2016届高三二轮复习英语精品资料【讲案】专题
阅读理解Ⅳ：词义猜测题
【构建知识体系】
猜测词义题猜测短语题猜测指代题猜测句意题2017-2015年高考本专题考查分布明细统计
年份
主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测
2017
第一节 剑桥科技节的活动通知 应用文 1 6 6 2
旅鸽在美国逐渐减少直至灭绝的过程 记叙文
向驯兽师学习如何集中注意应对选择障碍 议论文
学者对濒危语种进行记录拯救 记叙文
第二节 如何帮助孩子为未来职业做准备 说明文 信息匹配
2015 第一节 关于伦敦运河博物馆每月专题讲座安排的海报 应用文 0 9 5 1
作者离开寒冷的纽约去美国南部度假的感受 记叙文
介绍了在巴黎皮蓬杜艺术中心举办西班牙著名艺术家萨尔瓦多·达利艺术展的情况 记叙文
法国咖啡馆在现代社会中彰显心理沟通的社会功能，产生了积极的意义。 议论文
第二节 重建人际关系中的信任的意义与措施 说明文 信息匹配
2017-2015年高考本专题考查分布明细统计
年份
主旨大意 细节理解 推理判断 词义猜测
2017
A 以一个妻子的口吻讲述了发生在自己丈夫身上的故事。在丈夫丢失了自己所有东西后，陌生人无私的帮助使他们重拾了对他人的信任。 记叙文 1 9 3 2
B 以1970年地球日为突破口，讲述了人类对于地球环境的认识—由无知到保护。借专家之口讲述了美国40年来对环境保护做出的突出贡献。 科普说明文
C 美国普遍存在的一种社会现象—对于“aupair（住家保姆） from China”。透过现象揭示了本质—“Learing Chinese is becoming in Amercia”，暗示中国雄狮已经苏醒。 社会文化类
D 地铁提示信息，包括时间、价格、失物招领等，同时也提到了老年人和残疾人需要注意的问题 广告应用类
2015 A 我的彩电给我带来的头疼事：花的钱比广告上的多，而且机子是过时的，质量也有问题，最后只能花钱修。 记叙文 1 5 8 1
B 减肥除了少吃之外，还和房间有关系：房子要明亮；勇冷色系会减少食欲；放一些舒缓的音乐就餐；用校的碗碟 科普说明文
C 越来越多即将上大学的学生选择“间隔年”。有人认为是好事，因为经过一年的锻炼，学生将会变得更加成熟、更有责任感。但也有人指出这种做法存在弊端，有些学生会因为负担不起大学学费而被迫利用这一年去打工。 社会现象议论类
D 从价格到参观的内容介绍了四个英国的旅游胜地。 广告应用类比
【考纲解读】
考试大纲 要求 考纲解读
要求考生
考查精确归纳标题概括文章大意总结段落大意主要【剖析高考真题】——预测高考命题方向
[201·全国卷]
Salvador Dali (1904-1989) was one of the most popular of modern artists. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more. Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces, most importantly The Persistence of Memory. There is also L’Enigme sans Fin from 1938, works on paper, objects, and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist’s showman qualities.
The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning, the world of birth. The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.
The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities (无限). “From the infinity small to the infinity large, contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus: amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum-theatre in Figueres,” explains the Pompidou Centre.
The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作)with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida.
31. What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Artworks.
B. Projects.
C. Donations.
D. Documents.
[2015·全国卷]
My color television has given me nothing but a headache. I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of clothes that wouldn’t fit. I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model. I realized this a day later, when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautiful when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately, I didn’t get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.
Then I started developing a problem with the set that involved static(静电) noise. For some reason, when certain shows switched into a commercial, a loud noise would sound for a few seconds. Gradually, this noise began to appear during a show, and to get rid of it, I had to change to another channel and then change it back. Sometimes this technique would not work, and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound. I actually began to build up my arm muscles(肌肉) shaking my set.
When neither of these methods removed the static noise, I would sit helplessly and wait for the noise to go away. At last I ended up hitting the set with my first, and it stopped working altogether. My trip to the repair shop cost me $62, and the sit is working well now, but I keep expecting more trouble.
