专题16 书面表达
【】1.写作体裁与知识的实际运用密切结合
近三年的高考卷书面表达体裁呈多样化，记叙文、书信和论说文都在日常生活中使用较多，考生十分熟悉。写作话题贴近实际生活，突出了对考生处理现实生活实际问题的能力的考查。
2.突出考查考生的想象力和创新能力
近三年的书面表达的写作内容都是来自于生活的真实情景。需要考生根据自身的生活阅历展开合理想象，创设合情合理的语境。
3.从高考书面表达的发展趋势看，2016年高考在体裁和题材上应该保持相对稳定，写作类型及提示形式也不会有太大的变化。考查考生的创新意识、思维拓展能力和文化素养的试题比重会有所增加。
【热点突破】审题立意
审题是做好书面表达的前提。做题前应认真分析材料明确题目要求。
审文体：文体形式一般有记叙文、说明文、议论文及各种应用文(包括书信、通知、日记、便条等)
2．审人称：弄清书面表达要求用何种人称，然后以合适的身份、语气，从适当的角度进行表达。
3．审时态：考生容易出错的就是时态。首先应确定文章的主体时态。例如：日记一般使用一般过去时，说明文一般使用一般现在时等。当然，为满足写作的需要，我们还要把其他时态与主体时态交叉使用。
4．审要求：考生要特别关注书面表达题中的“注意”一项，这是命题人对考生提出的具体答题要求，因此对于题目所提供的说明，无论是英语还是汉语，都应该认真分析，反复推敲，做到写作时没有偏差。
【热点突破】 列出要点
高考书面表达评分标准之一是要点齐全。但在考场上由于担心时间不够、紧张以及受不良答题习惯等因素的影响不少考生答题心切没有认真审题导致所写的文章要点残缺详略不当结构不清。
拿到题目后考生首先要整体把握本篇书面表达的中心内容和重点是什么要求最大篇幅是多少；其次要弄清哪些是次要信息只需要交代一下；最后确定可以在哪里补充一些内容以使文章内容丰富上下文连贯。具体来讲可以分以下三种情况。
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2．看图作文：这种类型的书面表达最容易遗漏要点。无论是单幅、双幅还是多幅图画，考生一定要认真研究图画中的每一个细节或信息，这些都要在文章中有所体现。注意有些题目还会要求考生发表对该图画的看法，考生一定要根据题目要求和图画寓意表达出来。
3．(半)开放作文：这种类型的书面表达往往分为两种。一种是题目给出一段汉字，一种是给出一幅(组)漫画，让考生发表看法。这时，考生要紧扣文章提示，先对该现象或图画进行简单扼要的描述或介绍，然后再据此发表议论。
【热点突破】 遣词造句
列好要点后就进入写作的实质阶段了那就是提笔成文。提笔成文时我们应该注意的是：
1——开头、正文、结尾。好的开始是成功的一半，开好头、起好步对书面表达至关重要，好的开头会让阅卷老师的眼睛为之一“亮”。开头常见的方式包括开门见山、以俗语谚语或直接引语引出等，当然也可以以疑问句、套语开头。文章能否得高分，关键还要看结尾，好的结尾能起到画龙点睛的作用。文章的结尾应根据不同体裁而定，或总结全文，或表明对所叙述的人或事的态度，适可而止，但千万不能草草收场，结尾一定要显得水到渠成。
常用开头句式(黑体部分)：
First，I think everyone needs friends and is eager to get friendship.
First of all，we must make full use of every 45minute lesson.
Nowadays/Recently，people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic.
In the first place，she can read at the rate of 100 words a minute.
To begin with，smoking should be banned in public areas.
Generally speaking，the more you practise，the more skillfully you can write in English.
As the proverb says/As the saying goes，“Time is money.”
As can be seen from the table，nearly everyone owns one mobile phone in China.
With the development of the Internet，computers play an important role in people’s life.
It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.
There is no denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.
It is believed that health is above wealth.
It is well known that an elephant is a very kind and gentle animal.
I’m excited to learn that we are going to start a magazine.
