非谓语动词是高中英语教学的重点和难点，也是历届高考的重点项目。命题热点多是借助于基本概念，在语境中考查常用动词的各种非谓语形式以及个性动词后的非谓语形式。有时也涉及非谓语动词逻辑主语的一致性问题以及独立主格结构中非谓语的各种变化。其考点主要包括：
1．考查对谓语动词与非谓语动词的识别，要求明确句子的结构和意义，掌握非谓语动词的基本用法。
2．考查不定式和动名词作宾语的区别，要求掌握一些常见动词后面所接宾语的形式。
3．考查非谓语动词作定语、状语、补语时的区别，尤其是不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语所表示的不同时间、逻辑关系和意义。现在分词和不定式作结果状语时的区别应引起足够重视。
4．考查非谓语动词的否定式、完成式、被动式及复合结构，要求掌握其构成形式、所表示的时间以及逻辑关系。
一、非谓语动词作状语
1．不定式作状语
不定式作状语通常表示：(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后)；(2)目的(可用so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首)；(3)结果(常表出乎意料的结果，常为only to do)。
①We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)
②To get there on time I got up very early.(目的)
③He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.(结果)
2．现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。
Not knowing what to do，he went to his parents for help.
由于不知怎么办才好，他去找他父母帮忙。
(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻扎)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didn't hear the sound.
3．独立主格结构作状语
如果分词作状语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，须在分词前面加上它自己的主语，这种结构叫独立主格结构，其作用相当于状语从句；有时也用with复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾语补足语)作状语。
(1)名词/主格代词＋现在分词
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。
The girl staring at him(＝As the girl stared at him)，he didn't know what to say.
女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
(2)名词/主格代词＋过去分词
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。
The problems solved(＝As the problems were solved)，the quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
(3)名词/主格代词＋不定式
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
He is going to make a model plane，some old parts to help.
借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
(4)with复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾语补足语)作状语，是用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不定式作宾语补足语，关键是看宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。
With time passing by(time和pass之间为主动关系)，he almost forgot everything in the past.
随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。
He sat on the chair，with his hands tied(hands和tie之间为被动关系)behind his back.
他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。
二、非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语
1．非谓语动词作主语
(1)Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain.(动名词作主语)
(2)To see is to believe.(不定式作主语)
(3)It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)
(4)It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)
2．非谓语动词作表语
(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答what引导的问句。
(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作或表示将来的动作。
3．非谓语动词作宾语
非谓语动词作宾语的主要是不定式和动名词
(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refuse，fail，pretend，happen等动词后跟不定式作宾语。
(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。
(3)以下动词后接不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同。
动词 接动名词作宾语 接不定式作宾语
remember 记得曾做过某事 记得要做某事
forget 忘记曾做过某事 忘记要做某事
try 尝试做某事 努力做某事
regret 对做过的事表示后悔 对要做的事表示遗憾
mean 意味着做某事 企图(打算)做某事
can't help 禁不住做某事 不能帮助做某事
go on 继续做未完成的事 做完一件事后，接着做另一件事
stop 中断正在做的事 中断正在做的事，去做别的事
【特别提醒】
1．动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，逻辑主语可以是物主代词、人称代词的宾格或所有格。
Do you mind my/me reading your paper?
你介意我看你的考卷吗？
2．作宾语的动名词和不定式除了一般式和主动式，还有完成式、被动式。
完成式表示该动作比谓语动作先发生。否定式在doing/to do前加not。
(1)I regret not having taken her advice.(not须放在having前)
我感到遗憾，没有听从她的建议。
(2)They couldn't stand being treated like that.
他们不能忍受被那样对待。
(3)He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job.
他决定帮我，但我假装已经完成工作了。
三、非谓语动词作定语
1．不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，它与所修饰的名词或不定式代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。
You are the third one to enter the room.(主谓关系)
I have something important to say.(动宾关系)
He has no opportunity to go abroad.(同位关系)
2．动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰的事物的性能和用途。
a reading room(＝ a room for reading)
3．现在分词作定语表主动和进行，可转换为定语从句。
The question being discussed (＝which is being discussed) now is important.
4．过去分词作定语表被动和完成，也可转换为定语从句。
The question discussed(＝which was discussed) yesterday is important.
四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1．advise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish等动词后面常用不定式作补语。如：
Tell the children not to play on the street.
The police warned us not to go out at night.
2．make/let/have等使役动词后面用不带to的不定式作补语，但在被动句中则使用带to的不定式。如：
They make the students do too much homework every day.
The students are made to do too much homework every day.
3．感官动词后面可用不带to的不定式或分词作补语。
从时间上看，不定式表示发生或完成；现在分词强调正在进行；过去分词表示完成。
从逻辑关系上看，不定式和现在分词与宾语之间存在着主谓关系；过去分词与宾语之间存在着动宾关系。如：
I saw him cross the street.
