核心考点 语法专题一 名词和冠词 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 考点一 名词的数 1.不可数名词 不可数名词没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。下列名词通常用作不可数名词:fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,production,permission,thought,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,health,glass,wood,English,America等。 (2015·安徽)There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some thought and then let me know. 不必现在给我答案,思考一下然后再告诉我。 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 2.有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle牛,congratulations祝贺。有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数。如:have words with sb.同某人吵架,in low spirits 情绪低落,give one’s regards to sb.向某人问候,in rags衣衫褴褛,have good manners 有礼貌。 (2017·陕西)—I got that job I wanted at the public library. —Congratulations!That’s good news. ——我找到那份我想要的在公共图书馆的工作了。 ——祝贺了。那是好消息啊。 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 (2017·湖北)Why is Lucy in low spirits? 露西为什么情绪低落? 3.有些名词既可以用作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词,但意义不同。work当表示“工作”时为不可数名词,但当表示“作品;著作”时则为可数名词。room“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数);experience “经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)。 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 考点二 抽象名词、物质名词的具体化、量化 1.抽象名词通常表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪、思维等时为不可数名词。若与定冠词连用表特指内容,如the science of sound 声学。若泛指一般概念、意义,则不与任何冠词连用。 2.有些物质名词可以具体为有形或有数量的相应物体,作单数、复数都可以。some coffee一些咖啡/a coffee 一杯咖啡,drink 饮料/two drinks 两杯饮料,ice 冰/two ices 两份冰激凌等。 You should never put drinks near a phone. 你应当永远都不要把饮料放到手机附近。 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 考点三 不定冠词a/an的用法 1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面,泛指某(一)个人或某(一)件事物。 (2015·重庆)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask. 我刚刚听说一个戴面具的持枪歹徒抢劫了多拉工作的那家银行。
(2017·福建)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people’s well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development. “中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,一个和谐、和平和发展之梦。 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 2.用在单数可数名词前相当于every,表示“每一”。 It’s said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year. 据说约翰将会有一份年薪超过60,000美元的工作。 3.在抽象名词前可使抽象名词具体化,表示“一场、一次、一件”。如:a success一件成功的事或一个成功的人,a surprise一件令人惊讶的事,a pity一件遗憾的事,an honour一个/件引以为荣的人/事,a comfort 一件令人欣慰的事。 (2017·山东)Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times. 在那些艰难的时期,能够买得起一杯饮料会是一件欣慰的事。 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 4.不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序,而表示“再一,又一”。 (2017·全国Ⅱ)He missed the gold in the high jump,but will get a second chance in the long jump. 他没有拿到跳高金牌,但在跳远项目上还有一次机会。 5.用在人名或者时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或者某个时间,相当于a certain。如:a Smith一个叫史密斯的人。 (2017·重庆)I can’t tell you the way to the Wilsons’because we don’t have a Wilson here in the village. 我无法告诉你去威尔逊家的路,因为这个村子里没有一个叫威尔逊的人。 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 (2015·四川)Brian is gifted in writing music;he is very likely to be a Beethoven.
