阅读理解精讲精炼17
87.
Wilderness
“In wilderness (荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.
As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发)brings to such landscapes(景观)is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr. Sauven, these “ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need
for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.
I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.
This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.
67．John Sauven holds that ________.
A．many people value nature too much
B．exploitation of wildernesses is harmful
C．wildernesses provide humans with necessities
D．the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong
68．What is the main idea of Para.3?
A．The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.
B．Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.
C．Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.
D．All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.
69．What is the author's attitude towards this debate?
A．Objective.
B．Disapproving.
C．Sceptical.
D．Optimistic.70．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
CP：Central Point P：Point Sp：Subpoint(次要点)
C：Conclusion
【要点综述】本文是一篇关于荒野保护的文章。作者从两个方面论述了人们的观点，并对于这一论题提出了自己的看法。
67. B 细节理解题。作者在第二段中主要论述不应该开发荒野的观点，并通过John Sauven 的视角“and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real.”予以说明。所以正确答案应为B。
68. C 细节理解题。作者在第三段主要论述可以开发荒野的观点，并通过Lee Lane 的视角“But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation.”说明荒野可以开发。所以选C。
69. A 推理判断题。 作者从正反两方面对荒野开发进行了论述，谨慎地发表了看法，所以态度比较客观，故选A。objective客观的；disapproving反对的；sceptical怀疑的；optimistic乐观的。
70. D 文章结构题。 本文作者首先提出中心论点，然后从正反两个方面进行了论述，然后回到自己的观点，最后对自己的观点做了进一步的阐释。因此D为最佳答案。
In 1986，when Carlo Petrini first coined the term “Slow Food，” he organized locally in his native Italy to preserve the food and wine culture and protest fast food.
Today, slow food has spread to 132 countries with over 85, 000 members, addressing worldwide issues like farmer equity and
environmental_stewardship—the actions people take to respect the rights of all living things and all environments, to contribute to healthy and livablecommunities.
Characterized by Slow Food International as “good, clean, and fair food，” slow food must enrich the eaters' life，have no negative impact on human or environmental health，and compensatefairly for food producers' work.
The average American meal travels about 1,500 miles to its final destination, with producing of food traveling by plane from overseas and other items shipped across the country.
However，cost for food travel and heavy processing are not the only problems in the foodindustry that the environment faces. Industrial agriculture also has unsustainable practices likeinefficient water use and decreased biodiversity. Our ideas in feeding ourselves are exceptional,but at various points our technologies come into conflict with nature's ways of doing things. A great many of the health and environmental problems created by our food system owe to our attempts tooversimplify natures complexities, at both the growing and the eating ends of our food chain.
“Slowing” food, by purchasing locally and sustainably, allows consumers to reduce theimpact of “food miles” and develop a closer relationship with their food producers.“ We need tochange our food system，” said David Prior, organizer of Slow Food Nation EatIn. “Our currentfood system is sick and we need to support farmers and agriculture to ensure that everyone has theright to nutritious food.”
36．The main idea of the passage can be summarized as________.
A．why slow food is so important
B．the food and wine culture is rich in Italy
C．what you're eating always travels a long way
D．slow food makes the current food system sick
37．According to the second paragraph, “environmental stewardship”refers to________.
A．measures of environmental protections
B．ways to establish healthy and livable communities
C．people's admiration for all the creatures on the earth
D．actions to protect the rights of all living things and environment
38．Slow food's characteristic doesn't lie in________.
A．improving the quality of eaters' life
B．providing a fair pay for food workers
C．being friendly to human and environmental health
D．developing a loose relationship with food producers
39．What is David Prior's attitude towards current food system?
A．Suspicious.
B．Unsatisfied.
C．Indifferent.
D．Supportive.
