1.【2016·北京】26. ________ it easier to get in touch with us, you’d better keep this card at hand.
A. Made
B. Make
C. Making
D. To make
【答案】D
考点:考查不定式作目的状语
一、不定式的作用
作主语:不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。如:
It took us two hours to finish the job.
It is impossible for us to get there on time.
It is very kind of you to help us.
注意:(1)其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。
(2)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is …to…的句型。试比较:
It is to negate my own idea to believe him.(错)
To believe him is to negate my own idea .(对)
(3)It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中,当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时,用of, 否则用 for.
作宾语
(1) 动词+不定式。如:
He managed to escape from the fire.
I find it hard to get along with him.(it 作形式宾语)
注:下列动词通常用不定式作宾语:want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等
动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语。如:
I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.
I can’t decide when to go there.
注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语。如:
I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.
作宾语补足语
动词+宾语+不定式(to do )。如:
He warned me to be careful.
I want you to speak to Tom.
What makes you think so? (不带to的不定式)
注:可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish, warn, expect, would prefer, encourage
表见解、看法的动词结构可为:动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。如:
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
The book is believed to be useful.(被动语态)
(3) There +不定式。如:
We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
注意:(1)有些动词需用 as 短语作补语,像regard, think, believe, take, consider。如:
We regard Eric as our best teacher. 我们认为艾瑞克是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
(4) 在动词feel (一感),hear, listen to(二听),have, let, make(三让),notice, see, watch, observe, look at(五看)(即:吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to。如:
They saw the boy fall off the tree.
The boy was seen to fall off the tree.
(5) help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.
I often help him (to)clean the room.
I helped him (to) find his things.
作定语
不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词,不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如:
I have a lot of work to do.(动宾关系)
He is looking for a room to live in.(动状关系)
He is the first person to think of the idea.(主谓关系)
He has got a chance to go abroad.(同位关系)
注意:1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动。如:
Do you have anything else to say?
2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词。如:
I need a pen to write with.
(I will write with the pen ) (我需要一支钢笔写字)
I have a little baby to look after. (I must look after the little baby ) (我有一个婴儿要照看)
5. 作状语
作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等,有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语,如in order to , so as to, so…as to, such …as to, ….enough to, too…to等。
做目的状语,just to, only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)….as to…(如此···以便···)如:
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
He came to the school to see his son.
作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。如:
He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
做原因状语。如:
We were very excited to hear the news.
I’m glad to see you.
做条件状语。如:
To turn to the left, you could find a post office.
6. 作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面,构成表语。如:
The question is how to put it into practice.
My question is when to leave.
His dream is to be a doctor.
Her work is to look after the babies.
注意:1.不定式在句中作表语时,对应的谓语动词用单数。
2.当主语是不定式时,表语不能用V+ing形式,可用不定式。
如:To see is to believe. (眼见为实)(Seeing is believing. )
7独立结构。如:
To tell you the truth, I don’t agree with you.
To make matters worse, it began to rain.
不定式的时态和语态
不定式的时态
现在时:有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如:
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again.
完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如:
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如:
He seems to be eating something.
(4)完成进行时:表示动作从过去某个时间开始,一直延续到现在,并有可能持续下去。如:
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.
不定式的语态
当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时,就用被动式。如:
He was seen to enter the hall.
He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.
省to 的动词不定式
情态动词(除ought 外,ought to)
would rather, had better.
感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补,省略 to.
注意:在被动语态中 to 不能省略掉。如:
I saw him dance.
He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
They were made to work the whole night.
使役动词 let, have, make.
由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式,第二个 to 可以省去。如:He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
help 可带 to ,也可不带to, help sb. (to) do sth.
Why don’t you…/Why not…
but 和 except 前是动词 do 时,后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。试比较:
He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后,可以省去 to be .如:
He is supposed (to be) nice.
他应该是个好人。
【答案】
考点:
【名师点睛】
分词作状语
1. 分词作时间状语相当于when引导的时间状语从句;on doing sth. =as soon as。
2. 分词作原因状语相当于as,since,because引导的原因状语从句。
3. 分词作方式或伴随状语不能用状语从句替换,但是可以改写成并列句。
4. 分词作条件状语相当于if unless等引导的从句。常见的引导条件状语的分词有given,supposing, considering, provided, compared with等。
5. 分词作结果状语相当于so that引导的结果状语从句。分词前常有副词thus,thereby,only等。
6. 分词作让步状语相当于though或者even if等引导的让步状语从句。
32. Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, ________ the old town into a dreamland.
