2017届高考英语一轮复习考点真题演练：Section 12 阅读理解之科普知识类（含解析）

　　Section 12　阅读理解

　　科普知识类

　　词义猜测题解题技巧(Ⅱ)

　　3．根据原始含义和所在句语境推断熟词新义

　　众所周知，英语单词词义丰富，搭配灵活，一些熟词在特定语境中常产生新含义。

　　(1)有些新含义与原含义没有联系，需要借助上下文进行推断

　　(2)有些新含义既来自原含义又体现新特点，只有将原含义和新语境有机结合，在整体思维、综合考虑的基础上才能准确推断。

　　【典例】

　　The way most of us spend our mornings is exactly opposite to the conditions that promote flexible，openminded thinking.Imaginative ideas are most likely to come to us when we’re unfocused.If you are one of those energetic morning people，your most inventive time comes in the early evening when you are relaxed.Sleepy people’s lack of focus leads to an increase in creative problem solving.By not giving yourself time to tune__into__your__wandering__mind，you’re missing out on the surprising solutions it may offer.

　　By “tune into your wandering mind”(in Para.2)，the author means“________”．

　　A．wander into the wild

　　B．listen to a beautiful tune

　　C．switch to the traffic channel

　　D．stop concentrating on anything

　　解析　词义猜测题。根据语境可知，若一味集中注意力而无暇放松，将错失有创造性的解决问题的方法。D项意为“不将注意力集中在某事物上”，符合语境。

　　答案　D

　　句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测一个具有概括性的句子或格言、谚语等。这要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行直接的或解释性的描述，难度略大。

　　做这类题时，考生可

　　4．依据语境逻辑推断普通词汇的特殊含义

　　一些非常常见、十分普通的词汇在特殊场合会产生特殊的含义，解题时应认真阅读，仔细分析特定词汇所在句和邻近句，弄清作者的表达目的和写作意图，揭示其在特定词汇使用上的言外之意，从而正确推断该词的真正含义。

　　【典例】

　　When Frida Kahlo’s paintings were on show in London，a poet described her paintings as “a ribbon(丝带)around a bomb”．Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time.Sadly，she is actually a__much__bigger__name today than she was during her time.

　　What does the phrase “a much bigger name”in Paragraph 1 most nearly mean?

　　A．A far better artist.

　　B．A far more gifted artist.

　　C．A much stronger person.

　　D．A much more famous person.

　　解析　墨西哥女画家弗里达·卡罗，身残志不残，创作了无数优秀作品。虽然在有生之年其作品未能受到应有的关注，70年代底得到了国际声誉。name意为“名字”，但在本文提供的语境中其意义变为“名声”。

　　答案　D

　　5．略过生词

　　对于阅读理解中的生词，如果是人名、地名、国家名、组织机构名等次要信息，我们大可不必过分重视。事实上，不知道这些单词的意思不一定会影响我们对整句或全文的理解，很多时候更不会影响我们后面的解题。如：On his right the gentleman wore a gauntlet of heavy leather.如果gauntlet一词的含义，通过本句的语境知道它是戴在手上的用皮革制成的某种东西即可(防护手套)。

　　6．学会只猜测生词的大概意思，而不求其准确含义

　　The Asian gibbon，like other apes，especially adapts to life in trees.

　　解析　在这句话中，考生只要猜出gibbon是apes(类人猿)的一种就行了，没必要知道其准确意思。

　　相信过了词汇这一关，阅读理解一定会取得高分的。赶快试试吧。

　　Passage 1

　　(2016·四川高考)A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.

　　Researchers have discovered that“night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.

　　The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.

　　Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.

　　Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.

　　While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.

　　Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.

　　Milk is also sugar－free and additive－free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.

　　1．According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk________．

　　A．started sleep more easily

　　B．were more anxious

　　C．were less active

　　D．woke up later

　　2．Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?

　　A．It’s been tested on mice for ten times.

　　B．It can make people more energetic.

　　C．It exists in milk in great amount.

