Section 12 阅读理解
社会生活类
主旨大意题解题技巧
【考题探究】
阅读理解中非常重要的一个技巧就是在阅读中迅速地抓住
研读高考真题，我们会总结出，对于文章或段落的主旨概括设问的形式一般是：
1．The main idea of the passage(text) is________．
2．The text (passage)is mainly about________．
3．What does the passage mainly discuss (deal with)?
4．Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea?
5．The main point of the passage is________．
6．The best headline for this newspaper article would be________．
7．Which of the following is the best title to be given to the article?
8．What is the topic of the text?
9．The main purpose of the story is to tell us________．
10．The conclusion we can get from the story is________．
大家只要记住，看到问题中使用mainly，main，title，headline，topic，conclusion等词时，就能仔细领会文章的主旨大意了。
【方法指导】
文章(或段落)的构成有其内在的规律性，其中心思想往往是通过主题句来体现的。因此考生对以下四种结构应首先有所了解，然后通过一系列有意识的训练进而掌握它们。
1．主题句在篇(段)首的结构
这种结构通常用演绎法撰写，遵循从一般到个别(特殊)的步骤，即先概述，然后用细节加以说明。
Jane Clark，fairhaired，blueeyed and tough as steel，has just won the most difficult race in the world.In seventeen days she drove a dog team and sledge(雪橇)across 1，050 miles of the Arctic Circle and through some of the most difficult land in the world.In bitter(刺骨的) winds and snowstorms she drove her dogs along the Arctic track, in temperatures that reached —38℃.When Jane was asked how she felt about being the first woman ever to win the race，she said，“I still can’t believe it.”She then went over to inspect her thirteen wildeyed dogs.David Wilson，who came second，said，“It sure hurts when a young woman is ahead of you.But it doesn’t hurt for long.She was a good winner.”
Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article?
A．Woman wins the world’s toughest race!
B．Woman fights bitter winds and snowstorms!
C．Woman wins a sledge race in the world!
D．Woman drives a dog team across the Arctic!
解析 这篇文章的首句就是主题句，其后的句子或是具体说明“世界上最困难的比赛”，或是从侧面说明赢得这场比赛的不容易。本篇的终结句进一步呼应了主题句。所以答案是A。
答案 A
2．主题句在末尾的结构
尾句是主题句的结构通常是用归纳法撰写的，其步骤是先表述细节或交代论据，最后做出概括性的结论，以总结性的句子收尾。这种写作方法的特点是从个别到一般，由特殊性到共性。
On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin.Everyone was astonished to see him.There was just one problem.Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates.He rolled on and on.Suddenly，he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall.Down fell the mirror，breaking into pieces.Nobody forgot Merlin’s grand entrance for a long time!
What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
A．The roller skates needed further improvement.
B．The party guests took Merlin for a fool.
C．Merlin succeeded beyond expectation.
D．Merlin got himself into trouble.
解析 这段文字从Merlin入场的细节叙述，最后一句做了归纳总结：“很长一段时间大家都没有忘记Merlin不同Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案为C。
答案 C
3．主题句在中间的结构
有些主题句既不在篇(段)首，也不在篇(段)尾，而是处于篇章(或段落)的中间。这样的结构往往先以一句或几句为主题句的出现作铺垫，或是交代细节或论据。在主题句出场后，仍有适当数量的句子陈述细节或继续给予例证。
这类结构包括三个层次：引题——主题思想——解释或继续给予例证。从它的写作程序来看，也可分为三部曲：归纳——结论——演绎，即给出一两个例证之后
When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can，the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment，and then it comes down.When a bullet(子弹)is shot straight up，it will travel much faster and higher than a ball，but it，too，will come down.Whatever__goes__up__must__come__down.We have always thought this to be true.An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long.Yet it does not stay up forever.Finally，like everything else，the plane must come down.
