【范文实例】 1.本文是一封电子邮件，属于提纲类作文，文章说明了去澳大利亚的目的，询问了一些相关的情况，内容简洁，要点全面。 2.询问内容是文章的主体，尽管都是询问，但是作者注意了不同句式的变化，运用了May I have my own room？It would be great if I could...，I’m wondering if I could...，I’d like to know...四种不同的提问形式表达了四种不同的询问，可谓是用的巧妙，独具匠心。 3.文章用How happy I am...感叹句表达自己的兴奋之情也能够让收信人倍感亲切。
读后启示：____________________________________________ 用as和which填空 ③Li Ming was late，________made Mr Zhang very angry.
李明迟到了，这让张老师很生气。 ④________he realized, it was too late.
正如他意识到的那样，已经晚了。 答案 ①As ②as ③which
④As 知识点二 关系副词引导的定语从句 1.当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词，表时间用when，表地点用where，表原因用why引导 He will always remember the day when his father returned from America. 他将永远记得他父亲从美国回来的那一天。 The factory where his father works is the largest one in this city. 他父亲工作的那个工厂是这个城市最大的工厂。
I don’t know the reason why he was absent today. 我不知道他今天为什么没来。 2.介词＋关系代词＝ where/when/why/how
when＝表时间的介词(in，at, during)＋which
where＝表地点的介词(in，at，on, under) ＋ which
why＝表原因的介词(如for) ＋which
how＝表方式的介词(如in)＋which
3.关于关系副词where
高考对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转向模糊化的“地点”。实际上， where的外延已发生变化，当先行词是表示某人/物的situation或某事发展的stage时都可用where这个关系副词。 They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了彼此必须分手的地步。
4.关系代词和关系副词的区别 关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分。 比较： Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?
你还记得我们一起在青岛度过的日子吗？ Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?
你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？ 关系代词或关系副词的选用，关键是看先行词与从句中动词的关系：先行词是否作从句中动词的宾语或主语；将先行词带入从句中是否需要添加介词。 1.(2017·四川，9)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ________ they live.
答案 where [本题考查定语从句引导词。先行词是environment为物(抽象地点)，而且定语从句中不缺少主语， live在此为不及物动词，故选where (＝in which)。] 2.Life is like a long race ________ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
答案 where [句意：生活像长跑比赛，我们与其他人竞争以超越我们自己。先行词为race，代入定语从句后为：...we compete with others to go beyond ourselves in the long race.由此可见，race在定语从句中作状语，且表示地点，故用关系副词where。] 有些“动词＋介词”构成的固定短语，如look for, look after, call on等不能把介词提到关系代词前。 知识点三 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1.“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，当介词放在关系代词前面时， 关系代词不能省略；反之，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which(指物)，that/who/whom(指人)作介词的宾语，作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。 This is the book for which you asked. (which不能省略)这是你所要的书。
This is the book which you asked for. (which可省略)这是你所要的书。
Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born? (which 不能省略)这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？ He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.(which不能省略)他付小男孩10美元擦10个窗户，大多数窗户至少一年没有清理过了。 The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.(whom不能省略)
昨天你告诉我的那个绅士结果是个小偷。 2.“介词＋which/whom”中介词的确定分两种情况：
(1)与定语从句中的动词构成搭配。 The man I talked about at the meeting is from America. ＝The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from America. 在会议中我谈到的那个人来自美国。
但下面这句中for不可以提前，因为look for是动词短语。 This is the person (whom/who/that) you are looking for. 这就是你找的那个人。 (2)与定语从句所修饰的先行词搭配。 He came to a farm, on which he finally settled. 他来到一个农场，最后在那里安了家。 3.“复合介词短语＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，常与先行词用逗号隔开，定语从句常用倒装语序。 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在一个大房子里，房子的前面有一棵大树。
that用法真有趣，两个地方它不去；逗号后边它不去，介词之后不考虑。 1.I saw a woman running toward me in the dark.Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction ________ she had come.