I’m glad to hear that you will come to our school as an exchange student.
As is known to all，shoes play an important role in our life，for it can protect our feet from being hurt.
常用结尾句式(黑体部分)：
All in all，traveling is the best choice to recharge ourselves and get ready for the new challenges.
In conclusion，a good citizen should observe traffic regulations.
In a word，success is important，and so is failure，because it’s the mother of success.
To sum up，environmental protection is of great importance，which can make us live more comfortably and healthily.
On the whole，I find a bike more enjoyable than a motorcycle.
I’d appreciate it if you could deliver them as soon as possible.
It is high time that we did something to prevent the environment from being polluted.
Only with combined efforts can we expect our hometown take on a new look in the near future.
We can，therefore，come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as peace in the world.
From what has discussed above，we may draw the conclusion that you must have selfconfidence if you want to achieve something.
In short，not only has the inclusion poisoned Chinese，it may also bring about distance between the Chinese people.
In a word，my life will be much richer and more colorful.
I’ll be glad if you can consider my recommendation.
2．表达准确，用词高级：高考评分标准中所说的“应用了较多的词汇”，是指词汇使用的多样性，如词性的多样性、高级词汇的使用、同义词与反义词的使用、短语的使用等。由此可知，运用较高级词汇对提高书面表达的得分档次至关重要。使用高级词汇的4 大原则：
(1) 具体性原则
在具备一定词汇量的条件下，具体的表达比泛泛而谈的内容更能引起读者的共鸣。例如：当描述一个具体事物或人时，类似a nice/good man的表达让人感觉很空洞，我们可以用有个性的、具体的词描绘一个人，如kindhearted(好心的)；generous(慷慨的；大方的)；easygoing(随和的)等。
①I will have my own family probably with a lovely child.
②It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere.
(2)新颖性原则
写作时恰当得体地使用高中学过的、别人可能想不到的词汇，会给阅卷人耳目一新的感觉。但是需注意：既要避免使用俗词，又要避开冷僻词汇。
①In the coming three years，our school life will be difficult.
→In the coming three years，our school life will be challenging.
②So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up，we are sure to achieve success.
→So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up，we are bound to achieve success.
(3)短语优先原则
多使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。
①Developing a good habit is also important.
→Developing a good habit is also of importance.
②As the number of English learners is increasing，it’s not difficult for them to understand these words in Chinese contexts.
→As the number of English learners is on the rise，it’s not difficult for them to understand these words in Chinese contexts.
③I was going to the bookstore and was waiting for the green light at a crossing when a girl of about ten was knocked down by a passing car，which drove off quickly.
→I was on my way to the bookstore and was waiting for the green light at a crossing when a girl of about ten was knocked down by a passing car，which drove off quickly.
(4)避免重复原则
尽量避免过多地使用某一个单词，必要时选择使用其他恰当的同义词或词组来代替。
①I like reading while my brother likes watching football matches.
→I like reading while my brother enjoys watching football matches.
②We’ve built a new experiment building beside the old one and we’ve also built a library where the old playground used to be.
→We’ve built a new experiment building beside the old one and we’ve also set up a library where the old playground used to be.
