句子成分 用法 例句
宾语 在一些及物动词，如demand，hope，decide，expect等后充当宾语； 常可用it充当形式宾语，在it与不定式之间夹个宾补，这时谓语动词常用think，believe，guess，suppose，feel，find等。 The workers demanded to get better pay.
I hope to be admitted to a famous university. I found it necessary to talk with him again.
句子成分 用法 例句
表语
起名词作用，表主语的内容，回答主语“是什么”。
His job today is to clean the floor and sweep the yard.
句子成分 用法 例句
定语
与被修饰的名词之间常为逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系，或是动状关系等；
若被修饰的名词是不定式动作的工具，或是逻辑宾语，则要注意给不定式加相应的介词。
He is always the first / last to come.
I have a lot of work to do. (I do the work.)
I have a lot of work to be done. (Someone else will do the work.)
We now have little time to play outside.
You'd better find a house to live in.
I have no pen to write with.
句子成分 用法 例句
状语
不定式在句中可充当目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。
To get there in time，he got up early.
I'm sorry to hear the bad news.
He is too young to go to school.
We are only too happy to see you.
句子成分 用法 例句
宾语补足语
常置于及物动词(ask，tell，advise，expect，etc.)、感官动词(see，hear，find，etc.)、使役动词(make，have，get，etc.)及介词(with/ without, etc.)后。
注意有时to的省略及在被动句中变为主补时to的还原。
The teacher advised us to have a rest first.I didn't notice them come in.She was seen to post the letter yesterday afternoon.He couldn't go out with much work to do.
(四)Ving分词和Ved分词 (A)Ving 分词 1．Ving分词(即动名词和现在分词)的各种形式及意义 主动 否定式 被动式 否定式 一般式 doing not doing
being done not being done 完成式 having done not having done having been done not having been done 主动 否定式 被动式 否定式 提示 一般式表示该动作与谓语动作同时进行；完成式表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前。 一要注意not被“Ving”紧跟；二要避免用“don't”。 表示其逻辑主语接受这一动作。 句子成分 用法 例句 表语 表示主语的特性，常与连系动词be，get, become, look, feel, seem, grow, keep，remain等连用。 The film is more exciting than any that I've seen. The work was tiring. The situation is inspiring.
句子成分 用法 例句 宾补
在句子中构成“谓语动词＋O＋Ving”结构。常用在watch, see, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, have, leave等动词＋宾语之后。
He kept me waiting for a long time.
I saw a girl running to me.
I heard someone calling me.
句子成分 用法 例句 定语
若单个的Ving作定语，置于被修饰的名词之前；若Ving短语作定语，则置于被修饰的名词之后。这个定语往往相当于一个谓语动词是进行时态(有时是一般时态)的定语从句。
There is a waiting taxi (＝a taxi which is waiting)around the corner.
→There is a taxi waiting for us (＝a taxi which is waiting for us)around the corner.
The old lady living next to my house
was an English teacher.
→The old lady who lives next to my house was an English teacher.
句子成分 用法 例句 状语
一般用于表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况的状语。
Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.
Being ill I stayed at home.
Seeing that it was raining, Tom put on his raincoat.
The car ran at an amusing speed, knocking into the wall.
Turning to the left, you'll find the post office.
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
He sat in the chair, reading China Daily.
表一
动作意义 动词类别 例词 完成 被动 及物动词 raised(raise) 已经提高 被提高 不及物动词 risen(rise) 已经升起 表二
成分 例句 位置 语法功能 表语 (1)The glass is broken. (2)He is quite pleased.
在连系动词之后
(1)表主语的状态
(2)表主语的心理感觉
定语
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. (2)The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.
•单个的过去分词作定语一般前置
•过去分词短语作定语通常后置
相当于一个谓语动词是被动语态的定语从句
成分 例句 位置 语法功能 状语
(1)Seen from the top of the hill，the city looked like a big garden.
(2)Deeply moved by the story，the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
(3)Given another chance，he will do better.
(4)Laughed at by many people，he continued his study.