答案 from which [考查“介词＋关系代词”形式的定语从句。考生易受思维定式的影响，认为本题中的先行词为direction，通常与介词in搭配，表示“朝……方向”，进而误用in which。 句意：在黑暗中我看到一名女子向我跑来。还没有等我看清楚她是谁，她就沿着原来的方向跑回去了。根据句意，将先行词代入从句中应为she had come from the direction，故用from which。] 2.根据句意在空白处填入相应的介词＋关系代词 ①The clever boy made a hole in the wall，________he could see what was happening inside the house. ②The age________children can go to school is seven. ③The dog，________she used to be afraid, is her favourite animal now. ④The speed________Tom drives his car is too high. ⑤Tom is the boy ________I went to the cinema together. 答案 ①through which ②at which ③of which ④at which ⑤with whom 易错点1 as与which在定语从句中的区别 A lot of language learning, ________ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. 解析 本题考查非限制性定语从句。关系代词指整个一句话A lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life。as用在句首，which用在句末，正确答案应该是as。 答案 as 【即时小练】 We recommend that our human beings treat the nature with the same care ________ we give to our eyes. 答案 as [先行词有the same修饰，其后定语从句则用that或as引导。that表示同一个物，as表示同类中的一个。根据题意可知应选as。] 以题说法 结合左面题目，我们可以汇总在定语从句中对as的考查多为： ①引导限制性定语从句时，as常用于such...as, so...as，the same...as, as...as结构中。
He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday. 他看的书和你昨天买的那本是一样的。 ②引导非限制性定语从句时，as引导的从句放在主句之前、之后均可，意为“正如……”；which引导的从句只能放在主句之后，意为“这一点，这件事”。 突破指南 正确判断找出先行词，看是否有“such”“the same”等词的修饰，是否翻译为“正如……”。 易错点2 关系词在句中的作用判断失误 (2017·湖南模拟)Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ________ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. 解析 句意：在本章的后一部分，将给读者介绍一些案例，在这些案例中，消费者的投诉已经使法律做出了修改。根据句意判定cases为先行词，关系词在定语从句中作状语，相当于in these cases, in which＝where，即先行词在从句中作状语。 答案 where 【即时小练】 Remember that there is still one point ________ we must make clear at the conference tomorrow. 答案 that [句意：记住还有一点是我们必须在明天会议上弄清楚的。先行词为point，代入定语从句中作make的宾语(make the point clear)，故选关系代词that。] 以题说法 此题易误用who，将readers错当了先行词，其实，根据句意及从句中所给的语境，我们可知先行词为cases。 突破指南 定语从句中先行词为case, point, position, situation等词时，一定要确定它们在定语从句中所作的成分，如作状语，用关系副词where；作主/宾语时，用that或which。
易错点3 定语从句与强调句的判断 (2017·黑龙江哈师大附中月考)It was in the small house ________ was built with stones by his father ________ he spent his childhood. 解析 考查定语从句和强调句。句意：他是在他父亲用石头建造的那座小房子里度过了他的童年。前一空中which引导一个定语从句，修饰前面的house；后一空是一个强调句。判断句子是否为强调句，只要将强调句型中的It is/was，that/who去掉句子意思完整，这就是强调句型。 答案 which；that 【即时小练】 It is few people，________ have come to ask for the position，________ I think are fit for the job. 答案 who；that [考查定语从句及强调句型。第一空考查非限制性定语从句的关系词，people是先行词，在定语从句中作主语，用who引导。第二空考查强调句型中的that。] 以题说法 定语从句和强调句糅合在一起考查，是对定语从句的一种考查方式，解决问题的关键是找准句子的主干意思，即找到强调句型的填充处。 突破指南 在定语从句与强调句的结合中，“先行词＋定语从句”多为强调句中的被强调部分。第一空的设置多是对定语从句的考查，第二空多为强调句型。
易错点4 由分隔问题而导致的错误 The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. 解析 句意：仅靠体力能谋生的时代一去不复返了。先行词为days，将其带入空格后的定语从句中可知该先行词作状语，表时间，相当于in which，故用关系副词when。 答案 when 【即时小练】 Occasions are quite rare ________ I have the time to spend a day with my kids. 答案 when [句意：我很少有这样的机会：抽出一天的时间陪孩子。根据句意可知，本题考查定语从句中的关系词。先行词为“occasions”，意为“机会”。由于空格后的句子不缺少成分，故应填关系副词when，在定语从句中作状语，相当于on which。] 以题说法 分隔式定语从句的难点在于如何准确找到先行词，一旦找准先行词，确定关系代词或关系副词就很容易了。 突破指南 正确分析句子结构，翻译句子含义，是做好此种题目的关键。 假定你是中国高中生李华，今年暑假期间将去澳大利亚悉尼南部Kogarah的一所综合性学校Kogarah High School学习一个月，并将寄宿在当地的居民Silvia家中。请给Silvia写一封电子邮件，询问一些将在Kogarah生活的有关情况。具体询问内容如下： 1.住宿是否可以有单间； 2.房间里是否有网络； 3.是否可以自己煮饭； 4.是否有便利的交通。 注意：1.词数100左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 3.开头语和结束语已为你写好。 Dear Silvia， Greetings from China！I am Li Hua, a high school student in China. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Looking forward to your reply. Best wishes， Yours sincerely， Li Hua 专题七 定语从句
定语从句思维流程 知识点一 关系代词引导的定语从句 常用关系代词的用法如下： 关系代词 修饰的先行词 所作成分 who 人
主语、宾语 whom 人
宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 which 物 主语、宾语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada. 昨天来我们学校参观的那个外国人来自加拿大。 They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water. 他们种了一些不需要浇太多水的树木。 1.关系代词that与which的用法区别 (1)只用that引导的定语从句。
that在定语从句中可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，可以代替who, whom, which等。下列情况只用that而不用which引导定语从句。 ①当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one时。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你还有想要为你自己说的事情吗？ You should hand in all that you have. 你应该上交你拥有的一切。 ②当先行词前面被the only, the very(恰恰，正好)，any，few, little, no, all等词修饰时。
The only thing that we can do is give you some money. 我们唯一能做的事情是给你一些钱。 ③当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the best that has been used against pollution. 这是用来抵制污染最好的(方法)。 This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。 ④当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。 What is the first American film that you have seen?