本段文字中下画线的这句话就是主题句。其行文顺序和写作程序与上述的模式完全吻合。
4．没有主题句的结构
没有主题句的篇章(或段落)，并不是没有主题思想，它们的主题思想不是由具体的某句话表示的，而是在文中含蓄地存在着，需要读者自己归纳总结。这种结构通常是叙述一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。
Shu Pulong has helped at least 1，000 people bitten(咬)by snakes.“It was seeing people with snake bites(伤口)that led me to this career，”he said.
In 1963，after his army service，Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine.As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains.There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.
“I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met.It was a very hot afternoon.The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand.He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake.In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart.Rushing home he shouted，“Bring me the knife.” Minutes later the man lost his arm forever.
“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.”Shu said.
The best headline(标题)for this newspaper article is________．
A．Astonishing Medicine
B．Farmer Loses Arm
CDangerous Bites
D．Snake Doctor
解析 文章陈述了一系列同等重要的细节，都是围绕“一位治疗毒蛇咬伤的医生”展开的。所以标题为D。
答案 D
总之，正确理解文章或段落的主题思想是阅读的首要目的。因此，提高识别文章结构并准确找出主题句的能力和准确归纳总结出无主题句文章的主题思想的能力，是提高阅读理解能力的重要环节。而从无主题句的文章中总结出主题思想的能力尤其是考试的重点，也是我们平常阅读训练时
要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的写作方式。一般来说，标题的写作方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的短语。
比如某一文章的中心句子为：
Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world.
话题：Coffee
控制性概念：is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world
标题：Coffee Around the World
注意，做此类题时，要避免下列三种错误：
1．概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而导致范围太小)；
2．过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；
3．以事实、细节替代抽象的大意。
Passage 1
(2016·全国)
Grandparents Answer a Call
As a third－generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away.Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help their children, she politely refused.Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Garza finally say yes.That was four years ago.Today all three generations regard the move as a success，giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.
No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren.Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing.Even President Obama’s mother－in－law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters.According to a study of grandparents.com，83 percent of the people said Mrs.Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family.Two－thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.
“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough and fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，”says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand magazine for grandparents.“We now realize how important family is and how important to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.”
Moving is not for everyone.Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead.Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.
1．Why was Garza’s move a success?
A．It strengthened her family ties.
B．It improved her living conditions.
C．It enabled her make more friends.
D．It helped her know more new places.
2．What was the reaction of the public to Mrs.Robinson’s decision?
A．17% expressed their support for it.
B．Few people responded sympathetically.
C．83% believed it had a bad influence.
D．The majority thought it was a trend.
3．What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?
A．They were unsure of themselves.
B．They were eager to raise more children.
C．They wanted to live away from their parents.
D．They had little respect for their grandparent.
4．What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?
A．Make decisions in the best interests of their own
B．Ask their children to pay more visits to them
C．Sacrifice for their struggling children
D．Get to know themselves better
Passage 2
(2016·全国Ⅱ)A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.
Frank Hurley’s pictures would be outstanding—undoubtedly first－rate photo－journalism—if they had been made last week.In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海难), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival.Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.
The ship was the Endurance, a small, tight, Norwegian－built three－master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists, 27 men in all, to the southernmost shore of Antarctica’s Weddell Sea.From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled(雪橇) across the continent.The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.
As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and well－researched story The Endurance, adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.Scott’s last journey, completed as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger, caught the world’s imagination, and a film made in his honor drew crowds.Shackleton, a onetime British merchant－navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.
1．What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?
A．They were made last week.
B．They showed undersea sceneries.
C．They were found by a cameraman.
D．They recorded a disastrous adventure.
2．Who reached the South Pole first according to the text?
A．Frank Hurley.
B．Ernest Shackleton.
C．Robert Falcon Scott.
D．Caroline Alexander.
3．What does Alexander think was the purpose of the 1914 voyage?
A．Artistic creation.
B．Scientific research.
C．Money making.
D．Treasure hunting.
