第4讲 动词(短语)和介词(短语)
动词(短语)
[深化认知]
一、常用动词短语
1．agree短语
agree with同意某人的意见，(气候、食物等)适合，与……相符
agree on
对……取得一致意见
agree to
同意(建议、看法、意见等)
agree about
对……有相同的看法
2．bring短语
bring up
提出，养育，呕吐
bring down
降低，打倒
bring out
带来，促使，引起
bring about
引起，导致
3．break短语
break up
打碎，结束，解散，垮掉
break down
分解，发生故障，失败，毁掉，制服，崩溃
break out
(战争、火灾等)爆发
4．come短语
come up with
提出，想出
come across
偶遇
come back
回来，恢复，想起来
come over
过来，顺便来访
come about
发生
come into
进入，得到，继承
come out with
说出，发表，出版
come to
总计，清醒过来
5．call短语
call out
唤起，出动，大声叫唤
call on
拜访，号召
call for
要求，需要
call off
取消
6．carry短语
carry out
实施，执行
carry on
继续
carry away
拿走，使入迷
carry off
夺走，使丧命
7．do短语
do away with
废除
do without
没有……也行
do with
处理，处置，对付
8．drop短语
drop out
辍学，掉队
drop by
顺便来访
drop in (on/at)
顺便拜访(某人/某地)
9．get短语
get over
克服
get away with
侥幸成功，侥幸逃脱
get through
接通(电话)，完成(工作)，通过
(考试)
get across
理解，度过
get rid of
除掉，去掉
get along with
与……相处，取得进展
get down to
开始(做)某事
get along
进展
get on
上车，进展，相处融洽
get to
到达
get in
收割
get away
拿走，逃脱，逃离，休假
get off
动身，从……下来，脱下
get back
回来，恢复，取回
get into
进入，学会，习惯于
get down
下来，取下，咽下，记下，使紧张不安
10．give短语
give away
赠送，给予，背弃，泄露，分发
give up
放弃，辞去
give off
释放，发出，放出(烟、光、热等)
give out
用完，耗尽，分发，发放
give in
屈服，呈交
11．go短语
go by
走过，经过，(时间)消逝，过去
go away
走开，离去
go out
熄灭，出去
go over
复习，过一遍，仔细检查，审阅
go on
发生，进行，继续
go up
上升，上涨，增长，攀登
go after
追求，追赶
go through
通过，浏览
12．hold短语
hold up
举起，阻止，延误
hold on
等一等，不要挂断电话
hold off
拖延，不接近
hold out
伸出，坚持下去，维持
hold back
退缩，踌躇，阻挡，控制住
13．keep短语
keep back
后退，阻止，抑制，扣留(钱)
keep down
控制，镇压
keep off
不靠近，不提及，推迟
keep out
不得入内
keep up
保持，坚持，使(情绪等)不低落
keep up with
跟上，赶上
keep away
防范，不接近
keep with
陪伴
keep an eye on
照看，留意，密切注意
14．leave短语
leave out
省去，遗漏，忽视，不考虑
leave off
停止
leave behind
遗留，忘记带走
leave alone
不管，不理会
15．look短语
look about
环顾
look up
仰望，查阅
look at
看
look into
调查
look up to
尊重
look down upon
轻视，看不起
look forward to
期盼
look out
当心，小心
look after
照顾
look upon
看待，把……看作
look down
俯视，往下看
look through
浏览，看穿
look over
检查，查看
16．make短语
be made of
由……制成(看出原材料)
be made from
由……制成(看不出原材料)
make out
分辨出，勉强认出，理解
make up
化妆，打扮，和解，配置，编造，虚构，构成，组成
make sense
有意义，有道理，讲得通
make the best/most of
充分利用
17．put短语
put off
推迟
put down
镇压，记下
put on
穿上，上演
put up
挂起，张贴，举起，建立
put away
储存
put up with
忍受
put together
把……放在一起，组合
18．run短语
run out
耗尽
run out of
用完，用光
run after
追逐
run across
偶然遇到
run for
竞选
run over
碾过
run into
偶然遇到，与……相撞
19．set短语
set about doing sth.
