名词除了独立考查其词义辨析外，还常结合其他项目一起考查，题型以单项填空、短文改错、完形填空及单词拼写等形式出现，考查要点主要包括：
1．考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外，高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。
2．考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。
3．考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象。这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如：shelter n．庇护，避难所→vt.保护，躲避，避难； storm n. 暴风雨， 大动荡→vi.&vt.横冲直撞， 猛攻； shoulder n. 肩，肩膀，肩部→vt.肩负，承担； trail n．小径， 痕迹→vt.追踪。
一、名词的单复数
1．可数名词复数的规则变化
可数名词复数的构成，通常是在单数形式后面加－s或－es，其规则如下：
构成方法
例词
一般情况在词尾加－s
cat—catsgirl—girls
page—pages
以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词在词尾加－es
bus—buses box—boxes
watch—watches
brush—brushes
但有例外：stomach—stomachs
以y结尾的专有名词或“元音字母＋y”结尾的名词变复数时，直接在词尾加－s
two Marys
three Henrys
monkey—monkeys
holiday—holidays
boy—boys
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，把y变成i加－es
baby—babies
city—cities
factory—factories
story—stories
以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的词，在词尾加－es
tomato—tomatoes
hero—heroes
potato—potatoes
但有例外：photo—photos
piano—pianos
以“元音字母＋o”结尾的词在词尾加－s
radio—radios
zoo—zoos
以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v加－es
knife—kniveswife—wives
half—halvesleaf—leaves
但仍有例外：
belief—beliefs roof—roofs
handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves
【特别提醒】
因为汉语中没有名词的单复数形式变化，所以英语中名词的单复数也就成了易错点。如以下两个典型错误：
①你有词典吗？
Do you have dictionary?
②他悲伤地摇了摇头。
He shook head sadly.
一般情况下，英语中的可数名词在句子中出现时，要么用复数形式，要么在其前面加冠词或限定词。因此以上两句可以表达为：
①Do you have a dictionary?
②He shook his head sadly.
单复数形式意义不同的名词：
experience经验experiences经历
manner方式
manners礼貌
custom风俗
customs海关
work工作
works著作，工厂
wood木材
woods树林
sand沙子
sands沙滩
paper纸张
papers报纸，论文，试卷
glass玻璃
glasses玻璃杯，眼镜
2．可数名词复数的不规则变化
有些名词的复数属于不规则变化，需要考生在平时的学习中逐一记忆：child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, phenomenon—phenomena, ox—oxen, mouse—mice, man—men, woman—women等。
3．总是表示复数意义的名词
集体名词people, police, cattle总是表示复数意义，不能说a people, a police, a cattle，但可以说a person, a policeman, a head of cattle。
The police are searching for the stolen boy.
The cattle are feeding on the grassland.
有些名词只用复数形式：trousers, congratulations, thanks, goods, clothes, socks, shoes, belongings, savings。
4．单复数同形的名词
有些名词的复数形式同原形。这些名词有：deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, li(里), jin(斤), yuan(元), mu(亩), means(方式，方法)等。
All possible means have been tried.
Every possible means has been tried.
【点拨】
对于单复数同形的名词，一定要从题中找出关键信息(如谓语动词的单复数形式)，来确定其到底是表示单数意义还是复数意义。
5．合成名词的复数
①把主体名词变成复数，如：lookers－on, editors－in－chief(总编辑), fathers－in－law(岳父)。
②没有主体名词时，在词尾加－s，如：grown－ups(成年人), go－betweens(中间人)。
二、名词间的相互转化
1．物质名词转化为可数名词
物质名词一般为不可数名词，但有些物质名词可以转化为可数名词。
(1)当物质名词转化为个体名词时，是可数的。如：
The bridge is made of stone.(不可数)
The bridge is made of 20,000 stones.(可数)
(2)当物质名词表示份数时，是可数的。如：
Tea is very good for our health.
Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。
2．抽象名词具体化
抽象名词一般是不可数名词，但在下列情况下可转化为可数名词：
(1)表示具体的人或事。请比较：
Failure is the mother of success.(success表示抽象概念)
The meeting was a great success.(success表示具体的事情)
(2)表示“一种”、“一场”、“一阵”、“(动作)一次”等。请比较：
We had plenty of rain last years.
去年我们这个地区雨量丰沛。(rain指“雨水”，不可数)
What a heavy rain！多么大的一场雨啊！
【易错警示】
在特定的语境中，有些不可数名词也可以转化为可数名词，这就需要考生区别对待。
三、名词作定语
名词作定语，即用一个名词修饰另外一个名词，主要用来说明被修饰名词的：
1．物质构成，如：steel bridge, paper money；
2．用途，如：coffee cup, fire escape；
3．时间，如：evening paper；
4．地点，如：city life, country life, country music；
5．种类，如：office work；
6．内容，如：body language, film industry。
【特别提醒】
名词作定语，第一个名词一般用单数，但也有例外，如：
sports shoes运动鞋
students reading room学生阅览室
四、名词所有格
英语名词所有格有两种：‘s所有格和of所有格。
1．‘s所有格的构成
(1)通常在单数名词和不以－s结尾的复数名词的词尾加‘s，如：Jack’s books, Children’s Day, the boy’s bag, men’s room, Tom’s dog, Jones’s father, my brother’s books, sheep’s skin。
(2)以－s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加‘，如：the students’ books。
(3)作为一个整体的词组，一般在最后一个词的词尾加‘s，如：an hour and a half’s walk(步行一个半小时的路程)；a month or two’s absence(一两个月的缺席)。
(4)以and连接的两个名词，表示共同所有时，在最后一个词的词尾加‘s，如：Kate and Mary’s father (Kate和Mary是姐妹俩)；表示分别所有时，在每个名词后分别加’s，如：Kate’s father and Mary’s father (Kate和Mary不是姐妹俩)。
【特别提醒】
不定代词后接else时，其所有格放在else之后。如： somebody else's bag, somebody else's books。
2．'s所有格的用法
(1)常表示有生命的东西。如：Tom's birthday, the dog's owner。
(2)用于表示时间、距离、天体、度量衡与货币价值、国家、城市等。如：
①时间：a day's work(一天的工作)，today's newspaper；
②距离：twenty minutes’ ride, five minutes’ walk, a mile’s distance；
③天体：the sun’s heat, the moon’s surface；
④度量衡与货币价值：ten dollars’ worth, twenty pounds’ weight；
⑤国家、城市等：China’s industry, the city’s development, the government’s plan, China’s development。
(3)表示某人的家或店铺。如：at the doctor's在诊所，the tailor’s裁缝铺，the barber’s理发店，at my uncle’s在我叔叔家。
3．of所有格的构成
the＋所有物＋of＋(this, that，. the, my/their...)＋无生命之物。
4．of所有格的用法
of所有格主要用于无生命的事物，也可以用于有生命的事物。如：the window of the house; a map of Japan; the name of the girl standing at the gate。
Does anyone know the title of the novel?
They have the support of people of the developing countries.
5．双重所有格
(1)双重所有格的构成：双重所有格即“of＋’s结构”。
(2)双重所有格的用法：表示整体中的一个或部分，用于修饰of前面的名词。如：a friend of my brother’s; this book of the professor’s; this lovely baby of my aunt’s。
Do you know any friend of my husband’s?
【特别提醒】
双重所有格还可以表示赞赏、厌恶等感情色彩，如：
1．That car of Peter's is very nice.
彼得的车确实很好。(表示赞赏)
2．The dog of Tom's is very fierce.
