2017届高考英语一轮复习考点真题演练：Section 12 阅读理解之文化教育类（含解析）

　　Section 12　阅读理解

　　文化教育类

　　细节理解题解

　　【试题探究】

　　只有准确理解全部细节，才能深刻而又全面地领悟主题思想。因为段落中的细节都是用来阐明主旨大意的，辅助论据支撑或阐述主题思想。因此，属于细节类的理解题既可检测阅读者对主旨大意理解的深度，又可测定他们对每个细节准确领会的广度。

　　在阅读考试中，查找主要事实或特定细节题型常见的设问的形式一般是：

　　1．Which of the following statements is (not) true (or correct)?

　　2．Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?

　　3．All of the following are true except________．

　　4．The author (or the passage) states that________．

　　5．According to the passage，when...?

　　总之，细节理解题的六大类型是：

　　1．直接信息题

　　在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who，what，when，where，why和how等提问。

　　2．语意转换题

　　有时需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换，两者形式不同，但意义不变。

　　3．逻辑排序题

　　考生可以先找出最早和最后的一个事件发生的时间，并分别把它们作为事件发生的起点和终点，然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小。

　　4．数字计算题

　　解答此类试题的方法是先理解题意和文意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等得出正确答案。

　　5．图形理解题

　　在解答

　　6．是非判断题

　　这类试题要求考生确定与原文信息一致或不一致的一项。考生应首先明确题干要求；其次，在原文中进行细节定位；最后，仔细推敲，锁定答案。

　　当然，针对某一具体的文章，还可以有各种各样形形色色的设问方式。对于细节题，也可以说对于任何阅读理解题，考生必须根据文章提供的信息进行答题，而不能根据自己的主观判断或者一般常识来答题。

　　【方法指导】

　　我们读文章，无外乎是对两个方面的理解。一个是浅层理解，或表层理解。另一个是深层理解，或内涵理解。所谓表层理解，指要读懂文章的基本内容，包括主要事实和各个细节。主要事实指文章中对于主题主旨具有典型意义的重要事实，这是文章的基本框架。细节是构成主要事实的局部因素或充实事实的例子、数据等细枝末节。一篇文章一般都包括这些要素。所以阅读理解考试中要求寻找的主要事实和特定细节都可以在文章中找到。但是，要注意的是出题者不会很明白很直接地提问，而是很注意提问的技术性或艺术性。也就是说，他提问都是要设障碍的，要罩上一层迷雾的，使得你弄不清问题指的是哪一件事，哪一个细节，造成你寻找的困难，这就要求你仔细琢磨了。归纳起来，提问技巧一般有隐含提问法、真伪证实法、迂回提问法三种。

　　1．隐含提问法

　　出题者使用同义词语、参照词、代词等，使考生对阅读内容和问题产生模糊感。例如：

　　The basketball team never lacked vociferous(大叫大喊的)young supporters，but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm.

　　Who seldom reacted to that enthusiastic show?

　　A．The young people.

　　B．The players.

　　C．Some people.

　　D．A lot of people.

　　因为the basketball team和players；seldom reacted和rarely responded是两对同义关系的词语，而“they”又与basketball team有参照关系，所以答案应该是B。

　　2．真伪证实法

　　出题者要求考生确定文章中的事实，不让其问题直接与文章中的事实对号入座，而是提出似是而非，或完全错误的事实让考生去判断。对于这类题目，考生不要根据自己读文章的最初印象马上加以判断，

　　One word that sums up(概括)our age better than any other—whether “our age”is“the technological age”of western countries or the “modernizing age”of China—is the word CHANGE.But has change not always been present？True，but never before at such a breakneck speed.Today it is more than just change.It is unprecedented change.In such a world，reading provides the best tool we have for keeping up and for avoiding future shock in a world continually being remade.

　　Which of the following is NOT true?

　　A．Western countries and China are being remade.

　　B．Reading will help understand our age.

　　C．The present age and future world are continually changing.

　　D．Reading is the best tool provided by our age.