A. turn
B. turning
C. to turn
D. turned
【答案】B
考点:考查现在分词
现在分词和过去分词的区别:
在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义;
在时间上,现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生,过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
如:falling leaves 正在下落的树叶
fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶
分词的作用
作定语
单个分词作定语,分词前置。如:
The sleeping boy is my son.
The excited people rushed into the building.
A lost opportunity never returns.
He is a retired worker.
分词短语作定语,分词后置;分词修饰不定代词something等要后置;个别分词如give,left等作定语也后置。如:
The girl standing under the tree is my niece.
The building built last year is our library.
This is the question given.
There is nothing interesting.
过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如:Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists
2. The first textbook ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written
B. to be written
C. being written
D. written
3. What’s the language ______ in Germany?
A. speaking
B. spoken
C. be spoken
D. to speak
4. Prices of daily goods ______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought
B. bought
C. been bought
D. buying.
5. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ______ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”
A. read
B. reads
C. to read
D. reading
作状语
现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
As I didn’t receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.(条件)
Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend.
Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因).
Though defeated, he didn’t lose heart. (让步)
He lay on the grass, looking into the sky. (伴随)
He came running to tell me the good news. (方式)
6. ______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed
B. Followed by
C. Being followed
D. Having been followed
7. There was a terrible noise______ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed
B. following
C. to be followed
D. being followed
8. ______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating
B. To be heated
C. Heated
D. Heat
注意:
选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出,分词就用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。试比较:
(Being)Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。
分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致,如果不一致,就用独立主格结构,即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语,一般不用作定语。
9. When______, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed
B. completing
C. being completed
D. to be completed
10. ______ such heavy pollution already, the river becomes dead water.
A. Having suffered
B. Suffering
C. To suffer
D. Suffered
作表语
现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征,过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如:
The film is touching.
The glass is broken.
She looked tired with cooking.
He remained standing beside the table.
作宾语补足语
分词和不定式一样,在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如:
I smell something burning.
I heard him singing the song.
I heard my name called.
I can’t make myself understood in English.
I found my car missing.
I’ll have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。
作插入语
其结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generally speaking 一般说来
talking of (speaking of) 说到
strictly speaking 严格地说
judging from 从···判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration 全面看来。如:
Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。
二、分词的时态
与主语动词同时。如:
Arriving there, they found the boy dead.
11. The secretary worked late into the night, ______ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare
B. preparing
C. prepared
D. was preparing
先于主语动词
分词作时间状语,如果先于主动词的动作,且强调先后,要用having done。如:
Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.
After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.
12. ______ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving
B. Receiving not
C. Not having received
D. Having not received
三、分词的语态
通常情况下,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。如:
He is the man giving you/who gave you the book
She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.
不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像:gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词。如:
a retired person 一个退休的人
a fallen ball 一个落下来的球
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
28.In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message ________within the work.
A. to hide B. hidden C. hiding D. being hidden
【答案】B
【名师点睛】
过去分词作定语,在语态上,表被动;在时间上,表示动作已经发生或完成,与它所修饰的名词有逻辑(意义)上的动宾关系。过去分词作定语时,所修饰的名词在逻辑上相当于被动句中的主语,过去分词相当于谓语。 过去分词作定语表示动作在谓语动作之前发生,已经完成并具有被动意义。有时也不表示时间性。作定语的过去分词一般由及物动词变来,因为只有及物动词才有被动意义。
例如: He is a teacher loved by his students. 他是个很受学生爱戴的老师。
也有用不及物动词的过去分词作定语的情况,一般作前置定语,它不表示被动意义,只表示主动意义,强调动作完成。不能像及物动词的过去分词那样放在名词后面作定语。
例如: fallen leaves 落叶 retired workers 退休工人 the risen sun 升起的太阳
注意下面过去分词作定语的几种情况:
1. 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。例如:
We needed much more qualified workers. 我们需要更多的合格的工人。
My friend is a returned student. 我的朋友是个归国的留学生。
单个分词也可以作后置定语,用以强调动作。例如:
They decided to change the material used. 他们决定更换使用的材料。
2. 过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词后面,作后置定语,其作用相当于一个定语从句。
例如:The student dressed in white is my daughter.