着手/开始做某事
set aside
留出
set down
放下，记下，开始认真对待
set off
出发，启程，引起爆炸，激起
set out to do sth.
开始做某事，着手做某事
set up
建立，开办，竖起，支起
20．take短语
take off
(飞机)起飞，脱掉，突然成名
take out
拿出，取出
take away
拿走
take in
吸收，接纳，理解，欺骗
take down
取下来，拆毁，拆卸
take up
接受，从事，开始，占去(时间、空间、地位等)
take after
与某人相像
take on
呈现，雇用，承担
21．turn短语
turn over
移交
turn on
打开，取决于
turn off
关掉
turn down
关小，拒绝
turn out
结果是，培养出，生产
turn to
转向，向……求助
turn in
上交
turn around
转身，转过来
turn up
调大，出现
二、常用动词的固定搭配
account for
解释，占(比例)
adapt to
适应
come straight to the point谈正题，开门见山
come to an end
结束
declare war on
宣战
exchange ...for ...
用……交换……
make one's fortune
发财
keep in touch with
与……保持联系
keep in shape保持健康
rise to one's feet
站起来
take possession of占有，拥有
cause damage to
对……造成损害
go in for
爱好，参加，从事
put up with
容忍
hold one's breath
屏住呼吸
take a deep breath
深呼吸
take advantage of
利用，趁……之机
get in/lose touch with
与……取得/失去联系
get hold of
掌握，抓住，得到
give sb. support
给某人支持
put ...into practice
将……付诸行动
work out
制定出，计算出
[典题在线]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2015·广东高考语法填空)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.
2．(2017·辽宁高考语法填空)OK. Don't laugh at me. I may look funny.
3．(2017·广东高考语法填空)I didn't understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.
4．(2017·福建高考单选)As a grassroots singer, she reads everything she can get hold of concerning music, and takes every opportunity to improve herself.
5．(2016·秦皇岛一模)Personally, I agree with the second group of people.
6．(2016·开封一模)This evidence shows that ignoring the traffic regulations will bring about traffic accidents.
7．(2016·长春一模)It is often the husband who gives in first when a quarrel breaks out between the young couple.
8．(2016·济南一模)That's good. I like to keep in shape, so I play a lot of sports.
9．(2016·天津一模)I looked up
and there on the headland was a little kid.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2016·南昌一模)I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree on everything. on→with
2．(2016·大连一模)A quick search on the Internet will bring about dozens of online companies that allow you to register your home for free. about→up
3．(2016·聊城一模)They succeeded in escaping from the burning building by breaking out the door. out→down
4．(2016·渭南一模)I was amazed that he'd come up this sweet idea. up后加with
5．(2016·阳泉一模)They call for people and the government to take measures to fight against the air pollution. for→on
6．(2016·绵阳一模)This proves that as long as we have a strong will, we'll be able to get down any difficulty. down→over
7．(2016·邯郸一模)We will never give off, whatever they might do or say about our plan. off→in
8．(2016·佳木斯一模)The old man went down all kinds of sufferings during the war. down→through
9．Women are playing more and more
important part in society — they hold back half the sky. back→up
介词(短语)
[深化认知]
一、常见介词的用法
1．on＋名词或动名词，表示“一……就……”
On his arrival he went straight to the counter and spoke to the clerk in uniform behind it.
一到饭店，他就径直往柜台走去，并与柜台后面穿制服的店员说话。
2．to与情感名词连用，表示“某种行为后产生的感觉”， to one's delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret/...
Much to our delight and satisfaction, the local government is trying to take strong measures to keep the price under control.
令我们高兴和满意的是，当地政府正在采取强有力措施来控制物价。
3．by
(1)含有“到……的程度”的意思。
This one is shorter than the other by three inches.
这一个比那一个短三英寸。
(2)表示买卖东西所用以计算的数或量，或付酬所用以计算的时间。
Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.