　　选择题中，A、B、C三项均与文意吻合一致。D项是一个Reading provides the best tool for us(阅读对我们来说，是最好的工具)和选项中D.Reading is the best tool provided by our age.(阅读是我们时代提供的最好工具)，意思不符，所以答案是D。

　　3．迂回提问法

　　这又是一种设障提问技巧。问题不直接提出，而是绕着弯子提出。比如，涉及时间、距离及数据等时，你必须经过复杂的计算才能确定答案，有时，选择答案给你的数据与文章中的数据不

　　巧用“导读法”快速定位细节

　　做细节题时，一般采用导读法，即先读题，然后带着题干信息快速浏览全文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行比较、分析、对比，最后得出答案。

　　做题时注意同一语意的不同表达方式，有时为了增加试题的难度，问题的表达一般不用文章中的原话，而是使用同义词、近义词、句型的变换来表达，因此，一定

　　Passage 1

　　(2016·全国)The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.

　　Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.

　　Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion.However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.

　　Nurses and other care－givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

　　1．What does the author say about silence in conversations?

　　A．It implies anger.

　　B．It promotes friendship.

　　C．It is culture－specific.

　　D．It is content－based.

　　2．Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?

　　A．The Chinese.

　　B．The French.

　　C．The Mexicans.

　　D．The Russians.

　　3．What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?

　　A．Let it continue as the patient pleases.

　　B．Break it while treating patients.

　　C．Evaluate its harm to patients.

　　D．Make use of its healing effects.

　　4．What may be the best title for the text?

　　A．Sound and Silence

　　B．What It Means to Be Silent

　　C．Silence to Native Americans

　　D．Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold

　　Passage 2

　　(2016·全国)Reading can be a social activity.Think of the people who belong to book groups.They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them.Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.

　　Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share.BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book.Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it．

　　Bruce Peterson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.BookCrossing combines both.”

　　Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops.Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.

　　People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E－mails are then sent to the BookCrossing to keep them updated about where their books have been found.Bruce Peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.

　　BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟)．The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty－five countries.

　　1．Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?

　　A．To explain what they are.

　　B．To introduce BookCrossing.

　　C．To stress the importance of reading.

　　D．To encourage readers to share their ideas.

　　2．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

　　A．The book.

　　B．An adventure.

　　C．A public place.

　　D．The identification number.

　　3．What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?

　　A．Meet other readers to discuss it.

　　B．Keep it safe in his bookcase.

　　C．Pass it on to another reader.

　　D．Mail it back to its owner.

　　4．What is the best title for the text?

　　A．Online Reading: A Virtual Tour

　　B．Electronic Books: A new Trend

　　C．A Book Group Brings Tradition Back

　　D．A Website Links People through Books

　　Passage 3

　　(2016·全国Ⅲ)If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around.It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month.The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.

　　Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples.To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.

　　There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a__pipe__dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.

　　At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple－themed fun and games.

　　Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit，including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园)．If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale，near Faversham in Kent.

　　1．What can people do at the apple events?

　　A．Attend experts’ lectures.

　　B．Visit fruit－loving families.

　　C．Plant fruit trees in an orchard.

　　D．Taste many kinds of apples.

　　2．What can we learn about Decio?

　　A．It is a new variety.

　　B．It has a strange look.

　　C．It is rarely seen now.

　　D．It has a special taste.

　　3．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?

　　A．A practical idea.

　　B．A vain hope.

　　C．A brilliant plan.

　　D．A selfish desire.

　　4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?

　　A．To show how to grow apples.

　　B．To introduce an apple festival.

　　C．To help people select apples.

　　D．To promote apple research.

　　Passage 4

　　(2016·北京高考)

　　Why College Is Not Home

　　The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity.However，now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence，during which many of today’s students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.

　　For previous generations，college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within.In the past two decades，however，continued connection with and dependence on family，thanks to cellphones，email and social media，have increased significantly.Some parents go so far as to help with coursework.Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility，universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.

　　To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility，college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation.This process involves “trying on ” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally.While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges，we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views.Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning.

　　Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.Because a college community(群体) differs from the family，many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging.If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern，they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.

　　Moreover，the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders.If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled，the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.

　　It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out，particularly when there are reasons to do so.Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency.What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world.Therefore，there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.

　　Every college discussion about community values，social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self－regulation，of the necessary tension between safety and self－discovery.

　　1．What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?

　　A．Sympathetic.

　　B．Disapproving.

　　C．Supportive.

　　D．Neutral.

　　2．The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means ________．

　　A．change

　　B．choice

　　C．textD．extension

　　3．According to the author，what role should college play?

　　A．To develop a shared identity among students.

　　B．To define and regulate students’ social behavior.

