阅读理解精讲精炼20
109.
Coconut
Coconut trees can be seen all over the tropical countries everywhere in the world. Coconut trees need warm weather and produce green coconuts which are filled with a colorless coconut juice. If the coconut is fresh, inside are almost all juice and little flesh. Coconut milk is white in color and is extracted from coconut. Green coconuts have the size of a small ball. They have to be opened on top with a knife. You will get the whole coconut in front of you and you drink the coconut juice with a straw(吸管). Once you finish you can ask to cut the coconut in pieces and eat the flesh inside.
Dragonfruit
Dragonfruit's official name is Pitaya. It's a kind of fruit which is very tasteful despite its outside looks. The pink colored skin is not to be eaten. Cut the fruit in half and use a spoon to eat the grayish flesh. The black seeds can be eaten but they are not digestible.
Cempedak(小木菠萝)
Cempedak is a native kind of Malaysian fruit. The taste of the fruit is similar to the related Jackfruit(波罗蜜)with a hint of Durian(榴莲). A sweet, mild, and juicy flesh surrounds the peanutlike seeds in a thick layer. The outer cover of the fruit is slightly sticky. Cempedak can be eaten fresh.
Durian
Durian is one of those tropical fruits you love or hate. I was once told that the smell of durian is the “smell of hell” though I can not comment on this as I have never been to hell! I was also told that in many parts in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thai hotels, durian is not even allowed because of the smell. However, durian is a very popular tropical fruit in Malaysia. Durian is easy to recognize. They are huge green brownish fruits, usually sold at markets and on the roadside. It is known as “the King of Fruit” on the basis of the fact that it has many vitamins, calcium, iron and other minerals.
20．Which of the following has the seeds that can be eaten?
A．Coconut.
B．Dragonfruit.
C．Cempedak.
D．Durian.
21．According to the passage, we can learn that________.
A．cempedak is the other name of Jackfruit
B．the home of cempedak is Malaysia
C．cempedak has the flavor of durian
D．cempedak has a smooth cover
22．In many Malaysia and Thai hotels, why is durian not even allowed?
A．Because it can make eaters addicted.
B．Because the local governments forbid the selling.
C．Because it has a smelly flavor.
D．Because it can be used as a weapon.
23．Why is durian called “the King of Fruit”？
A．Because it contains many vitamins and minerals.
B．Because it looks strong.
C．Because it has a strange flavor.
D．Because all the people like it.
【要点综述】文章向我们介绍了几种水果，以及这些水果的营养价值以及弊端。
20．B 细节理解题。分析全文可知，只有火龙果的种子可以吃，只是不易消化。
21．B 细节理解题。分析Cempedak部分可知，这种水果原产地是马来西亚。
22．C 细节理解题。分析Durian部分可知，榴莲由于具有奇特的臭味，在印度尼西亚，马来西亚和泰国的许多宾馆，这种水果是不允许出售的。
23．A 细节理解题。分析Durian部分最后一句可知，榴莲之所以叫“水果之王”，因为它富含维生素，钙，铁等矿物质。Below is a selection about some Guinness(吉尼斯) World Records.
Top 6 Unusual Guinness World Records
◆Fastest 100 m running on all fours
The 2008 Guinness World Records Day was, according to GWR，their biggest day of recordbreaking ever, with more than 290,000 people taking part in record attempts in 15 different countries. Kenichi Ito's record attempt was part of this special day. He is just another example of Japanese with “super powers”. His “super power” is to run with great speed on all fours. Kenichi Ito ran 100 m on all fours in 18.58 seconds. The Japanese set this record at Setagaya Kuritsu Sogo Undojyo, Tokyo, in 2008.
◆Most people inside a soap bubble◆Longest ears on a dog◆Most living generations
Did you ever wonder what is the Guinness World Record for most living generations in one family? Seven is the answer.
The ultimate authority on recordbreaking mentions on the website that the youngest greatgreatgreatgreat grandparent of this family was Augusta Bung “aged 109 years 97 days, followed by her daughter aged 89, her granddaughter aged 70, her great granddaughter aged 52, her greatgreat granddaughter aged 33 and her greatgreatgreat granddaughter aged 15 on the birth of her greatgreatgreatgreat grandson on January 21, 1989”．
◆Most Tshirts worn at once◆Heaviest pumpkin
46．Why is Kenichi Ito described as a man with a “super power”？
A．He set a good example to all Japanese.
B．He made record attempts in 15 different countries.