【要点综述】本文的作者告诉我们，如果想吃得更健康、更营养，那就提倡“慢食物”吧！
36．A 主旨大意题。本文主要探讨“慢食物”的重要性，以及“慢食物”给人们带来的好处，故答案选A项。
37．D 细节理解题。从第二段中的“environmental stewardship—the actions people take to respect the rights of all living things
and all environments”可知，环境管理(environmental stewardship)的内容就是“破折号”后的解释，即“人们尊重所有生物和环境的权利的行动”，故D项正确。
38．D 细节理解题。从第三段可知，“慢食物运动”的特色就在于改善饮食者的饮食质量；不对人类健康和环境卫生产生副作用；给食物供应商以合理的报酬。D项则没有提到，故答案选D项。
39．B 推理判断题。从最后一段David Prior所说的话可知，他认为当前的食物系统很糟糕，需要改进，所以他的态度应该是不满意的(unsatisfied)。A项表示“怀疑的”；C项表示“漠不关心的”；D项表示“支持的”，都不符合语境。
“Children should not be left unsupervised(无人监督的) to play with a dog.”say experts in this week's British Medical Journal.Their advice is part of a review aimed at doctors who deal with dog bites.
“Dog bites and maulings are a worldwide problem, particularly in children.” write Marina Morgan and John Palmer.Every year 250,000 people who have been bitten by dogs attend minor injuries and emergency units in the United Kingdom, and half of all children are reportedly bitten by dogs at some time, boys more than girls.
Accurate death figures are difficult to obtain, but in the past five years, two to three cases a year have made news headlines.
Based on the latest medical evidence, they advise doctors how to examine and treat a patient presenting with a dog bite.They discuss the risk of infection and when to refer to specialist care.For travelers bitten abroad, they suggest assessing the risk of rabies(狂犬病)．
In terms of prevention, they suggest that children should be taught to treat dogs with respect, avoid direct eye contact, and not tease them.They should be taught not to approach an unfamiliar dog; play with any dog unless under close supervision; run or scream in the presence of a dog; pet a dog without first letting it sniff you; or disturb a dog that is eating, sleeping, or caring for puppies.
“Dog owners also need to change their behavior”， says Rachel Besser, a children's doctor and lifetime dog owner, in an article.
“It is clear that not all dog owners appreciate that children should not be left unsupervised with a dog”， she says.Just as some parents are obliged to take parenting classes, she would like to see compulsive classes for expectant dog owners to teach them about the responsibilities of dog ownership.Educational programs are also needed to teach children about some precautionary behaviors around dogs.
Finally, she would like to see vets advising dog owners about bite prevention, and doctors promoting bite prevention when treating patients who have been bitten by dogs.
16．Dog biting studied by the experts is a problem ________.
A．that doctors dealing with dog bites should pay attention to
B．happening only to a few children of the world
C．only boys may meet with
D．about which experts get accurate statistics from the news headlines
17．The underlined word “they” in paragraph 4 refers to “________”．
A．doctors
B．parents
C．experts
D．dog owners
18．To avoid dog bites, a child should ________.
A．treat dogs with respect and direct eye contact
B．approach an unfamiliar dog
C．run or scream in the presence of a dog
D．leave a dog feeding itself
19．What are Rachel Besser's words mainly about?
A．All the dog owners would like children to be left unsupervised with a dog.
B．All the dog owners have a correct behavior toward dogs.
C．Not all dog owners appreciate that children should be left with dogs under supervision.
D．Not all dog owners should attend classes about the responsibilities of dog ownership.