22. Which of the following an best replace the phrase “signed off” in paragraph 1?
ended all their programs
provided fewer channels
changed to commercials
showed all-night movies
【高考预测】
纵观近几年高考试题，预测201年高考试题还会
①②Ⅱ卷文章体裁继续延续记叙文和说明文占主体的局面，另有一篇议论文和一篇广告类说明文。题型以细节理解题为主，推理判断题略有所增加，词义猜测题1题左右。
【精讲研法】——课堂讲解突破核心考点
考点一
猜测词义题
【例】Passenger pigeons（旅鸽）once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks（群）so large that they darkened the sky for hours.
It was calculated that when its population reach its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons – a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.
Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.
By the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans’ need for wood, which scattered（驱散）the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again.
In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons, but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden in September 1, 1914.
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ，)
The underlined word “undoing” probably refers to the pigeons’ _______.
A. escape
B. ruin
C. liberation
D. evolution
规律方法1： 如何猜测词义题？
此类题目有的可利用构词法来解答，首先要弄明白构词法的三种形式：派生法、转化法和合成法，高考阅读理解题中的猜测词义题主要集中表现为派生和合成两种形式。有的题需要利用上下文的已知部分进行推理；有的还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义；还有的可以根据定义、解释和举例猜测词义。
【变式精练】 The light from the campfire brightened the darkness，but it could not prevent the damp cold of Dennis’s Swamp(沼泽地) creeping into their bones.It was a strange place.Martin and Tom wished that they had not accepted Jack’s dare.They liked camping，but not near this swamp.
“So，” Martin asked as they sat watching the hot coals.“How did this place get its name？”
“Are you sure you want to hear it? It’s a scary story，” warned Jack.
“Of course！” cried out Tom.“If there were anything to be scared of，you wouldn’t have chosen this place！”
“OK，but don’t say I didn’t warn you，” said Jack，and he began his tale.
“Way back in time，a man called Dennis tried to start a farm here.He built that cottage over there to live in.In those days，the area looked quite different—it was covered with tall trees and the swamp was a crystalclear river.After three hard years，Dennis had cleared several fields and planted crops.He was so proud of his success that he refused to listen to advice.”
“‘You are clearing too much land，’ warned one old man.‘The land is a living thing.It will hit back at you if you abuse it.’”
“‘Silly fool，’ said Dennis to himself.‘If I clear more land，I can grow more crops.I’ll become wealthier.He’s just jealous！’”
“Dennis continued to chop down trees.Small animals that relied on them for food and shelter were destroyed.He was so eager to expand his farm that he did not notice the river flowing slowly towards his door.He did not notice salt seeping to the surface of the land.He did not notice swamp plants choking all the native plants.”
“What happened？” Martin asked.It was growing colder.He trembled，twisting his body closer to the fire.
“The land hit back—just as the old man warned，” Jack shrugged.“Dennis disappeared.Old folks around here believe that swamp plants moved up from the river and dragged him underwater.His body was never found.”
“What a stupid story，” laughed Tom.“Plants can’t...” Before he had finished speaking，he screamed and fainted(晕倒)．The other two boys jumped up with fright，staring at Tom.Suddenly，they burst out laughing.Some green swamp ivy(常春藤) had covered Tom’s face.It was a while before Tom could appreciate the joke.
(2017·江西，A)
56．The underlined word “dare” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “________”．
A．courage
B．assistance
C．instruction
D．challenge
考点二
猜测短语题
【例2】Doctor are known to be terrible pilots. They don't listen because they already know it all. I was lucky:
became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school. I didn't realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon. I loved flying. As I flew bigger, faster planes, and in worse weather. I learned about crew resource management (机组资源管理), or CRM, a new idea to make flying safer. It means that crew members should listen and speak up for a good result, regardless of positions.
I first read about CRM in 1980. Not long after that, an attending doctor and I were flying in bad weather. The controller had us turn too late to get our landing ready. The attending doctor was flying; I was safety pilot He was so busy because of the bad turn, he had forgotten to put the landing gear (起落架) down. He was a better pilot - and my boss - so it felt unusual to speak up. But I had to: Our lives were in danger. I put aside my uneasiness and said, "We need to put the landing gear down now!" That was my first real lesson in the power of CRM, and I've used it in the operating room ever since.