C．He set a new record for “Fastest 100 m running on all fours”．
D．He participated in the 2008 Guinness World Records Day activities.
47．Jeffries is the name of ________.
A．the owner of the dog with the longest ears
B．the grandfather of the dog with the longest ears
C．the present holder of the record for “Longest ears on a dog”
D．the former holder of the record for “Longest ears on a dog”
48．How many Tshirts had Krunoslav Budiseli put on before he felt it difficult to go on?
A．68.
B．120.
C．238.
D．245.
49．According to the given information, which Guinness World Record was most recently set?
A．The record for “Most people inside a soap bubble”．
B．The record for “Most living generations”．
C．The record for “Most Tshirts worn at once”．
D．The record for “Heaviest pumpkin”．
【要点综述】本文是一篇应用文，主要向读者介绍6个不同寻常的吉尼斯世界纪录的情况。
46. C 细节理解题。从第一则纪录中提到的He is just another…super powers…Kenichi Ito ran 100 m on all fours…知，Kenichi Ito创造了最新的最快的100米“四肢爬”纪录，所以选C项。
47. D 细节理解题。从文章第三则纪录中Mr. Jeffries is the previous record holder of this title…可以知道，Mr. Jeffries是前纪录保持者，所以选D项。
48. B 细节理解题。从第五则纪录中…The Tshirts weighed 68 kg and Budiseli said he began struggling around Tshirt No. 120…可以知道Budiseli在穿了120件T恤后感觉有点困难再穿上T恤了，所以选B项。
49. A 推理判断题。从文章的纪录中可以知道，A项是2011年4月4日创造的；B项是1989年1月21日创造的；C项是2010年5月22日创造的；D项是2010年10月9日创造的，由此知A项是最近时间创造的，所以选A项。
111.
Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted(预测)in reaction to climate change, which could have long damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems.
Global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world, changing some living patterns, scientists say.
Increased carbon dioxide(CO2)in the air from burning coal and oil can have an effect on how plants produce oxygen, while higher temperatures and changeable rainfall patterns can change their patterns of growth.
“Predicting species’ reaction to climate change is a major challenge in ecology，” said the researchers of several U．S. universities. They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services.
The study, published on the Nature website, uses the findings from plant life cycle studies and experiments across four continents and 1,634 species. It found that some experiments had underestimated(低估) the speed of flowering by 8.5 times and leafing by 4 times.
“Across all species, the experiments underpredicted the speed of the advance－for both leafing and flowering－that results from temperature increases，” the study said.
The design of future experiments may need to be improved to better predict how plants will react to climate change, it said.
Plants are necessary for life on the Earth. They are the base of the food chain, using photosynthesis(光合作用)to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water. They let out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism on the planet.
Scientists believe the world’s average temperature has risen by about 0.8℃ since 1900, and nearly 0.2℃ every ten years since 1979.
So far, efforts to cut emissions(排放)of planetwarming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century—a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels.
57. What is the key information the author wants to give in Paragraph 1?
A．Plants’ reaction to weather could have damaging effects on ecosystems.
B．The increasing speed of flowering is beyond scientists’ expectation.
C．Climate change leads to the change of food production patterns.
D．Food chains have been seriously damaged because of weather.
58. We can learn from the study published on the Nature website that ________.
A．plants’ flowering is 8.5 times faster than leafing
B．there are 1,634 plant species on the four continents
C．scientists should improve the design of the experiments
D．the experiments failed to predict how plants react to climate change
59. Scientists pay special attention to the study of plants because________.
A．they can prove the climate change clearly
B．they are very important in the food chains
C．they play a leading role in reducing global warming
D．they are growing and flowering much faster than before
60. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world’s temperature?
A．It has risen nearly 0.2℃ since 1979.
B．Its change will lead to weather extremes.
C．It is 0.8 higher in 1979 than that of 1900.
D．It needs to be controlled within 2 in this century.