汤姆的那条狗非常凶。(表示厌恶、不满)
五、具体语境中名词的选择
具体语境中名词的选择是高考考查的重点之一。解题的关键是利用好关键信息，分析语境，使填入的名词符合语境要求。
◆探究
知己知彼，才能百战不殆。要解决好这类问题，必须明确命题思路。高考考查的角度有以下几种：
①纯语境类：给出语境，让考生判断符合题意的名词。
②具体语境中名词词义的辨析。
③利用一词多义来设置题目。
④具体语境中的词组搭配。
六、冠词的泛指与特指
冠词的泛指和特指是冠词学习的难点之一，也是高考考查的焦点所在。解题时考生要结合语境分析究竟设空处是表示“泛指”还是表示“特指”：
表泛指(指一类人或事物中的任何一个，而不具体指哪一个)，用不定冠词；
2．表特指(特指某人、某事、某物，指上文中提到的或正在谈论的人或物，或者是谈话双方都知道的人或事物)，用定冠词。请比较：
I have a computer. The computer is a great help to my studies.
(a computer属于泛指，the computer属于特指，指的是上文提到的事物)
He is a doctor.(a doctor属于泛指，指的是医生中的一个)
A nurse is a person who takes care of the sick.(尽管person后有一个限制性定语从句，但结合句义可知，此处是说明护士属于哪一类人，属于类指，因此用不定冠词)
【易错警示】
有些考生一见到名词有定语修饰，就认为是特指，这是错误的。其实，有时候，名词前有修饰语时，表示“一个什么样的人或事物”，即表示这个人或事物属于哪一类，是类指，而不是特指。如：
Our teacher is a warmhearted man.
He is a person who is ready to help others.
解题时一定要结合语境，切莫一刀切。
七、比较级和最高级前冠词的选择
“a/an＋比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比……更……的一个”，属于泛指；“the＋比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。“the＋最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最……的一个”；“a most＋形容词”表示“很……，非常……”。请比较：
This one is too small. Can you show me a larger one?
Tom is the older of the two boys.
Part One is a most difficult part but not the most difficult.
第一部分是非常难的一部分，但不是最难的。
【特别警示】
只有相比较的人或事物为两个时，才能用“the＋比较级”。
【易错辨析】
“a most＋形容词”不含比较概念，most相当于very；而“the most＋形容词”表示“最……”，句中必须有比较的范围。
八、表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前冠词的使用
表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词，如：sun, sky, moon, world等前面一般用定冠词，但其前有描绘性的修饰语时，用不定冠词。请比较：
As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.
What a bright moon!
九、物质名词和抽象名词前冠词的使用
1．物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词，表示泛指时前面一般不用冠词；但物质名词表示特指时，用定冠词。
请比较：
Man will die without water.(water表示泛指)
The water in this well is not fit to drink.(“The water”特指这口井里的水)
I know you don't like music very much. But what do you think of the music in the film we saw yesterday?
(第一个music表泛指的“音乐”，不用冠词。第二个music指这部电影中的音乐，表示特指，要用定冠词the)
The door is made of wood.(wood表示泛指)
The wood outside was all wet.
外面的那些木头都湿了。(wood表示特指)
2．抽象名词属于不可数名词，前面一般不用冠词；但用来表示具体的人或事时，其前用不定冠词。
The little boy looked at me in surprise.(surprise在本句中是抽象名词)
What a pleasant surprise to see you here！(抽象名词具体化，a surprise指一件令人惊奇的事情)
【易错探究】
物质名词和抽象名词前冠词的使用是考生容易出错的地方。有些考生已经形成了一种定式思维：物质名词和抽象名词前是不加冠词的。因此一见到物质名词和抽象名词，一概不加冠词。
其实，这是不能一概而论的。正确的方法是：结合语境判断名词是泛指还是特指，泛指不加冠词，特指时须加定冠词。
某些物质名词，如rain, snow, fog, wind, tea, coffee等，其前有形容词修饰时，形容词前应加不定冠词。如：
What a heavy rain!
Longjing is a famous Chinese green tea.
抽象名词表示抽象意义，不用冠词；表示具体事物，用不定冠词。
十、专有名词以及表示季节、星期、三餐的名词前冠词的使用
1．专有名词前一般不加冠词，但是以下情况需要用冠词：
(1)由普通名词构成的专有名词前应加定冠词。
请比较：
China, Smith, Bob(不用冠词)
the Great Wall长城
the United States美国
(2)表示“一个名叫……的人”时，用不定冠词。
A Mr. Smith is waiting for you outside.