　　C．To provide a safe world without tension for students.

　　D．To foster students’ intellectual and personal development.

　　4．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?

　　I：Introduction　P：Point　Sp：Sub－point(次要点)

　　C：Conclusion

　　Passage 5

　　(2016·四川高考)If you could have one superpower, what would it be?

　　Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what_really_matters_in_your_life．

　　Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.

　　They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others.

　　We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.Your lives are busy enough doing homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your dreams.But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself.Find an issue you are interested in and learn more.Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause.Whatever you do, don’t be a bystander.Get involved.You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you’re older.But why not start now?

　　Our own experience working together on health, development, and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives.It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.

　　1．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?

　　A．Your life style.

　　B．Your life value.

　　C．Your trouble in life.

　　D．Your life experience.

　　2．Why does the author say they are inspired every day?

　　A．They possess different kinds of superpowers.

　　B．They have got the power to change the world.

　　C．Some people around them are making the world better.

　　D．There are many powerful people in their life and work.

　　3．What does the author stress in Paragraph 5?

　　A．Learning more and contributing more to a cause.

　　B．Rising above self and acting to help others.

　　C．Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.

　　D．Trying your best to help the poor.

　　4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

　　A．The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.

　　B．Much more progress will be made in the near future.

　　C．The work on health is the most valuable experience.

　　D．People’s efforts have been materially rewarded.

　　Passage 1

　　(2015·全国)More students than ever before are taking a gap－year (间隔年)before going to university.It used to be called the “year off” between school and university.The gap－year phenomenon originated(起源) with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.

　　This year，25，310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put off their entry until next year，according to statistics on university entrance provided by the University and College Admissions Service(UCAS)．

　　That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year.Tony Higgins from UCAS said that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education.“Students who take a well－planned year out are more likely to be satisfied with，and complete，their chosen course.Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible，” he said.

　　But not everyone is happy.Owain James，the president of the National Union of Students(NUS)，argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship－young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education.“New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15，000 in debt.It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.NUS statistics show that over 40%

　　of students

　　are

　　forced

　　to

　　work

　　during

　　term

　　time

　　and

　　the

　　figure

　　increases

　　to 90% during

　　vacation periods，”he said.

　　1. What do we learn about the gap year from the text?

　　A．It is flexible in length.

　　B．It is a time for relaxation.

　　C．It is increasingly popular.

　　D．It is required by universities.

　　2. According to Tony Higgins，students taking a gap year________．

　　A．are better prepared for college studies

　　B．know a lot more about their future jobs

　　C．are more likely to leave university in debt

　　D．have a better chance to enter top universities

　　3. How does Owain James feel about the gap－year phenomenon?

　　A．He’s puzzled.

　　B．He’s worried.

　　C．He’s surprised.

　　D．He’s annoyed.

　　4. What would most students do on their vacation according to NUS statistics?

　　A．Attend additional courses.

　　B．Make plans for the new term.

　　C．Earn money for their education.

　　D．Prepare for their graduate studies.

　　Passage 2

　　(2015·北京高考)Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.

　　An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys(调查) on this topic suggests that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly－protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that today’s parents are trying to manage their children’s lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.

　　However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.

　　In the context(背景) of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents’ involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college－age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn’t present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents—today’s grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.

　　Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.

　　Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.

　　1．The surveys inform us of ________．

　　A．the development of technology

　　B．the changes of adult children’s behavior

　　C．the parents’ over－protection of their college children

　　D．the means and expenses of students’ communication

　　2．The writer believes that ________．

　　A．parents today are more protective than those in the past

　　B．the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages

　　C．technology explains greater parental involvement with their children

　　D．parents’ changed attitudes lead to college children’s delayed independence

　　3．What is the best title for the passage?

　　A．Technology or Attitude

　　B．Dependence or Independence

　　C．Family Influences or Social Changes

　　D．College Management or Communication Advancement

　　4．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?

　　Passage 3

　　(2015·重庆高考)At thirteen，I was diagnosed(诊所) with a kind of attention disorder.It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not.

　　In my first literature class，Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it，all within 45 minutes.I raised my hand right away and said，“Mrs.Smith，you see，the doctor said I have attention problems.I might not be able to do it.”

　　She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.”

　　I tried，but I didn’t finish the reading when the bell rang.I had to take it home.

　　In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille.He lived in a time when the blind couldn’t get much education.But Louis didn’t give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots(点)，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.