=The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.)穿白色衣服的学生是我的女儿。
3. 如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no + thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时,即使一个单一的分词作形容词用,也要放在被修饰词的后面。
例如: There is nothing changed here since I left this town.自从我离开这个城镇以来,几乎没有什么变化。
4. 单个过去分词前加一名词或副词,常用连字符将它们连接起来构成一个复合形容词,放在其修饰的名词前,作前置定语。分词前加的名词表示分词的动作或行为主体,所加的副词表示方
式、时间、程度、性质等意义。
例如: This is a state-owned factory. 这是一家国营工厂。
5. 作前置定语的某些动词的过去分词的形式与作谓语或表语的过去分词的形式往往不一样。
考点:
5.【2016·江苏】32.—Only those who have alot in common can get along well.
— . Opposites sometimes do attract.
A. I hope not B. I think so C. I appreciate that D. I beg to differ
【答案】
考点:
6.【2016·天津】1. ---It was a wonderful trip. So, which city did you like better, Paris or Rome?
---______. There were good things and bad things about them.
A. It’s hard to say
B. I didn’t get it
C. You must be kidding
D. Couldn’t be better
【答案】A
【解析】
试题分析:句意:—这是一次很棒的旅行。那么,你更喜欢哪个城市,巴黎还是罗马?—很难说。它们都既有好的也有坏的事情。A.很难说;B.我不明白;C.你一定是在开玩笑吧;D.再好不过了。根据语境,故选A。
考点:考查交际用语。
【名师点睛】交际英语平时要多积累常用的交际用语,解题时要在上下文中进行,特别要注意与语境语义的联系。
7.【2016·天津】4. The cooling wind swept through out bedroom windows, ____ air conditioning unnecessary.
A. making
B. to make
C. made
D. being made
【答案】A
【解析】
试题分析:句意:冷风从我们卧室的窗户吹进来,使得没有必要开空调了。前面的事情造成后面的结果,用现在分词作结果状语,表示顺理成章的结果。不定式也可以作结果状语,但是那是预料不到的结果。故选A。
考点:考查非谓语动词。
【名师点睛】
8.【2016·天津】6. ---I’m thinking of going back to school to get another degree.
---Sounds great!_____.
A. It all depends
B. Go for it
C. Never mind
D. No wonder
【答案】B
考点:考查交际用语。
【名师点睛】情景交际的考查关键在于理解上下文语境,同时要注意辨析选项的意思,平时多熟记交际用语,尤其是一些与汉语相差较大的表达。做这类试题,要求同学们按照所给的情景,选择最佳问句或答句,完成题目。要想做好这类题目,关键是平时要养成讲英语的良好习惯,努力提高口语水平,熟练掌握日常会话项目中常用的问答语。
1. --Are you sure you're ready for the best?
--_________. I'm well prepared for it.
A. I'm afraid not
B. No problem
C. Hard to say
D. Not really
【答案】B
【解析】
试题分析:句意:—你确定你准备好考试了吗?—没问题。我已经做好准备了。A.恐怕不;B.没问题;C.很难说;D.不是真的。根据语境,故选B。
考点:考查交际用语。
【名师点睛】交际英语注重运用,首先平时要多积累常用的交际用语,解题时要在上下文中进行,特别要注意与语境语义的联系。还有要注意中英文之间的差异,千万不要用汉语的思维,还要注意礼貌用语。这个题目是一个对话,上下文语境非常关键。I'm afraid not应该是委婉地拒绝;Hard to say表示说话人没有把握;Not really是一种否定回答。
10.To return to the problem of water pollution , I'd like you to look at a study _______ in Australia in 2017.
A. having conducted
B. to be conducted
C. conducting
D. conducted
【答案】D
考点:考查非谓语动词。
【名师点睛】判断非谓语动词的形式的第一步是分析句子成分,看是用谓语动词还是非谓语动词,确定了是非谓语动词,还要判断非谓语动词的成分,和这个动词和逻辑主语的关系。这道题考查非谓语动词作定语的用法,看carry out和修饰的study之间的关系可知用过去分词。
19. I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now dowith students.
A. working
B. work
C. to work
D. worked
【答案】A
【解析】
试题分析:句意:我在海上航行和现在和学生一起一样快乐。使用非谓语动词作状语,I和work是主谓关系,用现在分词作时间状语。故选A。
考点:考查非谓语动词。
【名师点睛】判断非谓语动词的形式的第一步是分析句子成分,看是用谓语动词还是非谓语动词,确定了是非谓语动词,还要判断非谓语动词的成分,和这个动词和逻辑主语的关系。这道题考查非谓语动词作状语的用法,看I和work的逻辑关系可以看出是现在分词。
20.—The movie starts at 8:30,and we can have a quick bite before we go
--.See you at 8:10
A. So long
B.