有位史密斯先生在外面等你。(这里的a表示“某一”)
2．表示季节、星期的名词前一般不加冠词，如：in summer, on Monday，但是以下情况应用冠词：
(1)表示季节的名词前有描绘性的形容词时，应加不定冠词；有限制性的定语时(即表示某一年的某个季节时)，应加定冠词。
He joined the army in the spring of 1987.
We had a very hot summer last year.
I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii.
(2)表示“某一个星期几”时，用不定冠词。
I happened to meet my classmate Jack on a Wednesday.
3．表示一日三餐的名词前一般不加冠词，但其前面有描绘性的修饰语时，应加不定冠词。请比较：
—Have you had supper?
—Yes. We had a wonderful supper.
【特别提醒】
专有名词以及表示季节、星期、三餐的名词前冠词的使用是近几年高考对冠词考查的焦点之一。考查的角度主要针对考生的定式思维——一碰到这类词就认为不应该加冠词。在具体运用中，考生应该打破定式思维，具体情况具体分析。
在一些短语中，用与不用冠词意义差别很大：
in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在…… (内部的)前面
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能
【知识拓展】
常见不用冠词的表达：
go by train乘火车去
at noon在中午
at night在晚上
in town在城里
in surprise惊奇地
at work在工作
十一、序数词前冠词的使用
表示顺序“第几”时用“the＋序数词”；表示“又一，再一”时用“不定冠词＋序数词”。
We have finished the first lesson, and now we will learn the second lesson.
我们已经学完了第一课，现在我们学习第二课。
I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.
我已经有三本书了，我想再买一本。
例7.Johnson had made up his mind to give it up, but on ________ second thought he determined to try ________ third time.
A. /; a
B. the; /
C. a; a
D. the; a
考点一、考查名词
例1． —Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?
—Living every day to the full, definitely.
A. recipe B. record C. range D. receipt
【变式探究】【2016·浙江】4. It is important to pay your electricity bill on time , as late payments may affect your ______.
A. condition
B. income
C. credit
D. status
考点二、考查冠词
例2．2.______prize for the winner of the competition is ______two-week holiday in Paris.
A. The ; 不填
B. A ; 不填
C. A ; the
D. The ; a
(2015·新课标Ⅱ，42改编)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built(build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even________most modern of architects and engineers.
1．(2016·新课标Ⅰ，61)But for tourists like me，pandas are its top ________(attract)．
2．(2016·新课标Ⅰ，69)The nursery team switches him every few ________(day)with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed...
3．(2016·新课标Ⅱ，42)Then，handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of ________(achieve)．
4．(2016·新课标Ⅱ，46)Recent ________(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly．
5．(2016·新课标Ⅲ，68)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C.，influenced the ________ (develop)of chopsticks.
6．(2016·四川，65)Any smell might attract natural ________(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.
7．(2016·浙江，4)It is important to pay your electricity bill on time，as late ________(pay)may affect your credit.
8．(2016·浙江，8)We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our _______ _(different)unite，rather than divide us.
．(2016·新课标Ⅰ，70)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed，________ other is with mum—she never suspects.
．(2016·新课标Ⅱ，48)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for ________ while，exercising，or doing something you enjoy.
．(2016·浙江，2)________prize for the winner of the competition is ________ twoweek holiday in Paris.
【2015·湖北】22.He gave himself a new name to hide his ____ when he went to carry out the secret task.
A. emotion
B. talent
C. identity
D. treasure
【2015·安徽】30.There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ______ and then let me know.
A. thought
B. support
C. protection
D. authority
【2015·江苏】35.—Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.
—I’d like to, but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my ______ .
A. requests
B. excuses
C. apologies
D. regrets
【2015·江苏】32.Some schools will have to make ______ in agreement with the national soccer reform.