Passage 1
(2015·全国)Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope.This evening，as on every Thursday night，psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes，coffee drinking and the “talking cure”．Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.It isn’t always easy.The customers—some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session—are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect.“You are forbidden to say ‘one feels，’ or ‘people think’，”Lehanne told them.“Say ‘I think，’ ‘Think me’．”
A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed？It couldn’t seem more un－French.But Lehanne’s psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself：It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes.Over the years，Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours，a fast－food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home.Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation.Cafes focused around psychology，history，and engineering are catching on，filling tables well into the evening.
The city’s “psychology cafes”，which offer great comfort，are among the most popular places.Middle－aged homemakers，retirees，and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love，anger and dreams with a psychologist.And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what they feel.“There’s a strong need in Paris for communication，”says Maurice Frisch a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church.“People have few real friends.And they need to open up.”Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France.“If people had normal lives，these cafes wouldn’t exist，”she says，“If life weren’t a battle，people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.”But then，It wouldn’t be France.
1．What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?
A．Learn a new subject.
B．Keep in touch with friends.
C．Show off their knowledge.
D．Express their true feelings.
2．How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?
A．They are less frequently visited.
B．They stay open for longer hours.
C．They have bigger night crowds.
D．They start to serve fast food.
3．What are theme cafes expected to do?
A．Create more jobs.
B．Supply better drinks.
C．Save the cafe business.
D．Serve the neighborhood.
4．Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?
A．They bring people true friendship.
B．They give people spiritual support.
C．They help people realize their dreams.
D．They offer a platform for business links.
Passage 2
(2015·重庆高考)There are many places to go on safari(观赏野生动物)in Africa，but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana’s Okavango Delta must rank as one of the world’s most exciting wildlife journeys.
Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.
The morning ride，when the guides take you to beautiful，shallow lakes full of water lilies，tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face.It is truly exciting.You are very likely to come across large wild animals，too.On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants，giraffes and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though，as does your heart rate，as you move closer to them.
In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace.With golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the sun’s rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses，the romance of Africa comes to life.
Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.Looking back on your day，you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.
1．What does the underlined word “They” refer to?
A．Flooded waters.
B．Wildlife journeys.
C．Safari camps.
D．Unique rides.
2．What does the author find most exciting about a horse safari?
A．Seeing and feeling the real African life.
B．Enjoying good food and wine at the camp.
C．Hunting large animals just as our ancestors did.
D．Being part of the scene and getting close to animals.
3．What does the underlined word “sedate” probably mean?
A．Wild and romantic.
B．Slow and peaceful.
C．Hungry and thirsty.
D．Active and excited.
4．The author introduces the riding experience in the OKavango Delta mainly by________．
A．following space order
B．following time order
C．making classifications
D．giving examples
Passage 3
(2015·福建高考)Life can be so wonderful, full of adventure and joy.It can also be full of challenges, setbacks(挫折) and heartbreaks.Whatever our circumstances, we generally still have dreams, hopes and desires—that little something more we want for ourselves and our loved ones.Yet knowing we can have more can also create a problem, because when we go to change the way we do things, up come the old patterns and pitfalls(陷阱)
that stopped us from seeking what we wanted in the first place.
This tension between what we feel we can have and what we’re seemingly able to have is the niggling(烦人的) suffering, the anxiety we feel.This is where we usually think it’s easier to just give up.But we’re never meant to let go of the part of us that knows we can have more.The intelligence behind that knowing is us—the real us.It’s the part that believes in life and its possibilities.If you drop that, you begin to feel a little “dead” inside because you’re dropping “you”．
So, if we have this capability but somehow life seems to keep us stuck, how do we break these patterns?
Decide on a new course and make one decision at a time.This is good advice for a new adventure or just getting through today’s challenges.
While, deep down, we know we can do it, our mind—or the minds of those close to us—usually says we can’t.That isn’t a reason to stop, it’s just the mind, that little man or woman on your shoulder, trying to talk you out of something again.It has done it many times before.It’s all about starting simple and doing it now.