Sounds great
C. Good luck
D.Have a good time
【答案】B
考点:考查交际用语。
【名师点睛】情景交际的考查关键在于理解上下文语境,同时要注意辨析选项的意思,平时多熟记交际用语,尤其是一些与汉语相差较大的表达。做这类试题,要求同学们按照所给的情景,选择最佳问句或答句,完成题目。要想做好这类题目,关键是平时要养成讲英语的良好习惯,努力提高口语水平,熟练掌握日常会话项目中常用的问答语。这题的sound great实际上是省略句,完整的句子是The idea sounds great.和上文提出的建议吻合。
6. They came up with a lot of plans at the meeting, none of them ______ in their work.
A. carrying out
B. having carried out
C. carried out
D. being carrying out
【答案】C
【解析】
试题分析:前半句句子完整,后半句为独立主格结构,them指代plans,plans与carry out是动宾关系,carry out用被动形式,故选C。句意:会议上他们提出了很多计划,但是一个也没有在工作中实施。
考点: 非谓语动词
7. All of you ______ at the school gate! We’ll soon start.
A. will gather
B. gather
C. will be gathering
D. are gathering
【答案】B
【解析】
试题分析:考查祈使句。本文属祈使句。带有命令的口气,相当于“All of you , please gather at the school gate!”所以选B。 所有人到学校门口集合,我们马上要出发了。
考点: 考查祈使句
11. ______ to alcohol, whether for an adult or for a teenager, is definitely harmful from all aspects.
A. Exposed
B. Being exposed
C. Exposing
D. To expose
【答案】B
【解析】
试题分析:空格部分做句子的主语,所以排除A, exposed to与后面的an adult or for a teenager是动宾关系,所以用被动形式,故选B项。句意:无论是成人还是青少年,接触酒精从各方面来说都是有害的。
考点: 非谓语动词
20. —I love the Internet. I’ve come to know many friends on the Net.
—______. Few of them would become your real friends.
A. Good for you
B. That’s for sure
C. It’s not the case
D. I couldn’t agree more
【答案】C
考点: 交际用语
. 【】 John told me he’d like to go hiking with me, his voice _______joy.
A. was heavy with
B. heavy with
C. was full of
D. full with
【答案】B
【解析】
试题分析:考查独立主格结构。英语中两个句子之间需要连词连接,而本句逗号前后两部分之间没有连词,说明逗号后面不是句子。排出AC项。D项经常搭配错误,应该是full of。句意:John告诉我们他想和我们一起去滑冰,由于高兴,他的声音很沉重。故B正确。
【名师点睛】
一、独立主格结构的概念
独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式
名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词
Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.
黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
4. 名词(代词)+形容词
The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse. 特洛伊人睡着了,于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5. 名词(代词)+副词
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
6. 名词(代词)+名词
His first shot failure,he fired again. 他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。
7. 名词(代词) +介词短语
He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.
他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house,a vast load of firewood on her back.
每天下午,一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过
考点:考查独立主格结构
. 【】 How happy we are!The winter holiday we have been looking forward ____soon.
A. has come
B. to have come
C. to coming
D. to will come
【答案】D
考点:考查句子结构和时态
. 【】_____in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the money in the car.
