2017届高考英语一轮复习语法专项突破配套学案：第1讲 构词法与比较等级（北师大版）

　　[深化认知]

　　一、派生法

　　1．名词后缀

　　(1)动词变名词的后缀

　　后缀 例词

　　­ion/

　　­tion/

　　­sion/

　　­ation correct→correction 　改正

　　celebrate→celebration

　　庆祝；庆祝会

　　attract→attraction

　　吸引

　　discuss→discussion

　　讨论；辩论

　　graduate→graduation

　　毕业

　　conclude→conclusion

　　结论；结束

　　decide→decision

　　决定

　　admit→admission

　　接纳；准许入学

　　invite→invitation

　　邀请

　　explain→explanation

　　解释

　　expect→expectation

　　期望

　　­er/­or drive→driver

　　　司机；驾驶员

　　gather→gatherer

　　收集者；采集者

　　teach→teacher

　　老师

　　announce→announcer

　　播音员

　　conduct→conductor

　　指挥；售票员

　　direct→director

　　导演

　　­ment punish→punishment 　 　

　　惩罚

　　achieve→achievement

　　功绩；成就

　　argue→argument

　　辩论；论据

　　treat→treatment

　　对待；治疗

　　equip→equipment

　　装备；设备

　　govern→government

　　政府

　　­ance/

　　­ence appear→appearance

　　　 出现；外貌

　　guide→guidance

　　指引；指导

　　perform→performance

　　表演；节目

　　exist→existence

　　存在；生存

　　prefer→preference

　　偏爱

　　refer→reference

　　参考；查阅

　　­ing hear→hearing 　

　　听力；听觉

　　begin→beginning

　　开始

　　­ure/

　　­ture fail→failure

　　　失败；没做到

　　press→pressure

　　压力

　　depart→departure

　　离开；出发

　　mix→mixture

　　混合；混合物

　　­y recover→recovery 　 恢复；痊愈

　　discover→discovery

　　发现

　　其他 choose→choice 　 　选择

　　vary→variety

　　多样化；种类

　　tend→tendency

　　趋向；趋势

　　(2)形容词变名词的后缀

　　后缀 例词

　　­age short→shortage不足；短缺

　　­cy efficient→efficiency 效率；功效

　　fluent→fluency

　　流利；流畅

　　accurate→accuracy

　　准确性

　　private→privacy

　　隐私；私密

　　­dom free→freedom自由；自主

　　wise→wisdom

　　明智；智慧

　　­ce different→difference 差异

　　silent→silence

　　沉默

　　­ness weak→weakness　虚弱；弱点

　　kind→kindness

　　仁慈；好意

　　careless→carelessness

　　粗心大意

　　­th strong→strength　力气；强项

　　warm→warmth

　　温暖；热情

　　­y/­ty/

　　­ity honest→honesty　诚实

　　difficult→difficulty

　　困难

　　cruel→cruelty

　　残酷；残暴

　　safe→safety

　　安全

　　disable→disability

　　无能；伤残

　　responsible→responsibility

　　责任

　　2.形容词、副词后缀

　　(1)动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀

　　后缀 例词

　　­able accept→acceptable　 可接受的

　　comfort→comfortable

　　舒适的

　　fashion→fashionable

　　时髦的

　　suit→suitable

　　合适的

　　reason→reasonable

　　有道理的

　　­al music→musical音乐的

　　origin→original

　　最初的

　　person→personal

　　个人的；私人的

　　centre→central

　　中央的；中心的

　　nature→natural

　　自然的；天生的

　　­ful doubt→doubtful 怀疑的

　　forget→forgetful

　　健忘的

　　harm→harmful

　　有害的

　　hope→hopeful

　　有希望的

　　peace→peaceful

　　和平的

　　­ed scare→scared　感到恐惧的

　　confuse→confused

　　感到困惑的

　　underline→underlined

　　下划线的

　　­ing surprise→surprising　令人惊奇的

　　convince→convincing

　　令人信服的

　　satisfy→satisfying

　　令人满意的

　　­ible access→accessible容易取得的

　　horror→horrible

　　可怕的；恐怖的

　　terror→terrible

　　可怕的

　　­ive act→active积极的；活跃的

　　effect→effective

　　有效的；生效的

　　attract→attractive

　　有吸引力的

　　impress→impressive

　　给人深刻印象的

　　­ous continue→continuous 不断的；持续的

　　anxiety→anxious

　　忧虑的

　　caution→cautious

　　十分小心的；谨慎的

　　curiosity→curious

　　好奇的

　　humor→humorous

　　幽默的

　　­some tire→tiresome　 令人厌倦的

　　trouble→troublesome

　　麻烦的

　　­y taste→tasty 美味的；可口的

　　health→healthy