　　Wasn’t I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted” students? My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance.I completed the task within 40 minutes.Indeed，I was no different from others; I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems，why should I ever give up?

　　I didn’t expect anything when I handled in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day—with an“A” on it.At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？”

　　1．The author didn’t finish the reading in class because ________．

　　A．he was new to the class

　　B．he was tired of literature

　　C．he had an attention disorder

　　D．he wanted to take the task home

　　2．What do we know about Louis Braille from the passage?

　　A．He had good sight.

　　B．He made a great invention.

　　C．He gave up reading.

　　D．He learned a lot from school.

　　3．What was Mrs.Smith’s attitude to the author at the end of the story?

　　A．Angry.

　　B．Impatient.

　　C．Sympathetic.

　　D．Encouraging.

　　4．What is the main idea of the passage?

　　A．The disabled should be treated with respect.

　　B．A teacher can open up a new world to students.

　　C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts.

　　D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges.

　　Passage 4

　　(2015·湖北高考)Science has a lot of uses.It can uncover laws of nature，cure diseases，make bombs，and help bridges to stand up.Indeed science is so good at what it does that there’s always a temptation(诱惑) to drag it into problems where it may not be helpful.David Brooks，author of The Social Animal，The Hidden Sources of Love，Character，and Achievement，appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to resist the temptation.

　　Brooks gained fame for several books.His latest book The Social Animal，however，is more ambitious and serious than his earlier books.It is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics.The book focuses on big questions：What has science revealed about human nature? What are the sources of character? And why are some people happy and successful while others aren’t?

　　To answer these questions，Brooks surveys a wide range of disciplines (学科)．Considering this，you might expect the book to be a dry recitation of facts.But Brooks has structured his book in an unorthodox (非常规的)，and perhaps unfortunate，way.Instead of introducing scientific theories，he tells a story，within which he tries to make his points，perhaps in order to keep the reader’s attention.So as Harold and Erica，the hero and heroine in his story，live through childhood，we hear about the science of child development，and as they begin to date we hear about the theory of sexual attraction.Brooks carries this through to the death of one of his characters.

　　On the whole，Brooks’ story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would expect，his writing is mostly clear and，to be fair，some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed ，for instance，the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.

　　1．The author mentions the functions of science at the beginning of the passage to ________．

　　A．illustrate where science can be applied

　　B．demonstrate the value of Brooks’s new book

　　C．remind the readers of the importance of science

　　D．explain why many writers use science in their works

　　2．According to the author，which of the following could be a strength of the book?

　　A．Its strong basis.

　　B．Its convincing points.

　　C．Its clear writing.

　　D．Its memorable characters.

　　3．What is the author’s general attitude towards the book?

　　A．Contradictory.

　　B．Supportive.

　　C．Cautious.

　　D．Critical.

　　4．What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?

　　A．Problems with the book.

　　B．Brooks’s life experience.

　　C．Death of the characters.

　　D．Brooks’s translation skills.

　　Passage 5

　　(2015·福建高考)

　　Food festivals around the world

　　Stilton Cheese Rolling

　　May Day is a traditional day for celebrations, but the 2，000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans.Teams of four，dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes, roll a complete cheese along a 50－metre course.On the way, they must not kick or throw their cheese, or go into their competitors’ lane(赛道)．Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones)．All the competitors are served with beer or port wine, the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.

　　Fiery Foods Festival—The Hottest Festival on Earth

　　Every year more than 10，000 people head for the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico.They come from as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a common addiction—food that is not just spicy(辛辣)，but hot enough to make your mouth burn, your head spin and your eyes water.Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March.You might like to try a chocolate－covered habanero pepper—officially the hottest pepper in the world—or any one of the thousands of products that are on show.But one thing’s for sure—if you don’t like the feeling of a burning tongue, this festival isn’t for you!

　　La Tomatina—The World’s Biggest Food Fight

　　On the last Wednesday of every August, the Spanish town of Bunol hosts La Tomatina—the world’s largest food fight.A week－long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week’s events.The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes—official fight－starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.

　　The battle lasts little more than half an hour, in which time around 50，000 kilograms of tomatoes have been thrown at anyone or anything that moves, runs, or fights back.Then everyone heads down to the river to make friends again—and for a much－needed wash!