常见高级写作词汇必备
1．第一first→to begin/start with
2．第二second→in addition/what’s more
3．最后finally→last but not least
4．总之in a word→to sum up/in conclusion/in summary
5．但是but→however
6．机会chance→opportunity
7．选择choice→alternative
8．考虑consider→take into account/consideration
9．充足enough→adequate
10．影响effect→influence
11．最终finally→eventually
12．勤奋hardworking→diligent
13．帮助help→assist
14．后果result→consequence
15．应该should→be supposed to
16．缺点shortcoming→drawback
17．理解understand→make sense of/figure out
18．可用useful→available
19．使用use→employ/make use of
20．种类繁多all kinds of→a wide range of
21．也；和as well as→in addition to/apart from
22．反对be against→object to
23．厌烦be bored with→be fed up with
24．忙于be busy in/with→be occupied in/with
25．发生happen→occur/come about
26．几乎不hardly→barely
27．提高improve→promote
28．重要important→vital
29．立即immediately→in a flash
30．不可能impossible→out of the question
31．有趣interesting→absorbing/striking/appealing
32．参加join→participate
33．幸运lucky→fortunate
34．巨大large→enormous
35．许多many→a large quantity of
36．明显obvious→apparent
37．丰富rich→abundant
38．小心谨慎be careful→be cautious
39．与……不同be different from→differ/vary from
40．渴望做……be eager to do→be dying to do/long to do
41．因为because of→on account of
42．闻名be famous for→have a reputation for
43．正在建设 being built→under construction
44．感到舒心feel comfortable→feel at ease
45．在我看来in my opinion→as far as I am concerned
46．美化学校make our school beautiful→beautify our school
47．故意on purpose→deliberately/by design
48．置若罔闻refuse to listen to→turn a deaf ear to
49．成功做某事succeed in doing sth.→make it
50．无法描述的美丽too beautiful to describe→beauty beyond description
51．一个表现好的孩子a child who behaves in a proper way→a wellbehaved child
52．节能的房子a house which saves energy→an energysaving house
53．一位受到良好教育的妇女a woman who has received good education→a welleducated woman
54．精心组织的活动an activity that is organized well→a wellorganized activity
55．一个爱好和平的人a person who loves peace→a peaceloving person
3．句式多变，结构复杂：高考评分标准中提出“较多的语法结构”就是指句式结构的多样性。毋庸置疑，单调的句式和结构、长度相近的句子会使文章呆板单调，缺乏生气和活力，而灵活多变的句式则使行文丰富多彩，生动、自然、流畅。感叹句、倒装句、复合结构、强调句型、定语从句、非谓语动词短语等语法结构的正确使用，可以使文章的语言充满层次感，从而较好地反映出作者的语言运用能力。常见的满分句型：
(1)合并句子(丰富结构)
●(高考山东卷)Not only can I improve my oral English but also I learn some customs in western countries.
●(高考江西卷)For one thing，they help to improve my writing skills and broaden my horizons.For another，they can enrich my life and provide me with great fun.
(2)改变语态(避免单调)
●(高考重庆卷)Besides，I am a booklover and the books are so well kept that they are as good as new.
(3)使用省略(达到言简意赅的效果)
●(高考全国卷Ⅱ)If so，please keep quiet about it because we want to give him a surprise.
(4)使用强调句型(突出语意)
●(高考福建卷)It is overprotection and too much care that affect the children’s healthy development.
(5)使用倒装句(增强说服力)
●(高考江苏卷)Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.
(6)使用虚拟语气(提出建议，委婉表达，易于接受)
●(高考陕西卷)She would have never thought a complete surprise was waiting for her.
(7)使用with结构(丰富句式)
●(高考福建卷)The park was full of freshness and beauty of spring，with the sun shining and birds singing.
(8)使用状语从句(强调谓语或句子)
●(高考湖北卷)Whenever I had difficulties，they were always available.
(9)使用定语从句(表意丰富)
●(高考山东卷)However，I was busy preparing for my final exam at that time，which was of vital importance for me.
(10)使用名词性从句(体现扎实的语言功底)
●(高考福建卷)It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that children are the focus of families，shouldering the hope of their parents.
(11)使用非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词以及动名词的使用，可使句式多样化)
●(高考福建卷)What’s worse，they spat and even threw rubbish into the lake，totally ignoring the noticeable sign “No Littering” nearby.
●(高考安徽卷)These days，breaking traffic rules and littering are not uncommon，causing serious harm to life and the environment.
(12)适当使用名言警句
在写作时，根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度，而且会提升文章的得分档次。写作中常用的名言警句有：
As a popular saying goes，“Every coin has two sides.”
常言道，“事物都有两面性。”
As a proverb says，“Rome was not built in a day.”
常言道，“伟业非一日之功。”
Where there is a will，there is a way.有志者事竟成。
As a popular saying goes，“Facts speak louder than words.”正如格言所说，“事实胜于雄辩。”
As is known to allNo pains，no gains.”