　　健康的

　　wealth→wealthy

　　富裕的；丰富的

　　­ern

　　east→eastern东方的；向东的 ­ish child→childish　孩子气的

　　fool→foolish

　　愚蠢的；可笑的

　　self→selfish

　　自私的

　　(2)形容词变副词的后缀

　　直接加­ly

　　slow→slowly　缓慢地

　　改y为­ily happy→happily高兴地

　　去e加­lytrue→truly　 　 　真诚地；确实

　　3．形容词、名词变动词的前缀和后缀

　　前/后缀 例词

　　前缀 en­ able→enable　使能够

　　large→enlarge

　　扩大

　　rich→enrich

　　使充实

　　后缀 ­en broad→broaden　(使)变宽

　　ripe→ripen

　　(使)成熟

　　sharp→sharpen

　　使尖锐

　　wide→widen

　　加宽

　　­ify class→classify 把……分类

　　just→justify

　　证明……正确

　　simple→simplify

　　简化

　　­ize apology→apologize　 道歉

　　emphasis→emphasize

　　强调

　　4.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀

　　前/后缀

　　例词

　　前缀 dis­ agree→disagree　不同意

　　advantage→disadvantage

　　缺点

　　il­ legal→illegal　不合法的

　　logical→illogical

　　不合逻辑的

　　im­ polite→impolite　无礼的

　　patient→impatient

　　不耐烦的

　　in­ formal→informal　 非正式的

　　convenient→inconvenient不方便的

　　ir­ regular→irregular不规则的

　　responsible→irresponsible不负责任的

　　mis­ lead→mislead误导

　　understand→misunderstand

　　误解

　　un­ usual→unusual　不寻常的

　　willing→unwilling

　　不愿意的

　　后缀 ­less hope→hopeless　绝望的

　　end→endless

　　没完没了的

　　二、转化法

　　不改变词形，把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。

　　动词→名词 look→have a look看一看

　　survey→make a survey

　　调查

　　walk→take a walk

　　散步

　　名词→动词 button n．纽扣→v.扣纽扣

　　book n．书→v.预订

　　seat n．座位→v.容纳

　　back n．背部→v.支持

　　形容词→动词 slow adj.慢的→v.减慢

　　narrow adj.窄的→v.缩小

　　warm adj.暖和的→v.加热

　　[典题在线]

　　Ⅰ.单句语法填空

　　1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people

　　living

　　in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

　　2．(2015·全国卷 Ⅱ 语法填空)Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat slowly (slow) during cool nights, thus warming the house.

　　3．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability (able) to “air condition” a house without

　　using

　　electric equipment.

　　4．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)As natural (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly

　　how

　　thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

　　5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)The river was so polluted that it

　　actually

　　(actual) caught fire and burned.

　　6．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Just be patient (patience)．

　　7．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers suddenly (sudden) became friendly to one another.

　　8．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)There were many people waiting at the bus stop,

　　and

　　some of them looked very anxious and disappointed (disappoint)．

　　9．(2017·辽宁高考语法填空)Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and softly (soft).

　　10．(2017·辽宁高考语法填空)I cannot control my body well. My legs become painful (pain)．

　　11.(2017·湖北高考短文写作)Luckily, she was not badly injured (injure) and we sent her to the nearest hospital.

　　12．(2017·福建高考书面表达)So excited (excite) was I that I couldn't wait to try my hand at riding it.

　　13．(2017·广东高考语法填空)But such a small thing couldn't possibly (possible) destroy a village.