CRM requires that the pilot/surgeon encourage others to speak up. It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite, the doctor doesn't overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again. So when I'm in the operating room, I ask for ideas and help from others. Sometimes they're not willing to speak up. But I hope that if I continue to encourage them , someday someone will keep me from “landing gear up”.
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ，)
38.In the last paragraph”landing gear up” probably means ______.
A. following flying requirements.
B. overreacting to different opinions.
C .listening to what fellow doctors say
D. making a mistake that may cost lives
规律方法2：如何猜测短语题?
猜测短语题要利用出现短语的上文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述来猜测它的意思或利用文章中所出现的与短语意思相反的内容来猜测其语意。
【变式精练】Many people think that listening is a passive business.It is just the opposite.Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work.It is because they do not realize this，or because they are not willing to do the work，that most people do not listen well.
Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else.An essential part of listening well is the rule known as ‘bracketing’．Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires，to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside，stepping into his or her shoes.Moreover，since listening well involves bracketing，it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person.Sensing this acceptance，the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener.True communication is under way. The energy required for
listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by
the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.
Most of the time we lack this energy.Even though we may feel in our business dealings or social relationships that we are listening well，what we are usually doing is listening selectively.Often we have a prepared list in mind and wonder，as we listen，how we can achieve certain desired results to get the conversation over as quickly as possible or redirected in ways more satisfactory to us.Many of us are far more interested in talking than in listening，or we simply refuse to listen to what we don’t want to hear.
It wasn’t until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge that one is being truly listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的)．In about a quarter of the patients I saw，surprising improvement was shown during the first few months of the psychotherapy(心理疗法)，before any of the roots of problems had been uncovered or explained.There are several reasons for this phenomenon，but chief among them，I believe，was the patient’s sense that he or she was being truly listened to，often for the first time in years，and for some，perhaps for the first time ever.
(2017·江西，C)66．The phrase “stepping into his or her shoes” in Paragraph 2 probably means
.
A．preparing a topic list first
B．focusing on one’s own mind
C．directing the talk to the desired results
D．experiencing the speaker’s inside world
考点
猜测指代题【例】As more and more people speak the global languages of English, Chinese, Spanish, and Arabic, other languages are rapidly disappearing. In fact, half of the 6,000-7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations- UNESCO and National Geographic among them –have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.
Mark Turin, a scientist at the Macmillan Center, Yale University, who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas, is following in that tradition. His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture, grows out of his experience living, looking and raising a family in a village in Nepal.
Documenting the Tangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin, who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayans reaches of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and China. But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.
At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials- including photographs, films, tap recordings, and field notes- which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.
Now, through the two organizations that he has founded-the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project- Turin has started a campaign to make such documents, found in libraries and stores around the world, available not just to scholars but to the youngers.
Generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected.Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet. Turin notes,the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ，)
What does “that tradition” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
Having first records of the languages
Writing books on language searching
Telling stories about language users
Linking with the native speakers
规律方法：如何猜测指代题？
此类题目应注意代词指代的总原则——代词通常指代上文已提到的内容。代词指代要注意在数、格、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句中。只有好好把握代词指代所在段落或前面段落的整体意思，问题才能迎刃而解。
【变式精练】
Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel.And he surely deserves additional praise：the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.
I say clever because antislavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War.H.B.Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin is only the most famous example.These early stories dealt directly with slavery.With minor exceptions，Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely.He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.
Again and again，in the postwar years，Twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race.Consider the most controversial，at least today，of Twain’s novels，Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.Only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as Huckleberry Finn，Twain’s most widely read tale.Once upon a time，people hated the book because it struck them as rude.Twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel “trash and suitable only for the slums(贫民窟)．” More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim，the escaped slave，and many occurences of the word nigger.(The term Nigger Jim，for which the novel is often severely criticized，never appears in it.)
But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point.The novel is strongly antislavery.Jim’s search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic.As J．Chadwick has pointed out，the character of Jim was a first in American fiction—a recognition that the slave had two personalities，“the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual：Jim，the father and the man.”
There is much more.Twain’s mystery novel Pudd’nhead Wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day.Written at a time when the accepted wisdom held Negroes to be inferior(低等的)to whites，especially in intelligence，Twain’s tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth.A slave gave birth to her master’s baby and，for fear that the child should be sold South，switched him for the master’s baby by his wife.The slave’s lightskinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slaveholding class.The master’s wife’s baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.