布赖恩在音乐创作上很有天赋,他很有可能会成为一位像贝多芬那样的音乐大师。 6.不定冠词常用的固定搭配: all of a sudden突然;as a matter of fact事实上;once a week每周一次;at a loss不知所措,茫然;be on a visit参观,拜访;be/go on a diet节食;give sb.a lift让某人搭便车;have a gift for...在……方面有天赋;have a good time玩得开心;have a word with...与……谈话;in a hurry匆忙地;in a way从某种意义上说;make a living谋生;take a walk散步;take an interest in...对……感兴趣;take/have a rest休息一会儿 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 考点四 定冠词the的用法 1.特指上文提到过的、特定的人或事物,或双方都明确的人或事物。 I have a car.The car is red. 我有辆车。这辆车是红色的。 Pass me the book,please. 请把那本书递给我。 2.用在名词前表特指或者表类别。 (2017·陕西)The village where I was born has grown into a town. 我出生的那个村庄已发展成了一座城镇。 3.用在世上独一无二的事物之前。如:the moon,the Pacific Ocean。 (2017·山东)It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky. 这是寒冷的冬日的一个夜晚,皎洁的月光照亮了夜空。 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 4.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人。如:the rich,the living,the wounded。 (2017·天津)Life is like an ocean:Only the strong-willed can reach the other shore. 人生就如同海洋,只有那些意志坚强的人才能到达彼岸。 5.用于表示度量单位的名词前。如: I hired the car by the hour. 我按小时租了这辆车。 6.用于序数词、形容词和副词的比较级、最高级前。如: (2017·陕西)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century. 据说马可·波罗在13世纪就经太平洋航行去过爪哇岛了。 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 7.定冠词常用的固定搭配: at the moment此刻,目前 at the same time同时 by the way顺便说一下 on the spot当场 make the best/most of...充分利用…… in the distance在远处 in the end最终 the other day前几天 on the one hand...,on the other (hand)...一方面……,另一方面…… to the point中肯,切题 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 考点五 零冠词的用法 1.不可数名词或者可数名词复数前,一般不加冠词。 (2017·课标全国Ⅰ)India attained independence in 1947,after a long struggle. 经过很长时间的斗争,印度在1947年获得了独立。 (2017·江西)The Smiths don’t usually like staying at hotels,but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea. 史密斯一家通常不喜欢住旅馆,但去年夏天他们在海边一家很好的旅馆住了几天。 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 2.称呼语及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语、补足语及同位语时,其前一般不加冠词。 (2017·重庆)Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take the place of George. 萨姆已经被委任为工程部的经理来代替乔治。 3.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐等的名词前一般不加冠词。 Spring is the best season of the year. 春天是一年最好的季节。 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 4.零冠词常用的固定搭配: in fact事实上for example例如 in danger在危险中 with pleasure高兴地 in time及时 in fear恐惧地 at work在上班 at dinner在吃饭 after school放学后 at first起初 at last最终 by hand手工做的 pay attention to注意 set fire to放火 -*- 考点一 考点二 考点三 考点四 考点五 take pride in以……为豪 take care of照顾 take office就职 take part in参加 in town在城里 keep...in mind牢记 in trouble处于麻烦中 on foot步行 catch sight of看见 on time按时 lose weight减肥 do harm to对……有害 -*- Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ.根据提示或语境完成句子 1.(2015·课标全国Ⅰ改编)I’d skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings(painting). 2.(2015·课标全国Ⅱ改编)The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment. 解析 解析 关闭 1.paintings 根据前面的修饰语“so many”可知,此处应用名词的复数形式,表示“画,绘画作品”。 2.the;ability 由第一个空后的most modern可推知第一个空应用the,构成modern的最高级。由第二个空前的their可知,此处应用able的名词形式。 -*- Ⅰ Ⅱ 3.(2015·江苏改编)—Go and say sorry to your Mom,Dave. —I’d like to,but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my apology/apologies(apologise). 4.(2015·湖北改编)He gave himself a new name to hide his identity(identify)when he went to carry out the secret task. 5.(2015·陕西改编)The more learned a man is,the more modest he usually becomes. 6.