20．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A．Dogs, Dangerous To Children
B．Children Should Know Behaviors Around Dogs
C．Doctors, Treat Dog Bites Correctly
D．Never Leave Children Unsupervised With Dogs
【要点综述】 狗咬人，尤其是狗咬小孩的现象尤其需要引起关注，为此，需要采取一定的措施。
16. A 细节理解题。根据第一段“Their advice is part of a review aimed at doctors who deal with dog bites.”可知，专家所研究的狗咬人的问题也应该是相关医生应给予重视的问题，故答案选A项。
17. C 代词指代题。第四段共有三句，其主语均为“they”，应指同样的人，根据“Based on the latest medical evidence”再结合第一段专家的讲话可推断，“他们”指研究狗咬人这一问题的专家们，故选C项。
18. D 细节理解题。根据第五段“They should be taught not to approach an unfamiliar dog; play with any dog unless under close supervision; run or scream in the presence of a dog; pet a dog without first letting it sniff you; or disturb a dog that is eating, sleeping, or caring for puppies.”可知，为了避免狗咬，小孩应该让狗自己吃，而不要去打扰它，故选D项。
19. C 细节理解题。根据第七段“It is clear that not all dog owners appreciate that children should not be left unsupervised with a dog”可知，雷切尔医生认为，并非所有的狗的主人都认为孩子们和狗在一起的时候要有大人的照看。由此判断选C项。
20. D 主旨大意题。狗咬人，尤其是狗咬小孩的现象比较严重，那么如何避免狗咬小孩呢？这才是本文的写作重点，而只有D项更能说明此问题，故正确答案选D项。
In his 1930 essay “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren”， John Keynes，a famous
economist, wrote that human needs fall into two classes: absolute needs, which are independent of what others have, and relative needs, which make us feel superior to our fellows. He thought that although relative needs may indeed be insatiable(无止境的), this is not true of absolute needs.
Keynes was surely correct that only a small part of total spending is decided by the desire for superiority. He was greatly mistaken, however, in seeing this desire as the only source of insatiable demands.
Decisions to spend are also driven by ideas of quality which can influence the demand for almost all goods, including even basic goods like food. When a couple goes out for an anniversary dinner, for example, the thought of feeling superior to others probably never comes to them. Their goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals.
There are no obvious limits to the escalation of demands for quality. For example, Porsche, a famous car producer, has a model which was considered perhaps the best sports car on the market. Priced at over $120,000, it handles perfectly well and has great speed acceleration. But in 2004, the producer introduced some changes which made the model slightly better in handling and acceleration. People who really care about cars find these small improvements exciting. To get them, however, they must pay almost four times the price.
By placing the desire to be superior to others at the heart of his description of insatiable demands, Keynes actually reduced such demands. However, the desire for higher quality has no natural limits.
72. According to the passage, John Keynes believed that________.
A. desire is the root of both absolute and relative needs
B. absolute needs come from our sense of superiority
C. relative needs alone lead to insatiable demands
D. absolute needs are stronger than relative needs
73. What do we know about the couple in Paragraph 3?
A. They want to show their superiority.
B. They find specialty important to meals.
C. Their demands for food are not easily satisfied.
D. Their choice of dinner is related to ideas of quality.
74. What does the underlined word “escalation” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Understanding.
B. Increase.
C. Difference.
D. Study.
75. The author of the passage argues that ________.
A. absolute needs have no limits
B. demands for quality are not insatiable
C．human desires influence ideas of quality
D. relative needs decide most of our spending
【要点综述】本文就人的需要的分类进行了论述。作者首先叙述了对John Keynes观点的部分认同，但其后则是对其观点的批驳。该文作者认为，人的需要在很大程度上是对质量的无尽追求。
72. C 细节理解题。短文第一段最后一句说明John Keynes需要论的观点：相对需要是无止境的。
73. D 推理判断题。从该段第一句可知作者在该段一再强调的是质量需求的重要性。这对夫妇在外面就餐庆祝结婚周年即体现了对该顿晚餐的选择与对其质量的要求相关。
74. B 词义猜测题。从该段材料对保时捷的改进及人们对此改进趋之若鹜的追求来看，人们对质量需求是不断提高的。因此可断定该词含义为“提高”。
75. A 推理判断题。第一段对John Keynes关于absolute needs的观点进行了肯定和质疑，而下文提出质量需求是无止境的。该题主要说明作者对John Keynes关于relative needs是无止境的论断的质疑。干扰最大的是B选项，该观点是作者的观点，而不是被质疑的观点。该题题干中的argue在此是“质疑和争辩”的意思。
91.