　　1．In the Stilton cheese rolling competition, competitors on each team must ________．

　　A．wear various formal clothes

　　B．roll a wooden cheese in their own lane

　　C．kick or throw their cheese

　　D．use a real cheese weighing about four kilos

　　2．Where is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival held?

　　A．In New Mexico.

　　B．In the Caribbean.

　　C．In Australia.

　　D．In China.

　　3．The celebration of La Tomatina lasts ________．

　　A．three days

　　B．seven days

　　C．less than three days

　　D．more than seven days

　　4．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

　　A．The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.

　　B．More than 10，000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.

　　C．Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.

　　D．An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.

　　Passage 6

　　(2017·新课标全国)As more and more people speak the global languages of English，Chinese，Spanish，and Arabic，other languages are rapidly disappearing.In fact，half of the 6，000～7，000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century，according to the United Nations Educational，Scientific，and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)．

　　In an effort to prevent language loss，scholars from a number of organizations—UNESCO and National Geographic among them—have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.

　　Mark Turin，a scientist at the Macmillan Center，Yale University，who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas，is following in that__tradition．His recently published book，A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture，grows out of his experience living，working and raising a family in a village in Nepal.

　　Documenting the Thangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin，who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayan reaches of India，Nepal，Bhutan，and China.But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.

　　At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials—including photographs，films，tape recordings，and field notes—which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.

　　Now，through the two organizations that he has founded—the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project—Turin has started a campaign to make such documents，found in libraries and stores around the world，available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected.Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet，Turin notes，the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.

　　1．Many scholars are making efforts to ________．

　　A．promote global languages

　　B．rescue disappearing languages

　　C．search for language communities

　　D．set up language research organizations

　　2．What does“that tradition”in Paragraph 3 refer to?

　　A．Having full records of the languages.

　　B．Writing books on language teaching.

　　C．Telling stories about language users.

　　D．Living with the native speakers.

　　3．What is Turin’s book based on?

　　A．The cultural studies in India.

　　B．The documents available at Yale.

　　C．His language research in Bhutan.

　　D．His personal experience in Nepal.

　　4．Which of the following best describes Turin’s

　　work?

　　A．Write，sell and donate.

　　B．Record，repair and reward.

　　C．Collect，protect and reconnect.

　　D．Design，experiment and report.

　　Passage 7

　　(2017·辽宁高考)Travis is the manager of G&G where he is responsible for forty employees (雇员)and profits (利润) of over $2 million per year.He’s never late to work.He does not get upset on the job.When one of his employees started crying after a customer screamed at her，Travis took her away.“Your working uniform is your shelter，”he told her.“Nothing anyone says will ever hurt you.You will always be as strong as you want to be.”

　　Travis picked up that lecture in one of his G&G training courses，an education program that began on his first day and continues throughout an employee’s occupation.The training has，Travis says，changed his life.G&G has taught him how to live，how to focus，how to get to work on time，and how to master his emotions (情绪Most importantly，it taught him willpower.

　　At the center of that education is an extreme focus on an all－important habit：willpower. Dozens of cases show that willpower is the single most important habit for a person’s success.

　　And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.“Sometimes it looks like people with great self－control aren’t working hard－but that’s because they’ve made it automatic，”Angela Duckworth，one of the University of Pennsylvania researchers said.“Their willpower occurs without them having to think about it.”

　　The company spent millions of dollars developing programs of study to train employees on self－control.Managers wrote workbooks that serve as guides to how to make willpower a habit in workers’ lives.Those courses are，in part，why G&G has grown from a sleepy company into a large one with more than seventeen thousand stores and profits of more than $10 billion a year.

　　1．We learn from Paragraph 2 that employees in G&G must

　　________．

　　A．learn to give lectures

　　B．attend education programs

　　C．design a working uniform

　　D．develop a common hobby

　　2．Willpower will become a habit when employees can

　　________．

　　A．focus on the profits

　　B．benefit from the job

　　C．protect themselves well

　　D．control their feelings well

　　3．What can we infer from the passage?

　　A．G&G has grown into a large company.

　　B．G&G will spend half its profits training employees.

　　C．G&G may become more successful in the future.

　　D．G&G has to produce more workbooks for managers.