A. judgments
B. adjustments
C. comments
D. achievements
【2015·福建】24.The failure was a big__________to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.
A. blow B. issue C. excuse D. Factor
【2015·浙江】15.
One of the most effective ways to reduce
is to talk about feeling with someone you trust.
A. production
B. stress
C. energy
D. passive
【2015·四川】5.Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be
Beethoven.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D.不填
【2015·浙江】2.
Jane’s grandmother had wanted to write
children’s book for many years, but one thing or another always got in
way.
A. a;不填 B. the;the
C. 不填;the
D. a;the
1.（2017湖北卷）22. When Richard said, “You are much more agreeable and prettier now,” Joan’s face turned
red at the unexpected ______.
A. command
B. comparison C. compliment
D. contribution
2.（2017江苏卷）27. She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful
in last
year's election.
A. symbol B. portrait C. identity D. statue
3.（2017天津卷）3.Wind is now the world’s fastest growing ________ of power.
A. source
B. sense
C. result
D.
root
4.（2017浙江卷 ）6. We most prefer to say yes to the ______ of someone we know and like.
A. attempts
B. requests
C. doubts
D. promises
5.（2017江西卷）22. They chose Tom to be ___captain of the team because they knew he was __smart leader.
A. a; the
B.
the; the
C.
the; a
D. a; a
6.（2017天津卷）8. Life the like ________ ocean; Only ________strong-willed can reach the other shore.
A. an; the
B. the; a
C. the ;/
D. / ; a
7.（2017浙江卷 ）2. The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ______ week, often long into______night.
A. a; the
B. the; 不填
C. a; a
D. 不填；the
1.（2017·浙江）4.As the world’s population continues to grow, the ___of food becomes more and more of a concern.
A.worth
B. supply
C. package
D. list
2.（2017·浙江）2.Mary worked here as a ____ secretary and ended up getting a full-time job with the company.
A.pessimistic
B. temporary
C. previous
D. cautious
3.（2017·福建卷)22. _____ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known
4.（2017·湖北卷)21. Poetry written from the ______ of the urban youth tends to reveal their anxiety over a lack of sense of belonging.
A. perspective
B. priority
C. participation
D. privilege
5.（2017·辽宁卷)23.The accident caused some _____ to my car,but it ’s nothing serious.
A.harm
B.injury
C.ruin
D.damage
6.（2017·新课标I卷）31. India attained ________ independence in 1947, after _______ long struggle.
A. 不填; a
B. the; a
C. an; 不填
D. an; the
A 7.（2017·新课标Ⅱ卷)13. Four and
half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and
break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar.
A.a;a
B. the; the
C.不填；the
D.a;不填
8.（2017·新课标Ⅱ卷)9. It may not be a great suggestion. But before _______ is put forward, we’ll make do with it.
A. a good one
B. a better one
C. the best one
D. a best one
9.（2017·浙江）15.People develop______ preference for a particular style of learning at______ early age and these preferences affect learning.
A.a; an
B. a;不填
C.不填;the
D. the ;an
10.（2017·大纲卷）33.Four and
half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and
Break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar.
A.a;a
B. the; the
C.不填；the
D.a;不填
11.（2017·大纲卷）28. The watch was very good, and he
20 percent down for it.
A. a good one
B. a Better one
C. the Best one
D. a Best one
12.（2017·福建卷)21. The "Chinese Dream" is ____ dream to improve people's well-being and ____ dream of harmony, peace and development.
A. the; a B. a; a C. a; the D. the; the
13.（2017·江西卷)32. Animals are obviously ______ lower form of life than _______ man.
A. a ; /
B. the ; the
C. a ; the
D. / ; /
14.（2017·山东卷)22. It was ______ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across ____ night sky.
A. 不填；a
B. a; the
C. the; a
D. the; 不填
15.（2017·重庆卷)32. The parents were shocked by______news that their son needed______operation on his knee.
A. A; / B. the; / C. the; an D. a; an