　　D．It’s used in sleeping drugs.

　　3．What can be a suitable title for the text?

　　A．Night Milk and Sleep

　　B．Fat Sugar and Health

　　C．An Experiment on Mice

　　D．Milk Drinking and Health

　　4．How does the author support the theme of the text?

　　A．By giving examples.

　　B．By stating arguments.

　　C．By explaining statistical data.

　　D．By providing research results.

　　Passage 2

　　(2016·全国Ⅲ)Bad news sells.If it bleeds, it leads.No news is good news, and good news is no news.Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking people’s e－mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.

　　“The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media，” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling.But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react.You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”

　　Researchers analyzing word－of－mouth communication—e－mails，Web posts and reviews, face－to－face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr.Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e－mailed” list for six months.One of his first finds was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non－science articles.He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.

　　Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr.Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”

　　1．What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?

　　A．News reports.

　　B．Research papers.

　　C．Private e－mails.

　　D．Daily conversations.

　　2．What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?

　　A．They’re socially inactive.

　　B．They’re good at telling stories.

　　C．They’re inconsiderate of others.

　　D．They’re careful with their words.

　　3．Which tended to be the most e－mailed according to Dr.Berger’s research?

　　A．Sports news.

　　B．Science articles.

　　C．Personal accounts.

　　D．Financial reviews.

　　4．What can be a suitable title for the text?

　　A．Sad Stories Travel Far Wide.

　　B．Online News Attracts More People.

　　C．Reading Habits Change with the Times.

　　D．Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks.

　　Passage 1

　　(2015·全国)Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.

　　Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self－conscious(难为情)when they’re in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn’t have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.

　　Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it’s time to repaint，go blue.

　　Don’t forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you’re at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.

　　Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12－inch plate instead of a 10－inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent.And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass.

　　1．The text is especially helpful for those who care about________．

　　A．their home comforts

　　B．their body shape

　　C．house buying

　　D．healthy diets

　　2．A home environment in blue can help people________．

　　A．digest food better

　　B．reduce food intake

　　C．burn more calories

　　D．regain their appetites

　　3．What are people advised to do at mealtimes?

　　A．Eat quickly.

　　B．Play fast music.

　　C．Use smaller spoons.

　　D．Turn down the lights.

　　4．What can be a suitable title for the text?

　　A．Is Your House Making You Fat?

　　B．Ways of Serving Dinner

　　C．Effects of Self－Consciousness

　　D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?

　　Passage 2

　　(2015·北京高考)

　　Life in the Clear

　　Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3，300 feet—as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.”

　　And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see through? It’s trickier than you might think.

　　The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.

　　But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn’t look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don’t see it—you see the things behind it.

　　To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.

　　Animals are built of many different materials—skin, fat, and more—and light moves through each at a different speed.Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see－through. Others build a large, clear mass of non－living jelly－like(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it.

　　Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how they’re doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a non－transparent milky white.

　　1．According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals ________．

　　A．stay in groups

　　B．can be easily damaged

　　C．appear only in deep ocean

　　D．are beautiful creatures

　　2．The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________．

　　A．silently

　　B．gradually

　　C．regularly

　　D．completely

　　3．One way for animal to become transparent is to ________.

　　A．change the direction of light travel

　　B．gather materials to scatter light

　　C．avoid the absorption of light

　　D．grow bigger to stop light

　　4．The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals ________．

　　A．move more slowly in deep water

　　B．stay see－through even after death

　　C．produce more tissues for their survival

　　D．take effective action to reduce light spreading

　　Passage 3

　　(2015·陕西高考)Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades.Other forms of parental__involvement,__including volunteering at school and observing a child’s class，also fail to help，according to the most recent study on the topic.

　　The findings challenge a key principle of modern parenting (养育子女) where schools expect them to act as partners in their children’s education.Previous generations concentrated on getting children to school on time, fed，dressed and ready to learn.