　　14．(2017·广东高考语法填空)“That would be a very reasonable (reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours，” Nick said.

　　Ⅱ.单句改错

　　1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)Lots of studies have

　　shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem.seriously→serious

　　2．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)Dad and I were terrible worried.terrible→terribly

　　3．(2015·浙江高考短文改错)On the left­hand side of the class, I could easy see the football field.easy→easily

　　4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste. taste→tasty

　　5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost! wonderfully→wonderful

　　6．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)The teachers here are kind and helpfully. They are not only our teachers but also our friends.helpfully→helpful

　　7．(2017·浙江高考短文改错)No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticket­owner before.previous→previously

　　8．(2017·辽宁高考短文改错)That is too much for us, considering how closely the houses are. closely→close_

　　[深化认知]

　　一、比较等级

　　1．平级比较

　　(1)as＋形容词(副词)原级＋as ...“和……一样”；not as/so＋形容词(副词)原级＋as ...“不如……”。

　　(2016·长春一模写作)Tom is as excellent as John in the ability of dealing with such cases.

　　在处理这类案件上，汤姆和约翰的能力是一样优秀的。

　　(2)as＋形容词原级＋a(n)＋n.＋as ...“和……一样”。

　　Although Tom was as heavy a smoker as me, he did give up smoking last year.

　　尽管汤姆和我一样是个老烟枪，但他在去年确实戒烟了。

　　2．比较级

　　(1)比较级＋than ...“比……更”；less ... than“不如……”。

　　This year they have produced less grain than they did last year.

　　他们今年生产的谷物比去年少。

　　(2)the＋比较级， the ＋比较级 “越……，越……”。

　　It's believed that the harder you work, the better result you'll get.

　　人们相信，工作越努力，得到的结果将越好。

　　(3)the＋比较级＋of the ＋名词/代词 “两者中较……的”。

　　Who is the younger of the two boys ?

　　这两个男孩中较小的是哪一个？

　　(4)“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级含义。

　　Mr. Stevenson is great to work for — I really couldn't ask for a better boss.

　　为斯蒂文森先生工作感觉非常好，我真的找不到比他更好的老板了。

　　(5)比较等级前常用的修饰语有：a little, a bit, slightly, much, a lot, a great deal, any, far, by far, even, still等。

　　—The film is, I have to say, not a bit interesting.

　　—Why? It's far more interesting than the films I have ever seen.

　　——我不得不说这部电影一点意思也没有。

　　——为什么？它比我以前看过的所有电影都有趣多了。

　　3．最高级的基本结构

　　表达在某个范围内“最……”，用“the＋最高级＋比较范围”结构。

　　The river is the longest in the world.

　　这条河流是世界上最长的。

　　二、倍数表达法

　　　常见的倍数表达形式有：

　　1．倍数＋as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as

　　This tree is three times as tall as that one.

　　这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。

　　His father is twice as old as he.

　　他父亲的年龄是他的两倍大。

　　2．倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than

　　This river is almost twice longer than that one.

　　这条河差不多比那条河长两倍。

　　The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one.

　　这本字典恰好比那本贵五倍。

　　3．倍数＋the size/height/weight/length/width/depth/ ...＋of

　　The newly­broadened square is four times the size of the previous one.

　　新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。

　　4．倍数＋that＋of

　　The size of the newly­broadened square is four times that of the previous one.

　　新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。

　　5．倍数＋what从句

　　The production now is three times what it was ten years ago.

　　现在的产量是十年前的三倍。

　　[名师指津]　在倍数表达法中倍数一般放在第一个as或比较级或名词的前面。另外，倍数除了用times(三倍或三倍以上的数)来表示外，还可用分数、百分数以及twice/double(两倍)，triple(三倍)，fourfold(四倍)等来表示。

　　[典题在线]

　　Ⅰ.单句语法填空

　　1．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Finally, that hard work paid

　　　off and now the water in the river is cleaner (clean) than ever.

　　2．(2017·辽宁高考语法填空) The

　　harder

　　(hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit.He controls you!