　　Passage 8

　　(2017·安徽高考)You are the collector in the gallery of your life.You collect.You might not mean to but you do.One out of three people collects tangible(有形的)things such as cats，photos and noisy toys.These are among some 40 collections that are being shown at“The Museum Of”—the first of several new museums which，over the next two years，will exhibit the objects accumulated by unknown collectors.In doing so，they will promote a popular culture of museums，not what museums normally represent.

　　Some of the collections are fairly common—records，model houses.Others are strangely beautiful—branches that have fallen from trees，for example.But they all reveal (显露)a lot of things：ask someone what they collect and their answers will tell you who they are.

　　Others on the way include“The Museum of Collectors”and“The Museum of Me.”These new ones，it is hoped，will build on the success of“The Museum Of.”The thinkers behind the project want to explore why people collect，and what it means to do so.They hope that visitors who may not have considered themselves collectors will begin to see they，too，collect.

　　Some collectors say they started or stopped making collections at important points：the beginning or end of adolescence—“it’s a growing－up thing；you stop when you grow up，”says one.Other painful times are mentioned，such as the end of a relationship.For time and life can seem so uncontrollable that a steady serial(顺序排列的)arrangement is comforting.

　　1How will the new museums promote a popular culture of museums?

　　A．By collecting more tangible things.

　　B．By showing what ordinary people have collected.

　　C．By correcting what museums normally represent.

　　D．By accumulating 40 collections two years from now.

　　2．What can be learned about collectors from their collections?

　　A．Who they are.

　　B．How old they are.

　　C．Where they were born.

　　D．Why they might not mean to collect.

　　3．Which of the following is an aim of the new museums?

　　A．To help people sell their collections.

　　B．To encourage more people to collect.

　　C．To study the significance of collecting.

　　D．To find out why people visit museums.

　　4．According to the last paragraph，people may stop collecting when they ________．

　　A．become adults

　　B．feel happy with life

　　C．are ready for a relationship

　　D．feel time to be uncontrollable

　　Section 12　阅读理解

　　文化教育类

　　【高考真题演练】

　　1．2016年高考真题

　　Passage 1

　　【语篇导读】　这是一篇议论文。不同的文化对于沉默有着不同的解读。有的认为沉默意味着深思熟虑或脑海中一片空白；有的认为沉默就是执拗；也有的把沉默当成理解他人的必备谈话技巧而倍加珍视。

　　1．C　[推理判断题。由第一段中的thoughtful, empty, stubbornness, extremely uncomfortable, necessity等关键词可以看出，不同文化对于沉默的解读是有很大差异的，意即它C。]

　　2．A　[推理判断题。题干中的“as a call for careful thought”与第二段末句“a call for reflection”相对应，reflection意思是“审慎的思考”，再联系本段首句可知答案为A。]

　　3．D　[推理判断题。第四段讲述护理人员对于病人沉默的处理技巧。由末句可知答案只能选D。]

　　4．B　[标B。值得注意的是，D项(言语是银，沉默是金)迷惑性较大，但用它作标题，过于片面，不能概括全文。]

　　Passage 2

　　【语篇导读】　这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了BookCrossing.com网站所举办的图书分享活动，内容涉及这一活动的目的和一些具体情况。

　　1．B　[目的意图题。根据第一段BookCrossing.com网站。]

　　2．A　[代词指代题。根据本句的内容可知，那些把书留在在公共场所的人希望自己的书能够随着阅读它的人走得更远。本句的it指代前面的the book。]

　　3．C　[推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句话可知，让书蒙尘是一种很自私的行为，这个网站的目的正是鼓励人们与他人分享图书，所以拿到书的人读完后最有可能继续把书传递

　　4．D　[标题概括题。通读全文可知，这个网站把人们生命中最重要的两个事物——人和书紧密联系在一起。故D项最能概括全文主旨。]

　　Passage 3

　　【语篇导读】　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英国的苹果节。

　　1．D　[细节理解题。根据第二段中首句Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples.可知，在苹果节人们可以尝到各种各样的苹果。故选 D。]

　　2．C　[细节理解题。根据第二段末句．..as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.可知，Decio是一种很罕见的苹果。故选C。]

　　3．B　[词义猜测题。根据．..but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，和．..for most apple lovers who fall for it.可知，对大多数苹果爱好者来说，种植这种苹果是无法实现的。故选 B。]

　　4．B　[写作意图题。纵观全文推知，作者主要介绍了英国的苹果节。故选B。]