　　Keith Robinson，the author of the study，said，“I really don’t know if the public is ready for this but there are some ways parents can be involved in their kids’

　　education that leads to declines in their academic performance.One of the things that was consistently negative was parents’ help with homework.”Robinson suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle to understand the tasks.“They may either not remember the material their kids are studying now，or in some cases never learnt it themselves，but they’re still offering advice.”

　　Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks.In general，about 20% of parental involvement was positive，about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant.

　　Common sense suggests it was a good thing for parents to get involved because “children with good academic success do have involved parents”，admitted Robinson.But he argued that this did not prove parental involvement was the root cause of that success.“A big surprise was that Asian－American parents whose kids are doing so well in school hardly involved.They took a more reasonable approach，conveying to their children how success

　　at school could improve their lives.”

　　1．The underlined expression “parental involvement” in Paragraph 1 probably means________．

　　A．parents’ expectation on children’s health

　　B．parents’ participation in children’s education

　　C．parents’ control over children’s life

　　D．parents’

　　plan for children’s future

　　2．What is the major finding of Robinson’s study?

　　A．Modern parents raise children in a more scientific way.

　　B．Punishing kids for bad marks is mentally damaging.

　　C．Parental involvement is not so beneficial as expected.

　　D．Parents are not able to help with children’s homework.

　　3．The example of Asian－American parents implies that parents should________．

　　A．help children realize the importance of schooling

　　B．set a specific life goal for their children

　　C．spend more time improving their own lives

　　D．take a more active part in school management

　　Passage 4

　　(2015·重庆高考)The values of artistic works，according to cultural relativism(相对主义)，are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions.Such a view，however，fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries.

　　History has witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world.It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls，as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries.Unique works of this kind are different from today’s popular art，even if they began as works of popular art.They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future.

　　In a 1757 essay，the philosopher David Hume argued that because“the general principles of taste are uniform(不变的) in human nature，”the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years.Works of this type，he believed，spoke to deep and unvarying features of human nature and could continue to exist over centuries.

　　Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art.For example，evolutionary psychology is being used by literary scholars to explain the long－lasting themes and plot devices in fiction.The structures of musical pieces are now open to experimental analysis as never before.Research findings seem to indicate that the creation by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discovery by a great scientist.

　　1．According to the passage，what do we know about cultural relativism?

　　A．It introduces different cultural values.

　　B．It explains the history of artistic works.

　　C．It relates artistic values to local conditions.

　　D．It excites the human mind throughout the world.

　　2．In Paragraph 2，the artists are mentioned in order to show that

　　________．

　　A．great works of art can go beyond national boundaries

　　B．history gives art works special appeal to set them apart

　　C．popular arts are hardly distinguishable from great arts

　　D．great artists are skilled at combining various cultures

　　3．According to Hume，some works of art can exist for centuries because ________．

　　A．they are results of scientific study

　　B．they establish some general principles of art

　　C．they are created by the world’s greatest artists

　　D．they appeal to unchanging features of human nature

　　4．Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?

　　A．Are Artistic Values Universal?

　　B．Are Popular Arts Permanent?

　　C．Is Human Nature Uniform?

　　D．Is Cultural Relativism Scientific?

　　Passage 5

　　(2017·四川高考)With around 100 students scheduled to be in that 9 am Monday morning lecture，it is no surprise that almost 20 people actually make it to the class and only 10 of them are still awake after the first 15 minutes；it is not even a surprise that most of them are still in their pyjamas(睡衣)．Obviously，students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles to their daily schedule.

　　All human beings possess a body clock.Along with other alerting(警报)systems，this governs the sleep/ wake cycle and is therefore one of the main processes which govern sleep behaviour.Typically，the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents，which leads to many students not feeling sleepy until much later in the evenings.This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the“night owl”schedule of sleep.

　　This is opposed to the“early bird”schedule，and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight.Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings.Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night.Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as“night owls”and only 10 percent can be classified as“early birds”—the other 70 percent are in the middle.Although this is clearly not true for all students，for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures which unfortunately fall before midday.