【要点综述】本文为科普类文章。文章论述了全球变暖的气候环境会让植物提前开花，进而影响整个食物链及生态系统。
57. B 细节理解题。第一段话给读者传达的主要信息存在于主句，而不是which所引导的定语从句上。根据“Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted”可知，作者是要告知读者植物开花的增速超出了科学家的预期。故选B。A为次要信息。
58. C 推理判断题。第五段话“It found that some experiments had underestimated(低估)the speed of flowering by 8.5 times and leafing by 4 times.”暗示读者：对于植物所设计的实验应该有所改进，故答案选C。
59. B 细节理解题。根据第四段“They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services.”可知植物对气候变化的反应对整个食物链和生态系统都至关重要。故答案选B。
60. D 推理判断题。从倒数第二段“…has risen by about 0.8 since 1900, and nearly 0.2℃ every ten years since 1979.”可知A、C项错误；从最后一段叙述可知，如果本世纪地球变暖超过2，便会出现weather extremes。暗示我们这个世纪地球温度的上升需要控制在2的范围之内。故答案选D。
For those who are tired of doing the laundry, Samsung has found an answer: a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smartphone app(application).
Strange though it may seem—“my wife already does that” was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show(CES)this week—Samsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install(安装)a large number of Internetconnected features in machines in an effort to make them “smart”．
Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it's WiFienabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad.
The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owner is at work or on the bus.
Samsung says it's not just something new—the app connection actually has some practical uses.
“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when you come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go，” said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.
The company also says that with electricity rates(电价)varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money.
Perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do—enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV.
72. What can be inferred from the common response of the attendees at the CES?
A. The machine will be a big success.
B. Their wives like doing the laundry.
C. The machine is unrelated to their lift.
D. This kind of technology is familiar to them.
73. What can we learn about the new laundry machines?
A. They can tell you when your clothes need washing.
B. They can be controlled with a smartphone.
C. They are difficult to operate.
D. They are sold at a low price.
74. We can conclude from Samsung's statements that
________.
A. the app connection makes life easier
B. it is better to dry clothes in the morning
C. smartphones can shorten the drying time
D. we should refresh clothes back at home
75. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. The laundry should be frequently checked.
B. Lazy people like using such machines.
C. Good technologies also cause problems.
D. Television may help do the laundry.
【要点综述】短文介绍了一种能为人们带来便利的洗衣机，但是也向我们提出了一个令人思考的问题：新科技会让人们越来越懒惰，如何应对这个问题或许值得深思。
72. D 推理判断题。由第二段的Strange though it may seem—“my wife already does that” was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show(CES) this week看出“尽管看上去有点奇怪，但是这项技术对于人们来说已经很熟悉了”。故选D。
73. B 推理判断题。由第四段的“The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remote control…”看出它是由智能手机控制的，由此可知选择B项。
74. A 推理判断题。根据文中对这一洗衣机装置以及其功能和操作的描述可以看出，它使得人们的生活更加轻松便捷。故选A。
75. C 主旨大意题。最后一段的Perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do—enable laziness.告诉我们，该项技术能使人们变懒，也就是C项所说的“优良技术也会带来问题”。故选C。
113.
You may think that sailing is a difficult sport, but it is really not hard to learn it. You do not need to be strong. But you need to be quick. And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind.
First, you must ask yourself，“Where is the wind coming from? Is it coming from ahead or behind or from the side？” You must think about this all the time on the boat. The wind direction tells you what to do with the sail.
Let's start with the wind blowing from behind. This means the wind and the boat are going in the same direction. Then you must always keep the sail outside the boat. It should be at a 90°angle(角度)to the boat. Then it will catch the wind best.
If the wind is blowing from the side, it is blowing across the boat. In this case, you must keep the sail half way outside the boat. It should be at a 45°angle to the boat. It needs to be out far enough to catch the wind, but it shouldn't flap(摆动)．It shouldn't look like a flag on a flagpole. If it is flapping, it is probably out too far, and the boat will slow down.
Sailing into the wind is not possible. If you try, the sail will flap and the boat will stop. You may want to go in that direction. It is possible, but you can't go in a straight line. You must go first in one direction and then in another. This is called tacking. When you are tacking, you must always keep the sail inside the boat.
45. What should you consider first while sailing?
A．Sailors' strength.
B．Wave levels.
C．Wind directions.
D．Size of sails.
46．What does the word “It” underlined in Paragraph 4 refer to?
A．The boat.
B．The wind.
C．The sail.
D．The angle.
47．What do you have to do when sailing against the wind?
A．Move in a straight line.
B．Allow the sail to flap.
C．Lower the sail.
D．Tack the boat.
48．Where can you probably find the text?
A．In a popular magazine.
B．In a tourist guidebook.
C．In a physics textbook.
D．In an official report.