　　Passage 4

　　【语篇导读】　本文是一篇议论文。大学期间本来应该是学生自主性成长的一个重要阶段，但是，却变成了青春期的延伸。从而，使学生无法肩负起成人的责任。本文就这种现象进行了阐述。

　　1．B　[观点态度题。根据第一段作者说现在的大学生没有承担起成人的责任，以及第二段作者说由于父母的引导延伸到了大学导致学生自主能力的缺失。由此可见，作者对父母给大学生的持续引导是不赞成的。故选B。]

　　2．A[词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句话中的．..from the shelter of family to autonomy and adult responsibility...可知从家庭的庇护到自主性和成人的责任感之间过渡应该是改变，故选A项。]

　　3．D　[推理判断题。根据第三段可知大学应该给学生提供在智力和人格发展方面的“安全空间”，从而使学生在严格的辩论和质疑中得到智力和人格方面发展。故选D项。]

　　4．C　[篇章结构题。文章的第一段和第二段分别介绍了目前大学阶段所存在问题和家长对大学生呵护所产生的影响；第三段是论点一，讲述了大学是一段思维发展和个人发展方面的尝试；第四段、第五段是论点二，分别讲述大学应该放手让学生了解社会，面对挑战和大学对学生控制的不利影响。最后两段提出了家长和大学所应采取的有效措施，进行了总结。故选C项。]

　　Passage 5

　　【语篇导读】　助人是一种美德。每个人都有遇到困难的时候

　　1．B　[句意理解题。画线部分what really matters in your life的字面意思是“人生中真正重要的事情”，再结合文章主要讲述人们主动帮助需要帮助的人，积极参与志愿活动，实现人生价值，由此可知选择B项。]

　　2．C　[细节理解题。根据文章第三段doing extraordinary things to improve the world可知，这些人都是为把世界变得更美好而做出非凡业绩的人。]

　　3．B　[段落大意题。该段中“But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself.”是该段主题句，作者希望人们能够超越自我，主动帮助别人。]

　　4．A　[推理判断题。付出有了回报，作者对穷人的生活会好转表示乐观。]

　　2．经典高考真题

　　Passage 1

　　【语篇导读】　这是一篇议论文。越来越多的学生在上大学期前都会度过一个间隔年。然而人们对于这一现象所持的看法却大相径庭。有的人十分推崇，而有的人却极力反对。

　　1．C　[事实细节题。由短文首句及第三段“That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year.”一句可知，这种现象日渐流行。因此答案为C。]

　　2．A　[推理判断题。根据第三段Tony Higgins的话可知，度过这个间隔年的学生会变得更加成熟和富有责任感，从而更有可能完成他们所选的课程。故A项正确。]

　　3．B　[推理判断题。由第四段首句及接下来引用Owain James的话可知，他对这一现象

　　4．C　[推理判断题。由短文最后一句可知，假期里多达90%的学生被迫去工作。结合前文“...young people are being forced into earning money.”可知答案非C莫属。]

　　Passage 2

　　【语篇导读】　本文以父母对上大学的孩子过度保护为例， 提出科技的发展带来的变化常被误认为是态度的变化的论点。

　　1．C　[细节理解题。根据文章第二段parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat”overly－protective even after their children move into college dormitories.可知调查表明现在的父母在子女上大学之后仍然非常溺爱或某种程度上过度保护子女。故选C。]

　　2．C　[观点态度题。第三段作者提出调查的结果并不能理解为现Many studies show that older parents—today’s grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.以及最后一段更是再一次强调了这种观点。选C。]

　　3．A　[文章标题题。由第一段第二句话得出，这种科技的改变容易被误认为是态度的变化，第二至五段具体讨论是科技还是态度变化，第六段再次明确表示是科技的变化，通读全文可知文章主要论述了科技发展带来变化还是态度带来的变化。故选A。]

　　4．B　[文章结构题。分析全文可知第一段简单介绍提出问题，第二段为第一个论点，指出父母在子女生活中参与度较高的现象，第三段是第二个论点，指出通过调查并不能推断出父母未能对子女放手，第四、五段为两个次论点，第一B。]

　　Passage 3

　　【语篇导读】　本文为记叙文，讲述了作者有注意力不集中的问题，但在老师的鼓励下，作者最终克服了自己的问题，由此告诉我们一个人可以通过努力克服自己的缺陷。

　　1．C　[细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的I was diagnosed(诊所) with

　　kind of attention disorder.和When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not.可知，选择A。]