Decide and act before overthinking.When you do this you may feel a little, or large, release__from__the__jail__of__your__mind and you’ll be on your way.
1．It can be inferred from the first two paragraphs that we should ________．
A．slow down and live a simple life
B．be careful when we choose to change
C．stick to our dreams under any circumstances
D．be content with what we already have
2．What is the key to breaking the old patterns?
A．To focus on every detail.
B．To decide and take immediate action.
C．To listen to those close to us.
D．To think twice before we act.
3．Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?
A．Escape from your punishment.
B．Realization of your dreams.
C．Freedom from your tension.
D．Reduction of your expectations.
4．What does the author intend to tell us?
A．It’s easier than we think to get what we want.
B．It’s important to learn to accept sufferings in life.
C．It’s impractical to change our way of thinking.
D．It’s harder than we expect to follow a new course.
Passage 4
(2015·安徽高考)Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture’s celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.
Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition hits its roots in the custom of sharing bread.
Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.
Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red－colored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.
Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.
1．According to the passage, sharing bread________．
A．indicates a lack of food
B．can help to develop unity
C．is a custom unique to rural areas
D．has its roots in birthday celebrations
2．What does the coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year?
A．Trust.
B．Success.
C．Health. D．Togetherness.
3．The author explains the role of food in celebrations by________．
A．using examplesB．making comparisons
C．analyzing causesD．describing processes
4．What is the passage mainly about?
A．The custom of sharing food.
B．The specific meaning of food.
C．The role of food in ceremonies.
D．The importance of food in culture.
Passage 5
(2017·安徽高考)Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city？In order to answer this question，we must first examine whether people really want to preserve the historic feel of an area.Not all historical buildings are attractive.However，there may be other reasons—for example，economic (经济的) reasons—why they should be preserved.So，let us assume that historical buildings are both attractive and important to the majority of people.What should we do then if a new building is needed?
In my view，new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style.Indeed，there are many examples in my own hometown of Tours where modern designs have been placed very successfully next to old buildings.As long as the building in question is pleasing and does not dominate (影响) its surroundings too much，it often improves the attractiveness of the area.
It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt (破坏) the area they are in，but the same can be said of some old buildings too.Yet people still speak against new buildings in historic areas.I think this is simply because people are naturally conservative(保守的)and do not like change.
Although we have to respect people’s feelings as fellow users of the buildings，I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move__things__forward．If we always reproduced what was there before，we would all still be living in caves.Thus，I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different，even though that might be the more risky choice.
1．What does the author say about historical buildings in the first paragraph?
A．Some of them are not attractive.
B．Most of them are too expensive to preserve.
C．They are more pleasing than modern buildings.
D．They have nothing to do with the historic feel of an area.
2．Which of the following is TRUE according to the author?
A．We should reproduce the same old buildings.
B．Buildings should not dominate their surroundings.
C．Some old buildings have spoilt the area they are in.
D．No one understands why people speak against new buildings.
3．By“move things forward”in the last paragraph，the author probably means“________”．
A．destroy old buildings
B．put things in a different place
C．choose new architectural styles
D．respect people’s feelings for historical buildings
4．What is the main purpose of the passage?
A．To explain why people dislike change.
B．To warn that we could end up living in caves.
C．To admit how new buildings have ruined their surroundings.
D．To argue that modern buildings can be built in historic areas.
Passage 6
(2017·重There have always been a lot of commonly believed but false ideas about being fat and doing exercise.Some people believe that they can’t help putting on weight as they get older，while others hold that if they stop exercising，their muscles will turn into fat.Here are some more myths：
I’ll never lose weight—I come from a fat family
Wrong！While we can’t change the body type
we are born with，we can’t blame our genes for making us fat.There’s plenty of evidence
that fatness runs in families，and the main reason is
that they share the same habits of eating too much and exercising too little.