　　1．What does the author stress in Paragraph 1?

　　A．Many students are absent from class.

　　B．Students are very tired on Monday mornings.

　　C．Students do not adjust their sleep patterns well.

　　D．Students are not well prepared for class on Mondays.

　　2．Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2?

　　A．Most students prefer to get up late in the morning.

　　B．Students don’t sleep well because of alerting systems.

　　C．One’s body clock governs the sleep/wake cycle independently.

　　D．Adolescents’ delayed sleep/wake cycle isn’t the preferred pattern.

　　3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word“classified”？

　　A．Criticised.

　　B．Grouped.

　　C．Organised.

　　D．Named.

　　4．What does the text mainly talk about?

　　A．Functions of the body clock.

　　B．The“night owl”phenomenon.

　　C．Human beings’ sleep behaviour.

　　D．The school schedule ofearly birds”．

　　Passage 6

　　(2017·新课标全国)

　　The Cambridge Science Festival Curiosity Challenge

　　Dare to Take the Curiosity Challenge!

　　The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF) is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge.The challenge invites，even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing that shows their curiosity and how it inspires them to explore their world.

　　Students are being dared to draw a picture，write an article，take a photo or write a poem that shows what they are curious about.To enter the challenge，all artwork or pieces of writing should be sent to the Cambridge Science Festival，MIT Museum，265 Mass Avenue，Cambridge 02139 by Friday，February 8th.

　　Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honored at a special ceremony during the CSF on Sunday，April 21st.Guest speakers will also present prizes to the students.Winning entries will be published in a book.Student entries will be exhibited and prizes will be given.Families of those who take part will be included in the celebration and brunch will be served.

　　Between March 10th and March 15th，each winner will be given the specifics of the closing ceremony and the Curiosity Challenge celebration.The program guidelines and other related information are available at：http：//cambridgesciencefestival.org.

　　1．Who can take part in the Curiosity Challenge?

　　A．School students.

　　B．Cambridge locals.

　　C．CSF winners.

　　D．MIT artists.

　　2．When will the prize－giving ceremony be held?

　　A．On February 8th.

　　B．On March 10th.

　　C．On March 15th.

　　D．On April 21st.

　　3．What type of writing is this text?

　　A．An exhibition guide.

　　B．An art show review.

　　C．An announcement.

　　D．An official report.

　　Passage 7

　　(2017·安徽高考)Recordings of angry bees are enough to send big，tough African elephants running away，a new study says.Beehives (蜂窝)—either recorded or real—may even prevent elephants from damaging farmers’ crops.

　　In 2002，scientist Lucy King and her team found that elephants avoid certain trees with bees living in them.Today，Lucy wants to see if African honeybees might discourage elephants from eating crops.But before she asked farmers to go to the trouble of setting up beehives on their farms，she needed to find out if the bees would scare elephants away.

　　Lucy found a wild beehive inside a tree in northern Kenya and set up a recorder.Then she threw a stone into the beehive，which burst into life.Lucy and her assistant hid in their car until the angry bees had calmed down.Next，Lucy searched out elephant families in Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya and put a speaker in a tree close to each family.

　　From a distance，Lucy switched on the pre－recorded sound of angry bees while at the same time recording the elephants with a video camera.Half the elephant groups left the area within ten seconds.Out of a total of 17 groups，only one group ignored the sound of the angry bees.Lucy reported that all the young elephants immediately ran to their mothers to hide under them.When Lucy played the sound of a waterfall (瀑布) instead of the angry bees to many of the same elephant families，the animals were undisturbed.Even after four minutes，most of the groups stayed in one place.

　　Lucy is now studying whether the elephants will continue to avoid the sound of angry bees after hearing it several times.She hasn’t tested enough groups yet to know，but her initial (最初的) results were promising enough to begin trials with farmers.She has now begun placing speakers in the fields to see if elephants are frightened away.