(5)The old man went into the room，supported by his wife.
状语的位置较为灵活，可视表达需要而定。
(1)时间状语
(2)原因状语
(3)条件状语
(4)让步状语
(5)方式状语
成分 例句 位置 语法功能 补语
(1)You should speak louder to make yourself heard.
(2)One of the glasses was found broken.
(1)宾补
(2)主补
(五)Ving/Ved分词的复合结构
名称 形式 作用 例句 动名词的复合结构 n.＋Ving n.'s＋Ving pron.＋Ving 通常作句子的主语、宾语。 注意之点： (1)结构中的名词(n.)可用普通格或所有格；代词用人称代词(pron.)的宾格或形容词性物主代词。但是，若该结构作主语置于句首时，只能用名词所有格或物主代词。(2)这种结构的否定式仍是在Ving前加not。 It's no use your trying to cheat me.Tom's having seen them did not surprise us.Your going there will help a lot.Do you mind me/my opening the door？Excuse me/my interrupting you.I have often heard of him/his working hard.Mary's not passing the exam made her father very angry. 名称 形式 作用 例句 现在分词的独立主格结构
n.＋Ving
pron.＋Ving
there＋Ving
通常在句子中作状语，表时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。在这种结构中，Ving前的代词一般用主格。
The rain being over，we continued to march.The river having risen in the night，the crossing was impossible.Weather permitting，we'll have the match tomorrow.He guiding her，they walked through the woods.There being no bus，he had to walk home. 名称 形式 作用 例句 过去分词的独立主格结构
n.＋Ved
pron.＋Ved
常用作状语，可置于句首、句中或句末。
The flowers watered，the old gardener had a rest.
The boy left then playground, his right foot wounded
This done，we went home.
名称 形式 作用 例句 分词的with结构 with＋O＋Ved
with＋O＋Ving
这种结构的作用与以上独立主格结构差不多。with没有实际意义，只是比较口语化，其后的代词只能用宾格。
With Mr. Smith taking the lead，they decided to set up a trading company.
I told him not to be afraid with me standing by.
They are sleeping with the radio turned off.
十、非谓语动词
功能 形式 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 宾补 相当词类 不定式(to＋v.) √ √ √ √ √ √ n./adj./adv. 动名词(v.＋ing) √ √ √ √ n. 现在分词(v.＋ing) √ √ √ √ adj./adv. 过去分词(v.＋ed) √ √ √ √ adj./adv. 2.非谓语动词作主语和表语的区别
形式 区 别 例 句 不定式 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，作主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。作表语时起n.作用，表示主语的内容，回答主语是什么。
My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important. It is necessary to study English.
形式 区 别 例 句 动名词 更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it作形式主语。作表语时与不定式一样，表示主语的内容，回答主语是什么。
It is no use saying that again and again. Her job is teaching.
形式 区 别 例 句 分词 分词没有名词的功能，不能作主语和宾语。 分词只具adj./adv.的功能，作表语时表示主语的特性或状态，回答主语怎么样。 The situation is encouraging. The book is well written. This story is very interesting.
He is interested in the film. 3.非谓语动词作宾语(限不定式与动名词，分词无此功能) 情 况 常
用
动
词 只接不定式作宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen, etc. 4.非谓语动词作定语
形式 区 别 举 例 不定式 通常置于修饰的名词或代词之后，大多表示一个未来的动作。 I have a lot of work to do. It's time to go. He was the first to come.
动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途。通常置于被其修饰的名词之前。 Shall we go to the swimming pool？ 形式 区 别 举 例 现在分词 与被修饰词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作正在进行 the boiling water
the developing country the falling leaves 过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，也表示该动作已经完成 the boiled water the developed country the fallen leaves 6．非谓语动词作宾语补足语(动名词无此功能) 2．动词不定式在句子中充当的成分及用法 句子成分 用法 例句
主语 一般强调某特定的具体的或将来的行为； 常可用it充当形式主语； 不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。 To read English novels is a good way to learn English. It is very important to learn how to use the computer.