I am fat because I burn calories slowly
Wrong！Fatness is not caused by a slow metabolism(新陈代谢)．In fact，although fat people consume more energy than slim people，they also fail to realize how much they eat！Keeping a diary can help you work out your daily food intake more accurately.
Exercise is boring
Wrong！Anything will become boring if you do it repetitively.The key is to develop a balanced and varied program that’s fun as well as progressive.If you enjoy a Sunday walk，take a different route.If you do yoga，try a tai chi class.If you like swimming，set yourself a distance or time challenge.
No pain，no gain
Wrong！Exercise is not meant to hurt.Indeed，pain is your body telling you something’s wrong，and continuing to exercise could lead to serious injury.You may experience mild discomfort as you begin to exercise regularly，but this is your body adapting to the positive changes in your lifestyle and the aches should disappear relatively quickly.If they don’t，rest and seek medical advice.
1．What does the author think about being fat?
A．It is the family genes that make people fat.
B．People are fat because they consume too little energy.
C．A diary of exercise can prevent people from becoming fat.
D．It is the consequence of people’s unbalanced lifestyle.
2．According to the author，how can we make exercise more interesting?
A．By taking varied exercise.
B．By choosing simple exercise.
C．By doing regular exercise.
D．By sticking to outdoor exercise.
3．What is the author’s opinion about“No pain，no gain”in exercising?
A．Keeping fit is essentially a painful experience.
B．Exercise should be stopped if continuous pain is felt.
C．Pain in exercise is a precondition for reaching your goal.
D．Getting used to pain leads to positive changes in your body.
4．What is the purpose of the passage?
A．To declare the importance of keeping fit.
B．To clarify some misconceptions about fatness and exercise.
C．To confirm what has long been believed about keeping fit.
D．To explain some medical facts about being fat and doing exercise.
Passage 7
(2017·福建高考)Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money.Strange as it may seem，if you’re unsatisfied，the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires—not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don’t have enough tastes.
Real riches consist of well－developed and hearty capacities (能力)
to enjoy life.Most people are already swamped(淹没) with things.They eat，wear，go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms，yet their house of life is a hut.
Your house of life ought to be a mansion (豪宅)，a royal palace.Every new taste，every additional interest，every fresh enthusiasm adds a room.Here are several rooms your house of life should have.
Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things.If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them，they would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham and eggs when you’re hungry.
Literature，classic literature，is a beautiful，richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment.To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person，for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library.
Music like Mozart’s and Bach’s shouldn’t be absent.Real riches are of the spirit.And when you’ve brought that spirit up to where classical music feeds it and makes you a little drunk，you have increased your thrills and bettered them.And life is a matter of thrills.
Sports，without which you remain poor，mean a lot in life.No matter who you are，you would be more human，and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days，if you could，and did，play a bit.
Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life，the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.
1．The author intends to tell us that ________．
A．true happiness lies in achieving wealth by fair means
B．big houses are people’s most valued possessions
C．big houses can in a sense bring richness of life
D．true happiness comes from spiritual riches
2．The underlined sentence in the second paragraph probably implies that ________．
A．however materially rich，they never seem to be satisfied
B．however materially rich，they remain spiritually poor
C．though their house is big，they prefer a simple life
D．though their house is big，it seems to be a cage
3．It can be learned from the passage that ________．
A．more money brings more happiness
B．art is needed to make your house beautiful
C．literature can enrich your spiritual life
D．sports contribute mainly to your physical fitness
4．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．House of Life
B．Secret of Wealth
C．Rest and Refreshment
D．Interest and Enthusiasm
Passage 8
(2017·陕西高考)Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight，while the French，who consume rich food，continue to stay thin？Now a research by Cornell University suggests how lifestyle and decisions about eating may affect weight.Researchers conclude that the French tend to stop eating when they feel full.However，Americans tend to stop when their plate is empty or their favorite TV show is over.