众所周知，“不劳则无获。”
It’s no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。
Look before you leap.三思而后行。
He who laughs last laughs best.
谁笑到最后，谁就笑得最好。
As is known to all，“Easier said than done.”
众所周知，“说起来容易做起来难。”
One false step will make a great difference.
失之毫厘，谬以千里。
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行，始于足下。
Well begun is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。
A life without a friend is like a life without sun.
人生没有了朋友，犹如生活没有了阳光。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。
Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不待人。
4．过渡自然，行文流畅：明确了文章的主题和中心后，我们就应该用适当的连词、恰当的短语、合适的句型将要点扩展成句，进而导向文章。高考书面表达评分标准指出，书面表达应该注意“上下文的连贯性”，并能“有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑”。此处所说的连贯性，是指段与段、句与句之间以一种明晰的、合乎逻辑的顺序组织与安排，做到在文意与结构上层次分明，条理清楚，连贯流畅。因此，为了增加文章的连贯性、逻辑性和可读性，大家在写作时要根据行文的需要，恰当使用各类过渡词、过渡句甚至过渡段来实现词与词、句与句、段与段之间的有效连接。
常用的过渡句式(黑体部分)：
Also，do let me know if you need more information.
Secondly，we should get up early to memorize idioms and useful expressions.
Obviously，a good learning habit can help us to speed up to reach our destinations.
What’s more，good books can help us to develop good characters.
I lost my way in the forest and to make matters worse/what is worse，it became dark.
In addition，we shouldn’t neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.
Meanwhile/At the same time，I will regard it as my duty to keep our environment clean and healthy.
Take Beijing for example，it is one of the oldest cities in the world.
What is more serious is that we don’t cherish wildlife.
As far as I am concerned，they stand for love，friendship and unity.
Besides，I wish there wouldn’t be too many students in a class.
Moreover，it seems that he always thinks more of himself than of others.
Worse still，I took many falls off the bike.
Second，go outdoors and play team games with your friends as physical exercise is an effective way to get rid of anger.
But unfortunately I mind my own business without considering my parents.
However，not until the match was over did we realize that we became the loser.
On the other hand，online shopping also has many disadvantages.
On the contrary，the volunteers always claim that they are tired of the life on earth.
Contrary to what I had originally said，the trip turned out to be fun.
However，what amazes you most is the following new function.
Otherwise we’ll have to answer for our selfishness sooner or later.
But now because my left foot was injured，I cannot go with you as planned.
【特别提醒】仔细检查
短文完成后一定要养成仔细检查的好习惯这是保证行文质量的非常重要的步骤。我们在检查时需要重点注意以下几个方面：
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2．内容要点是否齐全。遗漏要点是要扣分的。因此，我们应该重视每一个要点。
3．语法点是否出现错误。这也是我们检查的主要方面之一。复查点主要包括：①主谓是否一致；②名词的单复数、动词的时态、动词的语态、动词短语、非谓语动词的形式、介词的使用是否正确；③冠词是否遗漏；④形容词及副词是否使用得当；⑤句子结构是否完整；⑥标点符号、单词的大小写是否正确；⑦单词拼写是否正确；⑧词数是否严重不足或者超出太多等等。检查时，我们还应该遵循如下原则：尽可能只对文章做小方面的改动，对文章的构思、写作顺序等大的方面尽量不要改动。
【高考真题解读】
Writing 1 (2015·新课标全国 )
假定你是李华你校英文报“外国文化”栏目拟刊登介
1.栏目介绍。
稿件内容；
稿件长度：约400词；
交稿日期：6月28日前。
注意：1.词数100左右；
可以适当增加细节以使行文连贯；
开头语已为你写好。
I'd like to ask you to write an article for our school's English newspaper.