You are given many opportunities in life to choose to be a victim or a creator. When you choose to be a victim, the world is a cold and difficult place. “They” did things to you which caused all of your pain and suffering. “They” are wrong and bad, and life is terrible as long as “they” are around. Or you may blame yourself for all your problems, thus internalizing (内化) your victimization. The truth is, your life is likely to stay that way as long as you feel a need to blame yourself or others.
Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently. They know there are
individuals who might like to control their lives, but they don't let this get in the way. They know they have their weaknesses, yet they don't blame themselves when they fail.
Whatever happens, they have choice in the matter. They believe their dance with each
sacred (神圣的) moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can
bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth.
Victims and creators live in the same physical world and deal with many of the same physical realities, yet their experience of life is worlds apart. Victims relish (沉溺) in anger, guilt, and other emotions that cause others—and even themselves—to feel like victims, too.
Creators consciously choose love, inspiration, and other qualities which inspire not only
themselves, but all around them. Both victims and creators always have choice to determine the direction of their lives.
In reality, all of us play the victim or the creator at various points in our lives. One person, on losing a job or a special relationship, may feel as if it is the end of the world and sink into terrible suffering for months, years, or even a lifetime. Another with the same experience may choose to first experience the grief, then accept the loss and soon move on to be a powerful creative force in his life.
In every moment and every circumstance, you can choose to have a fuller, richer life by setting a clear intention to transform the victim within, and by inviting into your life the powerful creator that you are.
51. What does the word “They” in Paragraph 1 probably refer to?
A. People and things around you.
B. Opportunities and problems.
C. Creators and their choices.
D. Victims and their sufferings.
52. According to Paragraph 2, creators ________.
A. seem willing to experience failures in life
B. possess the ability to predict future life
C. handle ups and downs of life wisely
D. have potential to create something new
53. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?
A. Creators and victims face quite different things in life.
B. Creators and victims are masters of their lives.
C. Victims can influence more people than creators.
D. Compared with victims, creators are more emotional.
54. The examples mentioned in Paragraph 4 show that ________.
A. strong attachment to sufferings in life pulls people into victims
B. people need family support to deal with challenges in life
C. it takes creators quite a long time to get rid of their pains
D. one's experiences determine his attitude toward life
55. What is the author's purpose in writing this passage?
A. To define victims and creators.
B. To evaluate victims against creators.
C. To explain the relationship between victims and creators.
D. To suggest the transformation from victims to creators.
【要点综述】 “a victim”和 “a creator”拥有不同的生活方式。“a victim”生活在一个寒冷、痛苦的世界中；而“a creator”生活在一个积极向上、能够掌握自己生活命运的世界中。作者建议应从“a victim”转变成 “a creator”。
51. A 词义猜测题。根据第一段后半部分可知答案。
52. C 推理判断题。由第二段可知答案。
53. B 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句 “Both victims and creators always have choice to determine the direction of their lives.”可知答案。
54. A 推理判断题。根据此段中的 “…may feel as if it is the end of the world and sink into terrible suffering for months, years, or even a lifetime”可知答案。
55. D 主旨大意题。根据最后一段可知答案。
92.
On a hill 600 feet above the surrounding land, we watch the lines of rain move across the scene, the moon rise over the hills, and the stars appear in the sky. The views invite a long look from a comfortable chair in front of the wooden house.
Every window in our wooden house has a view, and the forest and lakes seldom look the same as the hour before. Each look reminds us where we are.
There is space for our three boys to play outside, to shoot arrows, collect tree seeds, build earth houses and climb trees.
Our kids have learned the names of the trees, and with the names have come familiarity and appreciation. As they tell all who show even a passing interest, maple(枫树)makes the best fighting sticks and white pines are the best climbing trees.
The air is clean and fresh. The water from the well has a pleasant taste, and it is perhaps the healthiest water our kids will ever drink. Though they have one glass a day of juice and the rest is water, they never say anything against that.
The_seasons_change_just_outside_the_door. We watch the maples turn every shade of yellow and red in the fall and note the poplars’(杨树) putting out the first green leaves of spring. The rainbow smelt fills the local stream as the ice gradually disappears, and the wood frogs start to sing in pools after being frozen for the winter. A family of birds rules our skies and flies over the lake.