　　1．We know from the passage that elephants may be frightened of ________．

　　A．loud noises

　　B．some crops

　　C．video cameras

　　D．angry bees

　　2. As mentioned in the passage，Lucy

　　________．

　　A．works by herself in Africa

　　B．needs to test more elephant groups

　　C．has stopped elephants eating crops

　　D．has got farmers to set up beehives on their farms

　　3．Why did Lucy throw a stone into a wild beehive?

　　A．To record the sound of bees.

　　B．To make a video of elephants.

　　C．To see if elephants would run away.

　　D．To find out more about the behavior of bees.

　　4．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

　　A．Young elephants ignore African honeybees.

　　B．Waterfalls can make elephants stay in one place.

　　C．Elephants do not go near trees with bees living in them.

　　D．Farmers do not allow Lucy to conduct tests in their fields.

　　Section 12　阅读理解

　　科普知识类

　　【高考真题演练】

　　1．2016年高考真题

　　Passage 1

　　【语篇导读】　这是一篇科普文章。好多人有晚上睡觉前喝一杯热牛奶的习惯，认为有助于睡眠。但是现在，一项研究发现如果是夜间挤的奶，它确实帮助人们睡眠。

　　1．B　[细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime”可知喝白天挤的牛奶的老鼠比喝夜间挤的牛奶的老鼠更容易焦躁。]

　　2．D　taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night”可知，褪黑激素已经制成药物供那些难以入睡的人服用。]

　　3．A　[主旨大意题。文章主要说明了喝夜间挤的牛奶与睡眠之间的关系。所以选项A 是文章的最佳标题。]

　　4．D　[篇章结构题。详读全文，可以看出作者D项。]

　　Passage 2

　　【语篇导读】　本文是一篇议论文，研究表明好消息要比坏消息在网络上传播的更快、更广。

　　1．A　[细节理解题。根据首段中的Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.可知，这些规则适用于资讯报道。故选A

　　2．C　[细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句可知，像Debbie Downer那样的人是不替别人着想的。故选 C。]

　　3．B　[细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，人们更愿意发送一些科学类的文章。故选B。]

　　4．D　[文章标题题。文章主要表明了通过研究证明了好消息要比坏消息在网络上传播的更快、更广。故选 D。]

　　2．经典高考真题

　　Passage 1

　　【语篇导读】　这是一篇科普说明文。短文主要说明了人的食量与房子粉刷的颜色、灯光的明暗等有着密切的关系。它们对人的身材会产生一定的影响。

　　1．B　[推理判断题。短文主要说明了饮食与室内光线、墙壁的颜色、餐具的尺寸及进餐的速度等有着密切的关系。显然这对于那些注重体型的人是有所帮助的。故答案为B。]

　　2．B　[事实细节题。根据第三段“...people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.”可知，蓝色的用餐环境有助于减少食物摄入量。因此B项正确。]

　　3．C　[事实细节题。由第四段第二句可知，进餐快的人比进餐慢的人每顿饭多消耗70卡路里的热量。由此可知A项错误。由第四段倒数第二句中的“turn on relaxing music”可知B项不对。而由第二段首句中的“turn up the lights”可知D项也是错误的。根据最后一段“when we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake jumps by 14 percent.”也可直接推知答案为C。]

　　4．A　[标题归纳题。短文首句即为主题句：房子可能影响住户的身材。接下来从房子的颜色、室内灯光等方面说明了对饮食的影响。用A项作标题，既能总括全文，又能吸引读者。]

　　Passage 2

　　【语篇导读】　本文主要讲述了透明生物的特点、透明原理以及构成机制。

　　1．B　[细节理解题。由第一段Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch可知大部分透明的动物都极度易碎，轻微的触摸都能使其受到伤害。选B。]

　　2．D　[词义猜测题。上下文语境是你能看到物体——一种是对光进行了散射，D。]

　　3．C　[细节理解题。由第五段第一句话make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does.可知为了成为透明动物，它需要阻止自己的身体吸光或者是散射光。选C。]