　　2．B　[细节理解题。根据文中内容he invented a reading system of raised dots(点)，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.可知，Louis 发明了一种专为盲人阅读系统。]

　　3．D　[细节理解题。在老师的鼓励下，作者最终克服了自己的问题，老师给作者的作业得了个“A”，由此可见，Mrs.Smith 给予作者很大的鼓励。]

　　4．C　[主旨大意题。作者最终克服了自己注意力不集中的问题，由此告诉我们一个人可以通过努力克服自己的缺陷。]

　　Passage 4

　　【语篇导读】　这是一篇书评。介绍了Brooks的最新作品The Social Animal。关于这部作品的内容，写作方法，以及作品的缺陷。

　　1．D　[推理判断题。文章一开始作者提到科学的功能目的在于引出话题，解释作者在他们的作品中，为什么使用科学作为主题，所以选D。]

　　2．C　[细节理解题。第四段第二句As one would expect，his writing is mostly clear...可知，这本书最大的优点是表述清晰，因此C是正确的。]

　　3．D　[观点态度题。第四段第四句While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie everywhere.可知，作者对作品的态度是批评性的。]

　　4．A　[These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.可推知，接下去作者主要论及作品存在的问题。]

　　Passage 5

　　【语篇导读】　这是一篇说明文，介绍了世界各地有趣的“美食节”。

　　1．B　[细节理解题。根据题干可知答案在第一段中寻找。根据

　　2．A　[细节理解题。根据题干可知答案需要在第二段中寻找，根据第二段第一句可知，激烈的食品烧烤节是在新墨西哥举行的。]

　　3．B　[细节理解题。根据题干可知答案在第三段中寻找，第三段的第二句提到a week－long celebration可以看出选B。]

　　4．C　[细节判断题。根据第二段的倒数any one of the thousands of the products that are on show.在食品烧烤节上，会有上千种食品展示。]

　　Passage 6

　　【语篇导读】　本文叙述了学者们正在努力记录濒临消失的语言和文化，来挽救这些语言。

　　1．B　[事实细节题。根据文章第二段中“In an effort to prevent...they reflect.”可知学者们正在努力挽救濒临消失的语言。]

　　2．A　[词义猜测题。根据文章第四段中“But he is not content...without record.”可知“that tradition”是指Turin记录语言。故选A。]

　　3．D　[事实细节题。根据文章第三段中“...grows out of his experience living，looking and raising a family in a village in Nepal.”可知Turin的书以其在尼泊尔的个人经历为基础。故选D。]

　　4．C　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Generations of communities from whom...collected”和“Turin notes the endangered languages...speech communities.”可知，Turin的工作是“收集，保护和使再接合”，故选C。]

　　Passage 7

　　【语篇导读】　本文为说明文。介绍了G&G公司的企业文化，此公司的雇员都会在上班的第一天接受一项教育培训项目，而这个项目培训的主题就是培养员工的意志力。willpower是本文的中心词。

　　1．B　[细节事实题。根据第二段的第一句话可以看出答案，每位员工必须先接受培训。]

　　2．D　[细节理解题。根据文章的最后两段可以看出：增强意志力的最好办法就是使之成为一个习惯，而公司之所以花重金来开发这个培训项目的目的就是训练员D正确。]

　　3．C　[推理判断题。从最后一段末句可以看出：这些培训意志力的课程，从某种程度上来说，就是G&G公司从一个沉睡的公司发展到今天一个有17 000多家连锁店，每年利润达到1 000万美元的大公司的原因。因此可以推知，G&G公司未来可能会更加成功。]

　　Passage 8

　　【语篇导读】　本文讲述了四分之三的人都是收藏家，且有的博物

　　1．B　[事实细节题。根据文章第一段中“...will exhibit the objects accumulated by unknown collectors.”可知通过展示普通人的收藏品，一些新的博物馆提升了其流行文化。故选B。]

　　2．A　[事实细节题。根据文章第二段中“But they all reveal...who they are.”可知通过收藏品我们可以了解到收藏者A。]

　　3．C　[事实细节题。根据文章第三段中“The thinkers behind the project...what it means to do so.”可知新博物馆的目的是研究收藏的意义，故选C。]

　　4．A　[事实细节题。根据文章第四段中“You stop when you grow up”可知当成为成年人的时候，人们可能不再收藏。故选A。]