Yours，
Li Hua
Writing 2 (2015·新课标全国)
假如你是李华计划和同学去敬老院(nursing home)陪老人们过重阳节(the Double Ninth Festival)。请给外教露西写封邮件邀她一同前往内容包括：
出发及返回时间；
活动：包饺子、表演节目等。
注意：1.词数100左右；
可以适当增加细节以使行文连贯；
结语已为你写好。
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
Writing 3 (2015·北京)
假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序介绍在“传统文化进校园”活动中向面人艺术家学习捏面人的过程并以“A Day with a Craftsman”为题给校刊“英语角”写一篇英语稿件。
注意：词数不少于60。
提示 a piece of dough
面人 dough figurine
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇图画作文用图画的形式展示了一个活动过程。写作时要认真审读四幅图画理清其内在的逻辑关系交代清楚活动的时间、地点、人物和活动的具体内容；同时运用恰当的过渡词把四幅图画的内容连成一个有机的整体。
Writing (2015·福建)
请阅读下面图画按要求用英120左右的短文。
内容包括：
描述画面；
概述其含义；
谈谈个人感想。
凿壁偷光
注意：1.短文开头已给出不计入总词数；
可适当发挥使文章内容充实、行文连贯；
文中不能出现考生的具体信息。
参考词汇：凿钻：bore
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇漫画类作文要求根据图画展示内容写一篇120词左右的短文。
写作要点：1.描述图画(一般现在时)
概述其含义
3.谈个人感想(根据这个成语想到自身如何去做)
Writing (2015·北京)
假设你是红星中学高三学生李华请给你的美国朋友Jim写一封邮件告诉他你打算参加龙舟训练营希望他一起参加。邮件的内容包括：
介绍训练营的相关内容(例如：时间地点参加者等)；
说明你打算参加的原因；
询问对方的意向。
注意：1.词数不少于50；
开头和结尾已给出不计入总词数。
提示词：龙舟训练营
Dragon Boat Training Camp
Yours，
Li Hua
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇典型的邀请信重点是李华邀请美国朋友Jim参加龙舟训练营要按照邀请信的格式进行写作即发出邀请介绍活动的时间地点内容参加
Writing 6 (2015·四川)
假如你是李夏。你看到美国留学生Sharon 在Mandarin)水平她可以教英语作为回报。请根据以下提示用英语给她写一封电子邮件。
表达给她提供帮助的意愿；
说明你能胜任辅导的理由；
给出讲好普通话的两点建议；
提出你学习英语的具体需求。
注意：1.词数120左右开头语已为你写好；
可以适当增加细节以使行文连贯；
文中不得透漏个人姓名和学校名称；
This is Li Xia.I learned from your post that you want to improve your Mandarin.
Li Xia
【思路点拨】
考查应用类作文。在写作时需要注意以下几个方面：首先需要审题。即：审要求、审文体、审人称、审时态。其次考生要能够抓中心列要点列出写作提纲。写作文时一定要切题抓住中心紧扣要点.然后在体裁明确、中心突出、要点清晰的前提下考生应该选择自己最熟悉、最有把握的词语、句型将要点逐条表达出来。最后根据要点选词组句然后按照篇章结构连句成篇。本篇文章的要点具体可分成三段写1、 2；第二段写要点3；第三段写要点4, 以及希望得到对方的回信。
Writing (2015·湖北)
请根据以下提示并结合具体事例用英语写一篇短文。
注意：1.无须写标题；
除诗歌外文体不限；
内容必须结合你生活中的具体事例；
文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称；
词数不少于120如引用提示语则不计入总词数。
Writing 8 (2015·安徽)
某英文杂志正在举办以 “Fancy yourself as an interviewer” 为主题的征文活动请你以“A Famous Chinese I Would Like to Interview” 为题写一篇英语短文。
内容包括：
采访的对象；
采访的原因；
想提的问题。
注意：1.词数120左右；
可以适当增加细节以使行文连贯；
短文中不能出现与本人相关的信息；
短文的标题已给出不计入总词数。
A Famous Chinese I Would Like to Interview
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇命题材料作文作文的写作要点已经给出考生需要根据提示进行写作必须涵盖所有要点还要注意语篇的连贯性。注意使用高级词汇和定语从句、倒装、强调等重点语法知识。词数在120左右标题不计入总词数。注意行文的连贯性不能出现与本人有关的信息。