　　4．D　[推理判断题。根据they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light可知，它们不得不让身体中所有的不同的组织降低光的传播速度。故选D。]

　　Passage 3

　　【语篇导读】　本文是一篇议论文。最新研究表明，父母的参与并不能提高孩子的成绩。

　　1．B　[词义猜测题。根据文章的第involvement涉及；卷入，对应B项中的participation一词。]

　　2．C　[推理判断题。从第四段中提供的Robinson调查数据表明：只有20%的父母参与是积极的，而45%的参与是消极的，还有剩下的数据表明，父母的参与没有意义，因此可以看出，父母的参与并不像我们想象的那样有好处。]

　　3．A　[细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句话可知，一些亚洲裔美国人

　　Passage 4

　　【语篇导读】　本文是说明文，主要介绍了艺术作品是永恒受欢迎的，原因是人类的审美具有共同性，并且就此展开说明。

　　1．C　[细节推断题。根据文章第一句可知相对主义文化是地方社会和经济状况的反应。故选择C。]

　　2．A　[细节推断题。根据第二段列举的三个例子可以看出艺术作品是没有国界的。故选择A。]

　　3．D　[细节推断题。根据文章第三段第一句the philosopher David Hume argued that because“the general principles of taste are uniform(不变的) in human nature，”the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.可知，选择D。]

　　4．A　[主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了艺术作品是永恒受欢迎的，因此其价值也是共同的。]

　　Passage 5

　　【语篇导读】　这是一篇议论文。每个人都有属于自己的生物钟。研究发现：由于某些人的睡眠周期不能与日常事务很好地协调，从而造成睡眠紊乱。有相当一部分人成了半夜不睡觉早晨起不了床的“夜猫子”。

　　1．C　[细节理解题。本段最后一句话对以上所述进行总结，也是本段的大意。由此可知C项正确。]

　　2．D　[细节理解题。根据“Typically，the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents...”一句可知答案为D。]

　　3．D　[词义猜测题。画线单词所在句子的意思是“研究结果表明大约有20%的人可以划分到‘夜猫子’这一类，10%的人可以划分到‘早起的鸟儿’这一类。”name一词意思最为接近。]

　　4．B　[主旨大意题。短文开篇就描述了“夜猫子”现象，然后从生物学角度进行分析，接下来又与“早起的鸟儿”进行对比说明。因此答案为B。]

　　Passage 6

　　【语篇导读】　本文是一则关于第六届剑桥科技节的通知。

　　1．A　[事实细节题。根据文章第一段中“The challenge invites，even dares school students...show their curiosity”可知，在校学生可以参加好奇心挑战，故选A。]

　　2．D　[事实细节题。根据文章第三段中“Students who enter the...on Sunday，April 21st.”可知颁奖仪式在4月21日举行，故选D。]

　　3．C　[推理判断题。根据文章第一段开头部分“The Cambridge Science Festival is pleased to inform you of...”以及文章最后一段中“The program guidelines and other...at：http：//cambridgesciencefestival.org.”可知本文属于应用文中的“通知”。]

　　Passage 7

　　【语篇导读】　本文讲述了科学家Lucy King和她的团队发现大象害怕蜜蜂，并且做实验来证实这

　　1．D　[事实细节题。根据文章第一段“Recordings of angry bees are...farmers’ crop”可知愤怒的蜜蜂为大象所害怕。故选D。]

　　2．B　[事实细节题。根据文章最后一段中“Lucy is now studying...she hasn’t tested enough groups yet to know”可知Lucy需要对更多的象群进行实验，故选B。]

　　3．A　Lucy found a wild beehive...and set up a recorder”和第四段中“Lucy switched on the pre－recorded sound...a video camera.”可知Lucy向野蜂窝扔石头是为了激怒蜜蜂以便录下它们的声音。故选A。]

　　4．C　[事实细节题。根据文章第二段“In 2002，scientist Lucy King and her team...living in them”一句，可知大象不敢靠近住有蜜蜂的树。故选C。]