According to Dr.Joseph Mercola，a health expert，the French see eating as an important part of their lifestyle.They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table，while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the other daily activities.Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full.So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped.In addition，he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week.The French，instead，tend to shop daily，walking to small shops and farmers’ markets where they have a choice of fresh fruits，vegetables，and eggs as well as high－quality meats for each meal.
After a visit to the United States，Mireille Guiliano，author of French Women Don’t Get Fat，decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid food.Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.
In spite of all these differences，evidence shows that recent lifestyle changes may be affecting French eating habits.Today the rate of obesity—or
extreme overweight—among adults is only 6%.However，as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions，the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%－and is growing.
1．In what way are the French different from Americans according to Dr.Joseph Mercola?
A．They go shopping at supermarkets more frequently.
B．They squeeze eating between the other daily activities.
C．They regard eating as a key part of their lifestyles.
D．They usually eat too much canned and frozen food.
2．This text is mainly about the relationship between ________．
A．Americans and the French
B．lifestyle and obesity
C．children and adults
D．fast food and overweight
3．The text is mainly developed ________．
A．by contrast
B．by space
C．by process
D．by classification
4．Where does this text probably come from?
A．A TV interview.
B．A food advertisement.
C．A health report.
D．A book review.
Section 12 阅读理解
社会生活类
【高考真题演练】
1．2016年高考真题
Passage 1
【语篇导读】 这是一篇夹叙夹议文。介绍了父母为了帮助孩子照顾其子女而搬家至他们很近的地方或与他们住在一起这一现象。
1．A [推理判断题。由第一段“...regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship...”一句可知，Garza一家子孙三代住在一起，加强了家人之间的纽带。因此答案为A。]
2．D [推理判断题。由“Two－thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family”不难看出，多数人认为这是一种趋势。]
3．C [事实细节题。由第三段首句可知，人们急切地想挣脱父母C为正确答案。]
4．A [推理判断题。本段首句即为主题句。由接下来的解释可知，祖父母不可盲从，要视自己的兴趣做出相应的抉择。故答案为A。]
Passage 2
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述的是Frank Hurley收集的照片把过去一次不成功的航海活动重新展现了出来。
1．D [事实细节题they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck可知，这些照片记录的是一次海难。]
2．C [事实细节题。根据第三段最后一句话中的Captain Scott had reached the South Pole可知，到达南极的是Robert Falcon Scott。]
3．C [事实细节..start a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography可知，Alexander认为他1914航行的目的就是为了挣钱发财。]
2．经典高考真题
Passage 1
【语篇导读】 这是一篇议论文。作者从La Chope咖啡馆的经营特色谈起，介绍了巴黎