(2015·浙江改编)Jane’s grandmother had wanted to write a children’s book for many years,but one thing or another always got in the way. 解析 解析 关闭 3.apology/apologies 形容词性物主代词my之后应该接名词。句意:——戴夫,去向你妈妈说对不起。——我愿意去,但是我担心她不满意我的道歉。 4.identity 句意:他去执行秘密任务时,给自己起了一个新名字来掩盖身份。identify对应的表示“身份”的名词形式为identity。 5.The;the the more...,the more...为固定句型,意为“越……就越……”。句意:一个人知识越渊博,他通常会变得越谦虚。 6.a;the 句意:简的奶奶很多年来一直想写一本儿童书籍,但是这样或那样的事情总是妨碍着她。第一个空泛指一本儿童书籍,所以用不定冠词修饰;第二个空是固定短语,get in the way意为“妨碍”。 -*- Ⅰ Ⅱ 7.(2017·课标全国Ⅰ改编)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation,for most of us the changes(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river. 8.(2017·辽宁改编)If you don’t mind,I’ll stop and take a deep breath(breathe). 9.(2017·江西改编)They chose Tom to be the captain of the team because they knew he was a smart leader. 10.(2017·浙江改编)The paper is due next month,and I am working seven days a week,often long into the night. 11.(2017·江西改编)Whenever I made mistakes,the teacher pointed them out with patience(patient). 解析 解析 关闭 7.changes 句意:虽然也有一些瞬间就能发生转型的令人惊讶的故事,但是对于我们大多数人来说,这些变化都是逐渐的,需要付出大量的努力和劳动,就像净化一条污染了的河流一样。 8.breath 句意:如果你不介意的话,我要停下来做个深呼吸。take a deep breath“做个深呼吸”。 9.the;a 句意:他们选汤姆当这个队的队长,因为他们知道他是一个聪明的领导。第一个空特指是这个队的队长故填the,第二个空泛指一个聪明的领导,故填a。 10.a;the 第一个空填a,表示“每,一”;第二个空long into the night是固定搭配,意为“直到深夜”。句意:我的论文下月到期,我现在每周工作七天,常常工作至深夜。 11.patience 句意:无论何时我犯了错,老师总是耐心地给我指出来。从前面的介词with可知,这里填名词形式。 -*- Ⅰ Ⅱ 12.(2017·课标全国Ⅱ改编)Four and a half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and a break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar. 13.(2017·浙江改编)People develop a preference for a particular style of learning at an early age and these preferences affect learning. 14.(2017·江西改编)Animals are obviously a lower form of life than man. 15.Sarah looked at the finished painting with satisfaction. 解析 解析 关闭 12.a;a four and a half hours“四个半小时”,故第一个空填a;break当“暂停,休息”讲时,是单数可数名词,故第二个空也填a。 13.a;an 第一个空表示泛指,a preference for“对……的一种偏爱”,故第一个空填a;第二个空为固定搭配,at an early age“在早年,在很小的时候”,early是元音音素开头的单词,故填an。 14.a 这里泛指“一种生命形式”,form是单数可数名词,故用不定冠词a。句意:动物显然是比人类低等的一种生命形式。 15.the 句意:萨拉满意地看着那幅完成的画作。painting是单数可数名词,这里特指“完成的那幅画”,故用定冠词the。 -*- Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ.根据内容和所给提示完成下面短文 Villages in developing countries often lack many things:books,clean water,electricity.These shortages are easy to see.But 1. a different kind of shortage is not easy to see.That is 2. the shortage of experts.Many villages have no doctors,engineers or scientists.They have no one who knows how to treat unusual medical 3. problems (problem) or design a new expert system.There is a way to ease 4. the problems.They can do it with 5. computers/a computer .In 6. the past few years,computer scientists around the world have developed what they call “expert systems”. 解析 解析 关闭 1.a 此处表示泛指,指一种不同种类的缺乏。 2.the 此处特指“专家的缺乏”,故用定冠词the。 3.problems problem是可数名词,这里指医疗方面的问题,故用复数形式。 4.the 此处特指上文提到的这些问题,故用定冠词the。 5.computers/a computer 从后文的computer scientists以及后文的关于计算机的陈述可知,这里是用计算机解决这个问题。 6.the in the past few years“在过去的几年里”为固定结构,故用the。 -*- Ⅰ Ⅱ An expert system is a special kind of computer program.In some situations,it can take 7. the place of 8. a human expert.For example,an expert in medical system can help to take care of a sick person.After asking a few 9. questions of the patient,it can tell what medicine or other 10. treatment (treat) is needed. 解析 解析 关闭 7.the take the place of“代替;取代”为固定搭配。 8.a 根据句意“它能取代一个人类专家”,表示泛指,又因空格后的单词以辅音音素开头,故用不定冠词a。 9.questions 此处表示向病人提问几个问题。 10.treatment 由other可知,这里用动词treat的名词形式。 核心考点