
关系副词有when，where，why等。
关系代词和关系副词不仅有连接先行词和从句的作用，而且在从句中担当一个句子成分。
1.关系代词的用法：
1)由who引导的定语从句
关系代词who只能指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。如：
A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student.
教师是传授知识的人。（关系代词在从句中作主语）
The man who can do this work will get 1000 dollars.
能够做此工作的人将获得1000美元。（关系代词who在从句中作主语）
2)由whom引导的定语从句
关系代词whom只能指人，是who的宾格，在从句中作宾语，在口语中常常省略。如：
The man whom you met on the street is my father.
你在街上碰到的那个人是我父亲。（关系代词who在从句中作宾语，可以省略）
The woman (whom)you talked with yesterday will come here the day after tomorrow.
昨天和你谈话的那位妇女后天来这儿。（关系代词whom在从句中作宾语，可以省略）
3)由that引导的定语从句
关系代词that在从句中既可以作主语，又可作宾语；既可指人，又可指物。如：
She is the woman that often comes here.
她就是常常来这儿的那个妇女。（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指人）
The book that is on the desk was written by my grandfather.
桌子上的那本书是我祖父写的。（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指物。此句中的that可以用which替换）
Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能为你做点什么呢？（关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指物。此句中的that不能用which替换）
The passenger and the suitcases that were still waiting had to be transferred to another plane. 仍在等待的乘客和行李只得改乘另一架飞机。(这句的关系代词that不能用which替换，因为它在此句中既指人又指物)
4)由which引导的定语从句
关系代词which一般指物，在从句中可作主语，也可以作宾语。如：
He came late，which made the teacher angry.
他来晚了，这使老师很生气。（which引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中作主语）
That is the pencil which I lost yesterday.
那就是我昨天丢失的铅笔。（which引导限定性定语从句，在从句中作宾语，which可以省略）5)由whose引导的定语从句
关系代词whose是who的所有格，在从句中作定语，既可指人，又可指物。如：
This is the boy whose parents died last year. 这是那个父母去年去世的男孩。 （whose作定语，指人）
注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”。如：
They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.(= the back wall of which)他们来到后墙已经倒塌的一个房子。
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(= whose name)他写了本书，书的名字我彻底忘了。
2.使用关系代词引导定语从句时应注意的几点
1)当先行词指人时，许多情况下既可以用that也可以用who，但在下列情况下，宜用who而不用that。
先行词是one，ones，anyone时，宜用who。如：
Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
任何触犯法律的人都应该受到惩罚。
先行词为those时，宜用who。如：
Those who want to see the film sign up here. 想看电影的人在这儿签名。
一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用that，另一个用who。
The boy that you met at the school gate yesterday morning is our monitor who studies very hard.
昨天早上你在校门口遇到的那个男孩是我们班学习很用功的班长。
2)当先行词指物时，许多情况下，既可以用关系代词which，也可用关系代词that，但在下列情况中，只能用关系代词that，而不用which。
在there+be 的句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物。如：
There are two novels that I want to read.我要读的有两本小说。
There is no work that can be done now. 没有什么工作现在能做的了。
当先行词为主句的表语或者关系代词为从句的表语时。如：
This is the book that was bought yesterday.这就是昨天买的书。
Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.我们的学校不再是以前的学校了。
以Here is (are)开头的句子时。如：
Here is a film that will move anyone.这是一部将使任何人受感动的电影。
Here are two books that I will buy.这是我要买的两本书。
It is (high)time+定语从句中。如：
It is time that we should have a rest.我们应该休息了。
It is high time that they started out.他们该动身了。
当先行词是way等词时，关系代词用that或者in which在定语从句中作方式状语时，在口语中，常可省略。如：
This is the way that my father did this work.这就是我父亲做此工作的方式。
She admired the way in which I answered the questions.她羡慕我回答问题的方式。
在双重限定性定语从句中，如果一个从句用who或者which引导时，那么另一个从句用that引导。如：
He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest.
他是我曾经看到过跳的最高的学生。
My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isn’t far from here.
