专题技能突破(11)(短文改错之细品单词、分析句子，纠正“词法”“句法”错误【技能讲解】 认真读每一句，分析每个词使用是否正确。名词的数与格，名词前该不该用冠词、用什么冠词，固定搭配是否完整、正确，有无缺少或多余介词，形容词、副词及其比较等级是否混用等。,分析句子，检查三大从句的引导词是否符合语法规则，如定语从句的引导词that， which， who， where等的使用是否正确，名词性从句的引导词that和what 是否混用，状语从句的使用是否把although和but， because和so重复使用。检查感叹句的感叹词what， how使用是否正确。此外，分析句子的主语谓语在数上是否一致，特别是定语从句中的谓语动词单复数，是否和作主语的关系代词所指定的名词单复数一致。
典例剖析
1.[2015·课标全国卷]Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.
[答案] on→with 考查介词。with表示“随着……”。
2．[2015·课标全国卷]Tony saw a toy on a shop window.
[答案] on→ in 考查介词。Tony是“在商店橱窗(shop window)里”看到了玩具，故用in。
3．[2015·课标全国卷]Now I am living in a city ，but I miss my home in countryside.
[答案] countryside前加the 考查冠词。in the countryside “在乡下/农村”为固定表达。
4．[2016·河南、河北、山西质检]This also gives the school authorities great pressures on meeting the need of academic levels.
[答案] pressures→pressure 考查不可数名词pressure。常见的不可数名词还有：information, news, advice, furniture, baggage, equipment等。
5．[2015·课标全国卷]After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.
[答案] where→that或去掉where 考查宾语从句引导词。此处宾语从句不缺成分且意思完整，故用that引导，that也可省略。
6．How a wonderful world he leads us to.
[答案] How→What 考查感叹句式。how后加形容词，what后加名词，a wonderful world为名词短语，因此用what。
7．The capital city is Lhasa, what is honored as “The highest city in the world”.
[答案] what→which 考查定语从句引导词。what不是定语从句的引导词，在非限制性定语从句中作主语且指物Lhasa的关系代词只能用which。
8．Obeying the traffic rules are what all of us should pay attention to particularly.
[答案] are→is 考查主谓一致。由动名词、动词不定式、从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Obeying the traffic rules是动名词短语作主语，因此谓语动词用单数。
技能演练单句改错
1．It was getting dark, so he left there in the hurry and jumped into a car.
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答案：the→a
2．He is such learned person that we all admire him very much.
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答案：such后加a
3．Under his help, we've learned how to analyze and settle problems.
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答案：Under→With
4．Without hesitation, Jack made a immediate dive for the robber and controlled him by holding him down against the ground.
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答案：a→an
5．Instead of giving us answers immediate, he encourages us to think by
ourselves whenever he puts forward questions.
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答案：immediate→immediately
6．Although she received little school education, but she is aware that knowledge is of great importance to young people.
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答案：去掉but
7．If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt, tell your teacher immediately.
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答案：去掉when
8．The family as well as their dog was trapped on the roof
by the flood.
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答案：was→were
9．I'm sure it won't be long until we find out the truth.
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答案：until→before
10．He is the only one of the students who have been to America.
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答案：have→has