1．D [推理判断题。根据短文第一段第二句可知，顾客在这里可以学着与他们内心的真实情感取得联系。亦即将自己的真实情感表达出来。故答案为D。]
2．A [推理判断题。由第二段“Over the years，Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle...”一句可知，在过去的几年里，巴A。]
3.C [推理判断题。第二段最末两句所传达的信息是：许多主题咖啡馆似乎要改变这种状况。那些聚集心理、历史和工程的咖啡馆大受欢迎，顾客盈门。据此可以判断这些咖啡馆是想通过改变管理理念挽回惨淡的生意。因此答案为C。]
4．B [推理判断题。根据短文最后一段的前两句可知，料理家务的中年人，退休及失业人员来到这些心offer great comfort(提供慰藉)为解答本题的关键信息。因此答案选B。]
Passage 2
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文，介绍了非洲观赏野生动物的野营的项目。
1．C [代词指代题。上句主要讲的是野营的一些情况，故此处 they 指的是Safari camps。]
2．D [细节推测题。根据文章第三段中的It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face.It is truly exciting和You are very likely to come across large wild animals，too.可知，选择D。]
3．B [词义推测题。根据rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace.和上一句，动物出来吃食和喝水，可知，选择B。]
4．B [文章结构题。整篇文章是根据在非洲观赏野生动物的时间顺序组织的。]
Passage 3
【生活充满了喜怒哀乐，也充满着挑战、挫折和心碎，无论境遇如何，我们都需要坚持自己的梦想与希望。
1．C [细节判断题。根据文章前两段，我们看出无论生活的境况如何，我们都要坚持自己的梦想和希望。]
2．B [细节理解题。根据倒数第三段的第一句可知，Decide on a new course and make one decision at a time是打破阻碍我们的常规关键所在。]
3．C [猜测句意题。release from your jail of your mind.从你思想的监狱里走出来，意思就是解放自己的思想，摆脱紧张感，对应C项。]
4．A [作者意图题。根据全文的描述可知，得到我们想要的东西，比想象的要容易。只要心中有梦想和希望，并能打破常规，去行动，就能走在自己的路上。]
Passage 4
【语篇导读】该篇介绍了食品作为一种交流的两个基本方面，来说明它是世界各地不同文化的一个重要组成部分。
1．B [考查细节理解。由第一段．..can promote unity and trust可知。]
2．B [考查细节理解。由第三段signifies (预示)．..success in the New Year可知。]
3．A [考查推理判断。由第三段可知。]
4．D [考查主旨大意。由最后一段可知。]
Passage 5
【语篇导读】 本文以“是否可以在历史名城建造现代建筑”为引子，论述了现代建筑和古代建筑风格的优缺点。最后得出结论：两种风格可以同时并存。
1．A [事实细节题。根据文章第一段中“Not all historical buildings are attractive.”可知有A。]
2．C [事实细节题。根据文章第三段中“It is true that...some old buildings too.”可知一些古建筑也会对其所在地区造成破坏。故选C。]
3．C [词义猜测题。根据文章第四段中“If we always reproduced what was there before，...in caves.”可知“move things forward”意味着选择新的建筑风格，故选C]
4．D [主旨大意题。根据文章第二段中“Indeed，there are many examples...next to old buildings”和“As long as...of the area.”可知本文的写作目的是支持古今两种风格的建筑在历史名城并存。故选D。]
Passage 6
【语篇导读】 关于胖瘦和锻炼等话题，人们有很多普遍认同的观点，但这些观点并不都是正确
1．D [细节理解题。根据文章第二自然段最后一句话可知。]
2．A [细节推断题。根据文章第四自然段可知让锻炼变得不枯燥的办法是“develop a balanced and varied program that’s fun as well as progressive.”故选A。]
3．B [细节推断题。根据文章第五自然段第三句话可推知“如果身体出问题也会疼，继B。]
4．B [主旨大意题。根据文章第一自然段第一句话可知本文的写作目的是为了纠正人们关于肥胖和锻炼的不正确的看法。]
Passage 7
【语篇导读】 本文是议论文，作者论述了人们如何获得幸福，学会享受生活。
1．D [推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话可知，真正的快D项。]
2．B [词义猜测题。根据第二段的前两句话可知，画线句子的意思是他们物质上富足，精神上却很贫穷，故选B项。]
3．C [事实细节题。根据第五段可知文学可以丰富你的精神生活，故选C项。]
4．A [主旨大意题。文章多次提到了房子，且这篇文章论证了精神富有与真正快乐之间的关系，所以这篇文章最好的题目是人生的房子，故选A项。]
Passage 8
【语篇导读】 经研究发现生活方式和饮食习惯影响人的体重。法国人当感觉饱时就会停止吃饭，而美国人直到盘子空了才会停止，且喜欢罐装食品和快餐，因此美国人的肥胖率远高于法国人。
1．C [细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句话可知答案为C。]
2．B [判断推理题。根据文章最后一段可知答案为B。]
3．A [写作手法题。文章把法国人和美国人的生活理念和饮食习惯在第二段作了对比，最后一段在A。]
4．C [考查文章出处。文章旨在说明饮食习惯影响人的体重，习惯不当易引起肥胖，与健康有关，故选C。]