你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？ ⑤当先行词既有人又有物时。 Do you know the persons and things that they are talking about? 你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗？
⑥当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。 Which is the bike that you lost?
哪一辆自行车是你丢的？ Who is the boy that won the gold medal?
获得金牌的男孩是谁？ ⑦当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是以前的那座城市了。 (2)用which而不用that引导的定语从句
①which可引导非限制性定语从句，that则不能。 He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他没通过数学考试，这令他父亲很生气。 ②在介词提前的定语从句中，只用which而不用that引导。 This is the place in which Lu Xun used to live. 这是鲁迅曾住过的地方。 2.关系代词who，whom和whose的用法 (1)关系代词who，whom先行词指人。who是主格，在从句中作主语，不可省略； whom/that在定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略； whose是属格，先行词既可指人，也可指物。在定语从句中用作定语，不可省略。 The man who was here yesterday is a painter.(who在从句中作主语) 昨天在这里的那个人是画家。 I know the man whom you mean. (whom在从句中用作宾语，可省略)
我认识你指的那个人。 A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. (whose在从句中用作定语，不可省略)
失去父母的孩子叫孤儿。 I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. ＝I’d like a room，of which the window looks out over the sea. ＝I’d like a room，the window of which looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面朝大海的房间。 3.关系代词as引导的定语从句 These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)
这些房子以人们所期望的那样的低价出售了。 He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。(as作表语) ★such...as...引导的定语从句与such...that...引导的状语从句的区别： ①He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. 他是一个人人都喜欢的聪明男孩。 ②He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. 他是个如此聪明的男孩以至于每个人都喜欢他。 第一个句子包含了一个定语从句，因为从句中缺成分；而第二句的从句不缺任何成分，是状语从句。 (2)as表示“正如，正像” 此时，as从句中常用know, expect, happen, point out, plan, suggest等单词或短语。 He came back home late，as we expected. 正如我们所料，他回家晚了。 As is pointed out, this is a grammar problem. 正如所指出的，这是个语法问题。 1.关系代词有六个，听我逐一来说破； which表物人用who，人物都有that顾；which用在逗号后，意表前句你要know；who作主语很称职，whom用到宾语里。 先行若是不定代，that就把which踹；先行词前有两数，就用that定无误； 先行词前最高级，还用that必无疑；句中若有there be, that应把which替； 先行主中作表语，避免重复从句里(Just the only very same last，其后也要用that)。 2.that, which代表物，区别听我来叙述； 当表示地点、时间或原因的名词在定语从句中作主语、宾语时，用that/which引导。 1.The old town has narrow streets and small houses ________ are built close to each other.
答案 that/which [本题考查定语从句。句意：这古老的城镇拥有狭窄的街道和一些小房子，这些房子都靠得很近。本题为定语从句，且从句中缺少主语，用that/which引导。] 2.The old temple ________ roof was damaged in the storm is now under repair.
答案 whose [该题中先行词为temple，将其代入后面的从句中可知temple作定语，故选whose。] 3.The new policy only covers such people ________ have made great contributions to our country during the war.
答案 as [句意：这项新政策只涉及那些在战争中为祖国做出重大贡献的人们。根据句意，判断先行词为people，又因先行词由such修饰，故用as。] 4.用who或whom填空，并说明所作成分 ①This is a nurse________wears a white skirt. ②He is a worker________works very hard. ③She is a teacher________I like best. ④Tom is the driver________we talked about. ⑤Do you know the girl to________our teacher is talking. ⑥She is the teacher to________students show respect. ⑦The manager for________you have been waiting is coming. 答案 ①who 作主语 ②who 作主语 ③who/whom 作宾语 ④who/whom 作宾语 ⑤whom 作介词宾语(只能用whom)
⑥whom 作介词宾语(只能用whom) ⑦whom 作介词宾语 5.whose的用法 ①The girl________is a teacher studies very hard.那个女孩学习非常刻苦，她的妈妈是一位教师。 ②Uncle Wang________we have just passed is a lawyer.
我们刚刚经过王叔叔的办公室，他是一位律师。 ③Are there any rooms________face the sea?
有没有窗户朝着海的房间？ ④The house________is painted red belongs to the Browns.门被刷成红色的那个房子是布朗家的。 答案 ①whose mother ②whose office ③whose windows
④whose door 6.把as和that填入下列句子 ①This is such an interesting book ________we all want to read twice.这是一本我们都想读两遍的有趣的书。 ②This is such an interesting book________we all want to read it twice.这本书如此有趣，以至于我们都想再读一遍。 答案 ①as ②that 7.翻译(the same...as, the same...that) ①This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 答案 这是支和我昨天丢失的一样的钢笔。 ②This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 答案 这就是我昨天丢失的钢笔。 as引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词是整个主句，指代主句的内容。 8.用适当的词填空 ①________we all know, smoking is bad for our health.
众所周知，抽烟有害健康。 ②Li Ming is late，________is known by all.
李明迟到了，这是大家都知道的。