　　3．(2017·广东高考语法填空) After our plane landed, we went to the hotel. We had made our reservation six months earlier

　　(early), but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake.

　　4．(2017·大纲卷单选)Raymond's parents wanted him to have the_best (good) possible education.

　　5．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ单选)It may not be a great suggestion. But before

　　a better (good)

　　one

　　is put forward, we'll make do with it.

　　6．(2017·天津高考单选)I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time — there are more_meaningful (meaningful) things to do.

　　7．(2017·辽宁高考单选)This is by far the_most_inspiring (inspiring) movie that I have ever seen.

　　Ⅱ.单句改错

　　1．(2015·陕西高考短文改错)My mum makes the better biscuits in the world, so I decided to ask her for help.better→best

　　2．(2016·泉州一模短文改错)Your story is wonderful; I've never heard a good one before.good→better

　　3．(2016·兰州一模短文改错)—Goods imported from abroad are not always best than those made in China.

　　—Yes. Some of the goods made in our country are of high quality.best→better

　　4．(2016·石家庄一模短文改错)The most you practise, the better you can understand. most→more_

　　5．Our school which was built last year is three times as bigger as his.bigger→big对点集训即时巩固·提升知能Ⅰ.单句语法填空

　　1．I was about to give up when my father came and encouraged

　　(encouragement)

　　me to keep going.

　　2．Parents arrange (arrangement) everything for their children and spare no effort to pave the way for their success.

　　3．This hill is four times higher (high) than that small one.

　　4．(2016·齐齐哈尔模拟)In addition to reading for knowledge, we read for fun and inspiration (inspire)．

　　5．I don't think it a reasonable (reason) practice for them to behave that way in our society.

　　6．(2016·河南省六市联考)Friends are more important (importance) than phones in our daily life.

　　7．The farmers' living conditions have improved significantly (significance) ever since the policy of supporting agriculture was introduced.

　　8．(2016·石家庄高中毕业班模拟)Already, she looked like she was much braver (brave) than Larry had been then.

　　9．The earlier (early) the treatment is given, the better it is for

　　the patient.

　　10．Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller (small) one, which is very easy for me to carry.

　　Ⅱ.单句改错

　　1．To make matters bad, now I have to share a room with my younger sister, Maggie. bad→worse

　　2．The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others blind.

　　blind→blindly

　　3．(2016·银川模拟)In some places you may borrow as more books as you need, but in others you are limited to a certain number of books. more→many

　　4．Well, I like much more than one, such as painting and model making, but my favorite is dancing. 去掉much

　　5．(2016·贵阳模拟)Five years ago, our playground was five times the size with yours.with→of

　　6．She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerfully symbol in last year's election. powerfully→powerful

　　7．(2016·哈尔滨质检)Most of the fish there was freezing, but we had not much trouble finding some fresh fish at the other part of the market. freezing→frozen

　　8．(2016·吉林质检)In my opinion, there are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society, but only those who are prepared adequately and qualified high can make use of them to achieve their purposes. high→highly

　　9．I named them “cookies” because I always feel that children can bring great happy and excitement to my life. happy→happiness

　　10．As you are very popularly with us Chinese high school students, we'd like to invite you to the exhibition. popularly→popular

　　Ⅲ.语法填空

　　(2016·郑州模拟)Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese people's daily life. These

　　proverbs are often 1.interesting (interest) stories. 2.For

　　example, the proverb,

　　“pluck up a crop 3.to_help

　　(help) it grow”， is based on the following story.

　　It is said that a short­tempered man in the Song Dynasty (960－1279) was very anxious to help his rice crop grow up 4.quickly

　　(quick). He was thinking about it

　　day and night. But the crop was growing much slower than he expected.

　　One day, he came up with an idea 5.that

　　he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. He did so the next day.

　　He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, 6.but/yet

　　he felt very happy since the crop did

　　“grow”

　　7.higher

　　(high)．

　　His son 8.heard

　　(hear) about this and went to see the crop. Unfortunately the leaves of the crop began to wither.

　　This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their 9.natural

　　(nature) course. Being too anxious to help an event develop often 10.results

　　(result) in the contrary to our intention.