【要点综述】本文主要介绍了航行中关于风向的问题。首先要考虑风向，然后再根据风是从船的后面，侧面还是前面来确定航行的方法。
45. C 细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句话“And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind.”和第二段的内容，可知首先要考虑风向的问题。A项是不需要考虑的，B项和D项没有提及。
46. C 代词指代题。结合第四段中“In this case, you must keep the sail half way outside the boat.”中的the sail可知后面的it指的是“风帆”。而不是“船”，“风”或“角度”。
47. D 细节理解题。从最后一段的“You may want to go in that direction.…This is called tacking.”可知是逆风航行的时候要不断地改变方向，因此选D。
48. A 推理判断题。本文主要涉及的是大众的航行运动的知识，而不是有关旅游和物理方面的知识，也不是一个官方的报告，因此选A。
Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions(使命)often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day's work. This type of schedule is far too demanding for long missions on the International Space Station(ISS)．ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can communicate with family and friends by email, Internet phone and through private video conferences.
While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit, there are many familiar activities that they can still enjoy. Before a mission, the family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for the astronauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth. During their mission, the crew also receives care packages with CDs, books, magazines, photos and letters. And as from early 2010, the Internet became available on the ISS, giving astronauts the chance to do some “web surfing(冲浪)” in their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more common entertainments, astronauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space.
Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth. Both the shuttle and the ISS circle the planet several times each day, and every moment offers a new view of the Earth's vast land mass and oceans.
60．What does the word “mimic” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Find.
B．Copy.
C．Change.
D．Lose.
61．Which of the following best describes the families of the astronauts on the ISS?
A．They are caring and thoughtful.
B．They are worried and upset.
C．They are impatient and annoyed.
D．They are excited and curious.
62．In the final paragraph, the author shows that astronauts ________.
A．get more pleasure in space than on the Earth
B．find living in space a bit boring and tiring
C．regard space life as common
D．love to see the Earth from space
63．The passage mainly discusses how astronauts ________.
A．work for longer missions in space
B．connect with people on the Earth
C．observe the Earth from space
D．spend their free time in space
【要点综述】本文是记叙文。宇航员的生活往往是与众不同的，但是在国际空间站的工作人员的生活可以跟在地球上的生活很相似。他们可以与家人或者朋友联系，也可以做一些日常的活动。
60. B 词义猜测题。联系They work five days on and two days off我们知道，他们的生活与地球上是一样的，因此答案为B。
61. A 推理判断题。从第二段我们知道，在飞行前，这些航天员的家人以及朋友为他们准备了照片、书籍等供他们消遣的东西，因此他们是很体贴和想法周全的。D有一定干扰性，文章没有讲述家人或者朋友对于这些宇航员工作的兴奋与好奇，因此可以排除。
62. D 推理判断题。从最后一段我们知道，这些宇航员喜欢从窗口看外面的世界，并且地球在不同时间提供了不同的画面。
63. D 主旨大意题。全文讲述了国际空间站的宇航员是如何度过工作之余的闲暇时间的。B、C有一定的干扰性。文章提到过宇航员与地面上的家人和朋友的联系，也提到了他们透过窗子看地球上的景观，但是这些都是细节，而不是主题。
115.
Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the body—and the body from them—until they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger (引发) this release，including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risks—burns, for example. Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining nearinfrared light (NIR, 近红外线) on the drug in the capsule.
The idea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isn't new. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb either ultraviolet (UV, 紫外线) or visible light. But tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a trigger. But few compounds (化合物) absorb NIR well and go through chemical changes.
That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIRabsorbing group called
onitrobenzyl (ONB). When they catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown. But ONB is only a soso NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.
So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules that's even better. This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive (易反应的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactive component with a lightabsorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains. Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. What's more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.
63. According to the passage, which of the following could be the best trigger?
A. Temperature change.
B. NIR light.
C. Acidity change.
D. UV light.
64. Why is ONB unsatisfactory?
A. It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.
B. It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release.
C. It has not come onto the market up till now.
D. It is not effective enough and could be poisonous.
65. Which word can be used to complete the following process of changes?
⇨⇨⇨
A. protected
B. formed
C. exposed
D. combined
【要点综述】这是一篇科技文。怎样使用胶囊？如何让吃药更加安全、疗效更好？文章对此做了介绍。
63. B 信息理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining nearinfrared light (NIR，近红外线) on the drug in the capsule.”可知答案。
64. D 推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句“…ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown.”和“…and it could be poisonous to cells…”可知答案。 65. C 信息理解题。根据最后一段第五句“When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains.”可知此处用exposed，即C项正确。