41. What can be learned from Paragraph 2?
A．The scenes are colorful and changeable.
B．There are many windows in the wooden house.
C．The views remind us that we are in a wooden house.
D．The lakes outside the windows are quite different in color.
42. By mentioning the names of the trees, the author aims to show that ________.
A．the kids like playing in trees
B．the kids are very familiar with trees
C．the kids have learned much knowledge
D．the kids find trees useful learning tools
43. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?
A．The change of seasons is easily felt.
B．The seasons make the scenes change.
C．The weather often changes in the forest.
D．The door is a good position to enjoy changing seasons.
44. What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
A．To describe the beauty of the scene around the house.
B．To introduce her children’s happy life in the forest.
C．To show that living in the forest is healthful.
D．To share the joy of living in the nature.
【要点综述】本文为记叙文，描述了作者与家人身居大自然中的切身感受。文章主要展示了作者居住环境的优美和在此美景中生活的惬意。
41. A 推理判断题。本段中提到，每面窗户都会有一幅不同的风景，森林和湖泊与一小时之前所见到的都不一样。据此可知，作者身居的环境是多彩和变化的。故选A。
42. C 推理判断题。根据第四段话中“Our kids have learned the names of the trees…As they tell all…white pines are the best climbing trees.”可知孩子们已经了解了周围环境包括树在内的很多知识。故答案选C。
43. A 推理判断题。根据本段对于周围大自然的变化的描述可知，作者身处此地，能够很容易地感觉到季节的变换。故答案为A。
44. D 推理判断题。此题推测文章的写作目的。通读全文，不难了解，作者是与读者分享身居大自然中的快乐生活。故答案为D。
93.
Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stressrelated disorders.
Until now, psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same “fightorflight” reaction to stress. In other words, individuals either react with aggressive behavior, such as verbal or physical conflict (“fight”), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (“flight”). However, the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fightorflight response, women often have another kind of reaction which could be called “tend and befriend.” That is, they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young (“tend”), and by looking for social contact and support from others—especially other females (“befriend”)．
Scientists have long known that in the fightorflight reaction to stress, an important role is played by certain hormones (激素) released by the body. The UCLA research team suggests that the female tendorbefriend response is also based on a hormone. This hormone, called oxytocin, has been studied in the context of childbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress. The principal investigator, Dr. Shelley E. Taylor, explained that “animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more social, and less anxious.” While men also secrete (分泌) oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.
In terms of everyday behavior, the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed. They may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions if they are lost.
The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work. The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet. For a typical mother, coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.
The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stressrelated disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior. The tendandbefriend regulatory (调节的) system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.
72. The UCLA study shows that in response to stress, men are more likely than women to ________.
A. turn to friends for help
B. solve a conflict calmly
C. find an escape from reality
D. seek comfort from children
73. Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?
A. Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.
B. Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.
C. Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.
D. Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.
74. What can be learned from the passage?
A. Male hormones help build up the body's resistance to stress.
B. In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.
C. Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.
D. The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.
75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. How men and women get over stress
B. How men and women suffer from stress
C. How researchers overcome stress problems
D. How researchers handle stressrelated disorders
【要点综述】本文主要介绍男女对压力反应的区别和原因以及如何克服压力。
72. C 细节理解题。根据第二段中While men often react to stress in the fightorflight response…和…they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (“flight”)．可判断男人更可能从现实中逃脱出来。
73. D 细节理解题。根据第三段中…an important role is played by certain hormones(激素) released by the body.和While men also secrete(分泌)oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.可判断，激素扮演重要角色，但是男人也分泌oxytocin，但是影响打折扣。
74. C 推理推断题。根据第五段中The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work.推出在面对压力时，生理上的不同会导致行为的差异。所以选C。
75. A 主旨大意题。本文首先介绍男女对压力反应的区别和原因，然后谈男女如何克服压力。