A. Waiting
B. Having waited
C. To wait
D. To have waited
【答案】B
【解析】
试题分析:考查分词做状语。本句中动词wait与句子主语the old man构成主动关系,所以使用现在分词在句中作状语。而且这是一个已经发生的动作,所以使用现在分词的完成式having done。句意:排队等了半个小时,老人突然意识到把钱忘在了车里。故B正确。
【名师点睛】
一、现在分词在句中作原因状语 1.分词短语在句中作原因状语时,相当于一个原因状语从句。与时间状语一样,也要注意分词所表示的动作与谓语动作的先后关系。当分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时,用分词的一般形式。此时分词的逻辑主语须是句中的主语。这样的原因状语可以换成because, as引导的原因状语,该从句谓语动词用一般过去时。 Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help. 因为不知道如何解这道物理难题,他求助老师。 = Because he didn't know how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked…help. 2.当分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前,可以用现在分词的完成式在句中作原因状语,其逻辑主语须为句中的主语,该短语的作用相当于一个原因状语从句。该从句的谓语动词须用完成时。如: Having lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well. = Because we have lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well. 因为与那个女孩一起生活了五年,我们都非常了解她。 二、现在分词短语在句中可以作条件状语,其逻辑主语须为句中的主语,该短语相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working hard, you'll succeed. = If you work hard, you'll succeed. 如果你努力工作,你会成功的。 Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the park. = If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the park. 如果转向左边,你将找到通向公园的小道。 三、分词短语在句中作让步状语 分词短语在句中作让步状语时,相当于一个让步状语从句,有时分词前可以带有连接词although, whether, even if, even though。 现在分词短语作让步状语,分词的逻辑主语是句中的主语,变成状语从句时,需用主动语态。 Weighing almost one hundred jin the stone was moved by him alone. = Although the stone weighted almost one hundred jin, it was moved by him alone. 虽然那块石头重将近一百斤,他一个人就把它挪动了。 四、分词短语在句中作结果状语 现在分词短语在句中可以作结果状语,它的逻辑主语便是句中的主语,该短语相当于一个结果状语从句,且用主动语态。分词短语在句中作结果状语时,通常位于句末,中间有逗号。有时为了加强语气,就在分词前加thus。 Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. = Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus it caused the delay. 他们的车遇上交通阻塞,因而耽误了。 五、分词短语在句中表示方式或伴随情况 分词短语表示方式或伴随情况是比较常见的。它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下,现在分词所表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生,它的逻辑主语就是句中的主语,谓语动词作为主要动作,而现在分词表示一个陪衬动作,它没有相应的状语从句可以转换,但可以用并列句来转换。过去分词可以说明谓语动作的背景。过去分词与其逻辑主语之间有动宾关系。如: The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. The children laughed and talked merrily, and they ran out of the room. 那些孩子们跑出房间,愉快地笑着、说着。 Helped by their teacher, the students finished the task successfully. 在老师的帮助下,学生们成功地完成了任务。
考点:考查分词做状语用法
【】________ back in his chair, the man began to tell us his adventures in the forests.
A. Sit B. Sitting
C. To sit
D. Sat
【答案】B
【名师点睛】
在高中英语语法中,非谓语动词的学习是一个重点,同是也是一个难点。而其中的分词的用法更是重中之重了,掌握了分词的运用对于我们突破阅读理解中的长句子,以及写作水平的提高都会很有帮助,下面就分词作状语的用法作以下总结。
分词在语法功能上相当于形容词和副词,分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表时间,原因,结果,条件,让步,行为方式,伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when引出。
1. 现在分词的一般式:现在分词所表示的动作与句中谓语动词所表示
的动作同时发生或两者之间时间间隔并不长。例如:
I stayed up very late yesterday, preparing my speech on greenhouse.
Hearing the good news, the students were wild with joy.
He sends me an e-mail, hoping to get further information.
Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.
从所给的例句是我们可以看出,现在分词的一般主动式所表达的是:分词与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,也就是我们常说的主动关系,而其一般被动式却表达的是:分词与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,也就是我们常说的被动关系。并且现在分词的一般被动式一般作原因状语位于句首,
请看以下例句:
Being a student, he was interested in books.
Being very small, computers are widely used. Being tired, I can’t go on walking.
2. 现在分词的完成式:表示分词的动作在句中谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前就已发生。例如:
Having done the work, he went home.
Having worked in the country for three years, he knew how to grow vegetables
Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it.
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
Having been deserted by his guide, he could not find his way through the jungle.
从以上例句中我们可以看出,现在分词的完成主动式表达的是:分词与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,先于谓语动词发生。而其完成被动式却表示分词与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,也是先于谓语动词发生。
3.过去分词:分词与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,不强调一定要先于谓语动词之前就已发生。例如:
Heated, this kind of wood gives off much smoke.
The teacher entered the lab, followed by the students.
Given a chance, I can surprise the world.
Founded in 1936, Harward is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
值得注意的是有些过去分词因为源于系表结构,作状语时表主动而不是被动,常见的过去分词和短语有:lost(迷路), seated(坐), hidden(躲), stationed(驻扎) ,born(出身于), dressed in(穿着) , tired of(厌烦), lost/absorbed in(沉溺于) caught in/on(遇到一种不幸情况)。
Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it.
Lost/absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.
Caught in a heavy rain, he was wet all over.
考点:考查分词做状语
【北京市海淀区2016届高三下学期期末考试(二模)】The Winter Olympics ________ in 2022 will surely bring in many international tourists.