我的弟弟在我们的城市最美丽的学校读书，并且离这儿不远。
当先行词被the last ，the very 和the only修饰时。如：
This is the very pen that I am looking for.这正是我找的钢笔。
The only book I want to read is missing.我惟一想看的书不见了。
在强调句子中，并且以who，which，what开头时。如：
Who was it that was lost ?究竟是谁迷路了？（此句中，最好不用who来代替that，避免重复）What was it that you did last week?你上周究竟做什么了？
当先行词前有序数词时。如：
You are the first person that I want to ask for. 你是我要见的第一个人。
This is the second book that I have ever written.这是我写的第二本书。
当先行词被all，every，no，some，few，little，much，both等修饰时，如：
This is all that I want to say at the meeting.这就是我在会上要说的。
Have you any books that are worth reading? 你有值得看的书吗？
当先行词既指人又指物时。如：
The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them.
我听说的那位教授和他的成就得到他们的赞美。
Let’s talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.
让我们谈论能够想起的人和事。
当先行词为anything，everything，nothing时，关系代词用that,不用which；但用something时，用which或者that均可。如：
Everything we have seen in China is moving.我们在中国看见的东西件件感人。
I have nothing that is worth reading.我没有什么值得一读的东西。
当先行词是疑问代词who时。如：
Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他？
3)that，which，whom在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。如：
This is the book (which)you were looking for yesterday.
这就是你昨天找的那本书。
I don’t like the novel (that)you are reading.我不喜欢你看的这本小说。
4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句的人称、数与先行词一致。如：
Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.
请那些年龄在四十几岁的人于今天下午去进行体检。
（先行词those是复数，关系代词who也就看作是复数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了复数形式are了）
This is the magazine which was sent to me by post.这是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。
（先行词the magazine是单数，关系代词which也就看作是单数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了单数形式was sent）
5)定语从句的时态不要求与主句时态一致。如：
The story which I read last night is very interesting.
我昨天晚上看的那则故事非常有趣。
3.关系副词的用法
1)when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有time，day，morning，night，week，year 等。如：
I still remember the time when I first became a college student.
我仍然记得我成为大学生的那个时刻。
Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 你知道林肯出生的日期吗？
注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：
Each time he came，he did his best to help us.每次他来，都尽他所能帮我们。
2)where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有place，spot，street，house，room，city，town，country等。如：
This is the hotel where they are staying.这是他们住的旅馆。
I forget the house where the Smiths lived.我不记得史密斯先生住过的房子了。
注：where有时也可以省略。如：
This is the place (where)we met yesterday. 这是我们昨天见面的地方。
3)why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：
That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.那就是他为什么要离开的原因。
注：why时常也可以省略。如：
That is the real reason he did it.那就是他做此事的真正原因。
4.使用关系副词应注意下列几点：
1)这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：
when = on (in，at，during...)+which;
where = in (at，on...)+which;
why = for which.如：
I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which)he arrived.
他到的时候，当时我正在北京。
The office where (=in which)he works is on the third floor.
他工作的办公室在三楼。
This is the chief reason why (=for which)we did it.这是我们做这件事的主要原因。
2)当先行词是表时间的time，day等和表地点的place，house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：
I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.
我将永远不会忘记我的家乡被解放的那一天。
I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.
我将永远不会忘记去年夏天我们共同度过的那段时光。
when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人时，就只能用whom；关系代词若是表示事物时，就只能用which。
1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词宾语只能用which (指物)或whom 关系代词不能省略。如：
He has found a good job for which he is qualified.
他找到了一份他能胜任的工作。
（qualify + 名词+for意为“使……具有……资格”）
The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow.
你刚才与他谈话的那个人明天主持那个会议。（ talk to+名词意为“与某人谈话”）
He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents. 他在与房东就那套公寓出租的月租金进行磋商。（名词+rent at+表示价格的词意为“某物以某价格出租”）
2.当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。如：
This is the hero (that/who/whom)we are proud of.这就是我们引以为豪的英雄。
This is the pen ( that/which)I wrote the letter with.这就是我用来写信的那枝笔。
3.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房前有一棵大高树。
The monkey crossed the river，in the middle of which he was almost killed.
那只猴子过了河，在河中央它差点淹死。
注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如：
This is the pen which I’m looking for.这正是我在寻找的那枝笔。
The boys he is looking after are very healthy. 他照看的那些小男孩都很健康。
4.介词+关系代词=关系副词
1）这就是我们去年住过的房间。
This is the room which we lived in last year.
This is the room in which we lived last year.
This is the room where we lived last year.
2)我仍然记得我入党的那一天。
I still remember the day on which I joined the Party.
I still remember the day when I joined the Party.
通过对上述知识的掌握，对于一个句子我们可用不同的表达方法来表达。如：
那就是他工作的大学。