牛奶论品脱卖，黄油论磅卖，蛋类论打卖。
(3)表示“按照……”或“根据……”的意思。
By my watch, the time is half past eleven.
按我的表，现在是十一点半。
4．of与抽象名词连用，表示的意义相当于对应的形容词
of＋great/much＋抽象名词 ＝ very＋形容词
of＋no＋抽象名词 ＝ not＋形容词
(2017·四川高考写作)Besides, it is normal for me to feel nervous, because the exam is of great importance to me.
况且，我感到紧张是正常的，因为这次考试对我来说非常重要。
5．beyond
(1)表示“(时间)过了，比……晚，迟于”。
It's beyond midnight now. Is he still watching the football match?
现在已经过了午夜了。他还在看足球赛吗？
(2)表示“(位置)在……那一边，超出……；为……所不及，超出……的范围”。
Beyond the river stood a power station.
过了这条河就是一个发电站。
Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.
听了她感人的故事，大家都被感动得无以言表。
6．against
(1)表示“逆，顶着；靠着，倚靠；碰着，撞击(表示方向或位置)”。
Birds fly slowly against the wind.
鸟逆风飞得很慢。
He stood with his back against the wall.
他背靠墙站着。
The cold rain beat against the window.
冷雨敲窗。
(2)表示“反对(与for意义相反)；违背”。
Others are against the idea, saying that learning English is useless and is a waste of energy.
其他人反对这个观点，他们说学英语没用，并且浪费精力。
(3)表示“防备，准备”。
Some animals store food against the winter.
有些动物为过冬储备食物。
They have got prepared against flood.
他们已经做好了防洪准备。
(4)表示“衬托，相映”。
Flowers look better against green leaves.
好花还需绿叶衬。
7．with
(表示关系)和……在一起；(表示状态)具有，带有；(表示方式)用……，凭借……；(表示对象)关于……；(表示伴随)随着；(表示原因)由于，因为
The dictionary is what I want, but I don't have enough money with me.
这本词典是我想要的东西，但我身上没带那么多钱。
With the vital exam drawing near, I felt so nervous that I even couldn't eat or sleep, thus making me very sleepy in class.
随着这场重要考试日益临近，我感到如此紧张以至于吃不下睡不着，因此课堂上无精打采。
8．through
(表示位置)穿过；(表示时间)整个……；(表示手段、媒介)依据，经由
Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you through the tough years.
毕业是一个向那些在艰难岁月里帮助过你的人表示感谢的好机会。
9．off
(表示位置)在……的外面，在……的沿海；(表示方向)偏离；从……离开
The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place off the main road at the far end of the lake.
Well Hotel坐落于湖尽头的大路附近一个非常安静的地方。
二、介词短语
介词的固定搭配考查有两种：一是考查固定搭配中的介词；二是考查介词短语。常用的介词短语的固定搭配有：
介词 构成的短语及意义
in in the meanwhile 同时
in the way
阻挡
in time
及时；最终
in detail
详细地
in favour of
同意
in case
以免；万一
in return
作为回报
in exchange for
用以交换……in terms of
就……而言
in need of
需要
in search of
寻找
in the form of
以……形式
in the direction of
朝……方向
in honor of
为纪念
in response to
作为对……的回应
in sight
看得见
in turn
依次
in particular
尤其，特别
in charge
负责，掌管
for be praised for
因为……受到表扬
for life
终生
for the benefit of
为了……的利益
as for
就……而论；关于
be trained for
被训练为……
for lack of
由于缺乏……
on on behalf of 代表
on the contrary
相反
on condition that ...
以……作为条件
on account of
因为，由于
on watch
值班；监视
with have an appointment with
与……有约会
with regard to
关于
above
above average
在平均数以上
above all
首先；最重要的是
by by chance
偶然；碰巧
by name
用名字
by means of
通过……方法
from apart from
除……之外
far from
远非
against warn sb. against doing sth.
警告某人不要做某事
out of out of control
失去控制
out of place
不在合适的位置；不适当的
out of one's reach
某人够不着的地方
out of the question
不可能
out of question
毫无疑问
out of sight
看不见
out of order
发生故障
[典题在线]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.
