十五、定语从句
名称 关 系 代 词 关 系 副 词 形式 who whom
which that
whose(of whom/which) when where why 指代
范围
人
人
物 物
……(人)的
……(物)的
时间
地点
原因
在从句中的作用
主语 表语
宾语
宾语
主语
表语
宾语 主语
表语
宾语
定语
状语
状语
状语
(二)关系词一览 (三)定语从句的各种形式 名称 例 句 解 说 限制性定语从句 The boy who talked to me is my classmate. The boy (whom)you saw is my classmate. The boy whose parents are abroad is my classmate. September is the day when school begins. That is the school where I study. This is the reason why he was absent from class. In those days that/which followed, we worked very hard. This is the school that/which we visited last year. Do you know the reason which/that he explained to the boss？
(1)这类从句与先行词关系密切，对它有限制作用，因此不可缺少，否则会影响全句的意义。 (2)在从句中作宾语的关系代词可省略。 (3)左边第四句中的“when”相当于“on which”；第五句中的“where”相当in which；第六句中的“why”相当于for which。 (4)有时，定语从句的先行词表时间、地点、原因等，但指代它的关系词却在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，这时，引导定语从句的仍然只能是关系代词，而不能用关系副词。如左边的最后三个例子。 名称 例 句 解 说 非限制性定语从句
I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow.
It had 1，100 students, many of whom later went into the countryside.
That is my room, whose window is open.
He passed the exam, which was expected.
The meeting will be put off till next week, when those fellows will be back.
We then moved to Paris, where we have lived for six years.
(1)这种从句与主句之间用逗号隔开，只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后不影响整个句子的含义。
(2)不能用关系代词that引导。
(3)引导从句的关系词不能省略。
(4)非限制性定语从句的先行词若是前面一整句话，关系代词则用which，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
名称 例 句 解 说 特殊句式
I have the same book as you (have). →My book is the same as yours (is).
→I found the same book that you lost yesterday. (1)关系代词as/that分别引导定语从句修饰先行词the same.../the same。
(2)the same...as...指“同一类(似)”事物；the same...that...指“同一个”，即该事物本身。
Such books as you bought are useless.
People such as you describe are rare nowadays.
as 引导定语从句修饰先行词such或such...。
Heat is a form of energy, as is known to all of us.
As our teacher points out, that book is of benefit to everyone.
as引导非限制性定语从句，可置于句末，句中或句首。
I don't like the way (that/in which) you speak to your mother.
表方式的名词way作先行词时，引导定语从句，且在从句中充当状语时，关联词可用that或in which(即含“in the way”之意)，亦可省略。
(四)介词＋关系代词(prep.＋which / whom) 用 法 例 句 注 释 介词的位置 位于从句末 2.位于从句首 He is an easygoing person (whom) all like to make friends with.
The tool (that/which) he is working with is called a hammer.
关系代词作介词的宾语，远离介词的关系代词可以省略。
The tool with which he is working is called a hammer.
This is the school in which I study.
紧跟介词的关系代词不可省略。
用 法 例 句 注 释 介词的选择 根据先行词
The place at which the bridge is supposed to be built is very beautiful.
“in”表“在……之处”。 根据谓语动词
We have several natives advancing towards our party，to whom we gave some gifts.
“to”出自“give sth to sb.”。
根据句子意思
The girl made a hole in the wall, through which she could see what was going on outsides.
“through”含“通过(那堵墙)”之意。
根据所属关系
The journey took her four months, of which the sailing time was 79 days.
“of”表“其(四个月之)中”。
代替关系副词
The reason for which he was absent is that he was ill.
“for which”可换成关系副词“why”。
(五)关系代词that与which的区别 区别 例句 常用关系代词 that的情况
当先行词是nothing, something, anything, all, each等不定代词时
Do you have anything that is important to tell me?
当先行词被all, any, few, little, no, not, every, each等修饰时
I have few books that are very good.
当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词等修饰时 This is the first book that I bought myself.
The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.
当先行词被the very, the last, the next, the only 等修饰时
This is the very book that I lost yesterday.
区别 例句 常用关系代词 that的情况
当先行词一个指人一个指物时
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children's Palace.
当主句中含有疑问词which时
Which are the books that you bought for me？
当先行词在主句中作表语，且关系代词在从句中也作表语时 China isn't the country that she used to be 50 years ago.
当主句以There be... 结构开头时
There is a seat in the corner that is still free.
There are two tickets of the film that are for you.
区别 例示 常用关系代词 which 的情况
在非限制性定语从句中
Mary has a book, which is very precious.
在介词之后
This is a house in which lives an old man.
当主句中的主语被that修饰时
That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary.
当关系代词后面带有插入语时
Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.
I've bought you some books which, I think, may interest you.