The point was difficult to miss：nurture(养育)，not nature，was the key to social status.The features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudice—manner of speech，for example—were，to Twain，indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.
Twain’s racial tone was not perfect.One is left uneasy，for example，by the lengthy passage in his autobiography(自传)about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in blackface—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at
them.Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality.His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.
Was Twain a racist？Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln.If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present，we will find nothing but error.Lincoln，who believed the black man the inferior of the white，fought and won a war to free him.And Twain，raised in a slave state，briefly a soldier，and inventor of Jim，may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
(2017·江苏，D)
69．What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 7 refer to?
A．The attacks.
B．Slavery and prejudice.
C．White men.
D．The shows.
考点
猜测句意题【例】When international aid is given，steps must be taken to ensure(确保)that the aid reaches the people for whom it is intended.The way to achieve this may not be simple.It is very difficult for a nation to give help directly to people in another nation.The United Nations Organization(UNO) could undertake to direct the distribution of aid.Here however rises the problem of costs.Also tied with this is time.Perhaps the UNO could set up a body of devoted men and women in every country who can speedily distribute aid to victims of floods and earthquakes.
More than the help that one nation can give to another during a disaster，it would be more effective to give other forms of help during normal times.A common proverb says，“Give me a fish and I eat for a day，teach me to fish and I eat for a lifetime.” If we follow this wise saying，it would be right to teach people from less developed nations to take care of themselves.For example，a country could share its technology with another.This could be in simple areas like agriculture or in more complex areas like medical and health care or even in building satellites. Even a small country is
able to help less developed nations.Sometime what is taken for granted，like the setting up of a water purification plant or the administration of a school，could be useful for countries which are looking about to solve common problems.It does not cost much to share such simple things.Exchange students could be attached for a number of months or years and learn the required craft while on the site.They can then take their knowledge back to their homelands and if necessary come back from time to time to clear doubts or to update themselves.Such aid will be truly helpful and there is no chance of it being temporary or of it falling into the wrong hands.
Many countries run extensive courses in all sorts of skills.It will not cost much to include deserving foreigners in these courses.Besides giving effective help to the countries concerned，there is also the buildup of friendships to consider.Giving direct help by giving materials may be effective in the short run and must continue to be given in the event of emergencies.However，in the long run what is really effective would be the sharing of knowledge. (2017·江西，B)
62．What does the author try to express in the underlined sentence?
A．Providing food is vital.
B．Learning to fish is helpful.
C．Teaching skills is essential.
D．Looking after others is important.
规律方法：如何猜测句意题？
此类题目通常需要猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子，或是格言、谚语等，做题时只要通过阅读文章，对原句进行语法和词义上的准确分析，并和答案选项做一番比较，不难找出正确选项。一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用了其他的英语词汇表述而已。
【变式精练】
On a hill 600 feet above the surrounding land，we watch the lines of rain move across the scene，the moon rise over the hills，and the stars appear in the sky.The views invite a long look from a comfortable chair in front of the wooden house.
Every window in our wooden house has a view，and the forest and lakes seldom look the same as the hour before.Each look reminds us where we are.
There is space for our three boys to play outside，to shoot arrows，collect tree seeds，build earth houses and climb trees.
Our kids have learned the names of the trees，and with the names have come familiarity and appreciation.As they tell all who show even a passing interest，maple (枫树) makes the best fighting sticks and white pines are the best climbing trees.
The air is clean and fresh.The water from the well has a pleasant taste，and it is perhaps the healthiest water our kids will ever drink.Though they have one glass a day of juice and the rest is water，they never say anything against that.
The seasons change just outside the door.We watch the maples turn every shade of yellow and red in the fall and note the poplars’(杨树) putting out the first green leaves of spring.The rainbow smelt fills the local stream as the ice gradually disappears，and the wood frogs start to sing in pools after being frozen for the winter.A family of birds rules our skies and flies over the lake.
(2017·四川，A)
43．What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?
A．The change of seasons is easily felt.
B．The seasons make the scenes change.
C．The weather often changes in the forest.
D．The door is a good position to enjoy changing seasons.