2．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; at the same time, they warm up again for the night.
3．(2015·广东高考语法填空)Then the Johnsons had to make a living
without a cow.
4．(2015·福建高考单选)A common memory they all have of their school days is the school uniform.
5．(2015·陕西高考单选)The little pupil took his grandma by the arm and walked her across the street.
6．(2015·重庆高考单选)Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature
0.68 ℃ above the average.
7．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)When the bus finally came,
we all hurried on board. I got a place next to the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.
8．(2017·浙江高考单选)While staying in the village,
James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything in return.
9．(2017·北京高考单选)Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)Tony saw a toy on a shop window.on→in
2．(2015·陕西高考短文改错)My soccer coach retired in last week.去掉in
3．(2015·四川高考短文改错)Please help with me and give me some advice.去掉with
4．(2017·四川高考短文改错)If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.wait_后加for
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)Nearly five years ago, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes (圣女果) in our back garden.by→of
6．(2017·浙江高考短文改错)If we could show concern to others on need, the world would be a better place to live in.on→in
7．(2016·营口一模)Suddenly it occurred to me that he might have left it in the taxi. So I immediately got touch with the taxi company.got后加in
8．(2016·烟台一模)I'm afraid physics is completely against me and I have to ask you for help.against→beyond
对点集训即时巩固·提升知能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·镇江调研)As soon as the project came up at the meeting, it attracted many people's attention.
2．(2016·海口模拟)It is well known to us all that friendship calls for time and effort.
3．Second, go outdoors and play team games with your friends as physical exercise is an effective way to get rid of anger.
4．I am trying to persuade him to give up the attempt.
5．As time went by,_I still take singing as my hobby.
6．(2016·昆明质检)The computer game is designed for game lovers, young ones in particular.
7．Dora has some shortcomings but on the whole she seems like an intelligent, likable person.
8．(2016·沈阳模拟)As the only child, Jack was in possession of all the belongings after his parents died.
9．My mother is against my suggestion while my father is in favour of it.
10．We offered her our congratulations on her passing the driving test.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．There is no doubt that the Internet makes communication easier and helps us keep with the latest information. keep后加up
2．Pupils should be taught to look up their parents. up后加to
3．Mary is really good at taking notes in class. She can put off almost every word her teacher says. off→down
4．(2016·西工大附中第七次适应性训练)If we continue to destroy and waste the natural resources like this, we will run out
it sooner or later. out后加of
5．I am afraid the mountain would break down. The next morning we got up early in order to see the sun rise from the east. from→in
6．In first sight, it may look like a generous offer, but always read the small print. In→At
7．(2016·东北三校联考)I'm very interested in the job and I'd
like to apply to the position. 第二个to→for
8．I want to find out a parttime job in the summer. I'm 18 years old and have a good command of English, especially in terms of speaking and listening. 去掉out
9．These are the happiest girls I've ever seen and I'm the happiest in all! in→of
10．He is always helping people without expecting anything as return. as→in
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2016·东北三省四市联考)It was a city in Hubei Province. On International Children's Day, some orphans (孤儿) from the Wuhan Welfare Institute for Children were taken 1.to the park. An elderly westerner was with them. The children were eager to tell him everything that was going on. They held him 2.by the hand and never hesitated to call him Grandpa. This man was Professor William Dorrity, from Florida, USA. In 2003, 3.when/after Professor Dorrity and his wife retired, they came to Wuhan and started to work 4.as volunteers at the Welfare Institute.
The Dorritys have been working hard to improve the conditions at the Welfare Institute since they came. They often take children on day trips, 5.bringing (bring) along with them all kinds of food for the kids to enjoy. They recently bought audiphones for four orphans 6.with hearing problems and small tape recorders for three blind children. They also bought a wheelchair for tenyearold Tan Jun, 7.who
suffers from a brain problem. With the 8.arrival (arrive) of spring, the Dorritys took the children for 9.an outing. “We love China and we love children，”
Dorrity said,
“10.and/so we are happy to do this.”