A. held
B. having held
C. holding
D. to be held
【答案】D
不能表示被动,A项过去分词表示被动和已经完成的含义,但是本句并没有已经完成的意思,反而表示未来。故D正确。
考点:考查不定式用法
【】If ________ in the elevator, please press the emergency button immediately.
A. trapped B. trapping
C. having trapped D. to be trapped
【答案】A
【名师点睛】
状语从句主谓成分的省略是英语语言在使用过程中出现的一种较普遍的语法现象,它能使语言言简意赅。 When asking the teacher, he was very polite.
Until finished, the problem was a continuous worry to me.
He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is) possible.
一、状语从句主谓成分的省略,须遵循下面原则:
(一)当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,从句可以省略主语,从句的谓语动词采用其V-ing结构。例如:
Although working very hard, he failed in the final exam. (Although he worked very hard,…)
After taking the medicine, she felt much better. (After she took the medicine,…)
If going there by air, we’ll have to pay twice the fare. (If we go there by air,…)
(二)当从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,若从句的谓语动词是系动词be或包含be的某种形式,此时从句的主语和be动词通常可以一同省略。常见于以下几种形式: 1、连词+形容词 Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。 Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
She hurried out of the room, as if (she was) angry.
2、连词+名词 While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩提时代就乐于助人。
He could write poems when (he was) yet a child.
3、连词+现在分词 While (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.
她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。 The boy is running impatiently here and there as if (he is) searching for something lost on the sports ground.
这男孩很不耐心地在操场上到处跑着仿佛在找什么东西。
4连词+过去分词
If (it is) well read, the book will give you much to think.
Unless (they were) asked to answer questions, the students were not supposed to talk in Prof. Li’s class.
5连词+不定式 He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。
He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。 6、连词+介词短语 She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。
He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到处看似乎在找什么东西。 He came across the picture while (he was) on a visit to New York.
(三)若从句的主语和主句的主语不一致,但和主句的宾语一致时,从句中的主语和be动词亦常可省略。例如:
Father advised me not to say anything until (I was) asked.
Granny told the children not to talk while (they were) eating.
(四)当从句的主语是it, 且谓语动词是be或包含be的某种形式时, it和be常可同时省略。例如: If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。 You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.
除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。
考点:考查非谓语动词和省略
【】Before you hand in your final report, ________ there are no spelling mistakes.
A. make sure B. to make sure
C. made sure
D. making sure
【答案】A
考点:考查句子结构
【】______ more about our university courses, write to this address.
A. To find out
B. Finding out
C. Found out
D. To be found out
【答案】
【解析】
试题分析:write to this address是祈使句,主语是第二人称you,find out的逻辑主语也是you,所以用动词不定式的主动形式,To be found out是被动形式,故选A。
考点:
26.【】 A notice will be put up_____ information about the closing dates for entering exams.
A. given
B. giving C. having given D. being given
【答案】
【解析】
试题分析:C. having given表动作发生在先;D. being given表正在被;A. given表被动。故选B。
考点:
27.【】––Do you mind if I smoke here?
––I suggest you go to the separate room ______ for smokers.
A. to reserve B. reserving
C. reserved D. being reserved
【答案】
考点:
28.【】I remember when I was a child ________with how many toys my cousin had.
A. impressing
B. to impress
C. being impressed D. impressed
【答案】
【解析】
试题分析:句意:我记得在我小时候我印象最深的是我表哥有很多的玩具。remember动词的-ing形式,意思是记得做过某事,impress somebody with something,故选C。
考点:
29.【】 In time of anger, do yourself a favor by ________it in a quiet place so that you won’t be hurt by its flames.
A. releasing
B. recovering
C. refreshing
D. recycling
【答案】
【解析】
试题分析:A. releasing释放;B. recovering恢复,再生;C. refreshing恢复精神;D. recycling回收利用。故选A。
考点:
30.【江苏省扬州中学2016届高三4月质量监测】—Who won the election for mayor?
—A man ________ to represent every minority group in the city.
A. claiming
B. claims
C. is claimed
D. having claimed
【答案】
考点:考查
【解析版】2018年高考全国Ⅰ卷英语试题
体坛英语资讯:Suarez happy after goal in his 100th appearance qualifies Urugugay for last 16 in Russia
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川普总统否认目前有任何退出世贸组织的计划
体坛英语资讯:Neymar back in Brazil training after foot injury fears ahead of Costa Rica clash
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【解析版】2018年高考浙江卷英语试题
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Love 爱
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