我看到他穿过了大街。
I saw him crossing the street.
我看到他正在穿过大街。
I saw him surrounded by a group of students.
我看到一群学生围着他。
五、非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式
1．非谓语动词的否定式均是在前面加not。
He pretended not to see me.
I regret not following his advice.
Not having tried his best，he failed in the exam.
2．不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。
当谓语动词表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式动作正在进行，不定式要用进行式。
The boy pretended to be working hard.
当不定式的动作在谓语动作发生时，不定式要用完成式。
I happened to have seen the film.
当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
3．动名词的完成式、被动式、完成被动式和带有逻辑主语的复合结构。
We remembered having seen the film.
He came to the party without being invited.
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
4．现在分词的完成式和被动式。
当现在分词的动作早于谓语动作发生时，现在分词要用完成式。
Having done his homework，he played basketball.
当现在分词的逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时，现在分词要用被动式。
The problem being discussed is very important.
Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same mistake.
考点一、非谓语动词作状语
例1、(2016·新课标Ⅲ，63)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal ________(create)special designs.
【变式探究】【2015·重庆】11. Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way____ the sun and the stars.
A. used
B. having used
C. using
D. use
考点二、非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语
例2、(2016·新课标Ⅰ，67)My ambassadorial duties will include ________(introduce)British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
【变式探究】【2015·陕西】18. Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother
good care of at home.
A. taking
B. taken
C. take
D. be taken
考点三、非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式
例3、(2016·新课标Ⅲ，63)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal ________(create)special designs.
【2015·浙江】18. Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it
live is quite another.
A. perform
B. performing
C. to perform
D. being performed
1．(2016·新课标Ⅰ，66)．..a TV show in the mid1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter________(permit)to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
2．(2016·新课标Ⅰ，67)My ambassadorial duties will include ________(introduce)British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
3．(2016·新课标Ⅱ，49)If you find something you love doing outside of the office，you'll be less likely ________(bring)your work home.
4．(2016·新课标Ⅲ，63)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal ________(create)special designs.
5．(2016·新课标Ⅲ，64)People probably cooked their food in large pots，________(use)twigs(树枝)to remove it.
6．(2016·四川，64)For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something ________(eat)!
7．(2016·浙江，1)—Are you sure you're ready for the test?
—No problem.I'm well ________(prepare)for it.
8．(2016·浙江，10)To return to the problem of water pollution，I'd like you to look at a study ________(conduct)in Australia in 2017.
9．(2016·浙江，13)A sudden stop can be a very ________(frighten)experience，especially if you are travelling at high speed.
10．(2016·浙江，19)I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do ________(work)with students.
11．(2016·北京，26)________(make)it easier to get in touch with us，you'd better keep this card at hand.
12．(2016·北京，28)________(order)over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.
13．(2016·北京，32)Newlybuilt wooden cottages line the street，________(turn)the old town into a dreamland.
14．(2016·天津，4)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，________(make)air conditioning unnecessary.
1.(2015·江苏，24)Much time
(spend)sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
2.(2015·湖南，30)When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground,
(wonder)whether to stay or leave.
3.(2015·湖南，34)Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students
(talk)over what is bothering them.
4.(2015·北京，21)
(catch)the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
5.(2015·北京，23)The park was full of people,
(enjoy)themselves in the sunshine.
6.(2015·北京，31)If
(accept)for the job, you'll be informed soon.
7.(2015·浙江，18)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it
(perform)live is quite another.
8.(2015·重庆，6)
(raise)in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.
9.(2015·重庆，11)Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way
(use)the sun and the stars.
10.(2015·陕西，17)After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress，Anne Benedict went on
(thank)all the people who had helped in her career.
11.(2015·陕西，18)Back from his two－year medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother
(take)good care of at home.
12.(2015·天津，5)
(absorb)in painting, John didn't notice evening approaching.
13.(2015·天津，8)
(work)for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
14.(2015·安徽，27)
(ignore)the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
15.(2015·福建，28)
(learn)more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
16.(2015·福建，33)In recent years an English word “infosphere” has appeared，
(combine)the sense of “information” and “atmosphere”.
1.（2017安徽卷）32．While waiting for the opportunity to get
, Henry did his best to perform his duty.
A. promote
B. promoted
C. promoting
D. to promote
2.（2017北京卷）28. There are still many problems ______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
A. solving
B. solved
C. being solved
D.to be solved
3.（2017大纲卷）23. Toady there are more airplanes _____ more people than ever before in the skies.
A. carry
B. carrying
C. carried
D. to be carrying
4.（2017天津卷）7. Clearly and thoughtfully________, the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
A. writing
B. to write
C. written
D. being written
5.（2017重庆卷 ）5. The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras ______ to our shop for quality problems.
A.turning B. returned C. to turn D. to be returned
6.（2017重庆卷 ）11.Group activities will be organized after class _____ children develop team spirit.
A. helping B. having helped C. helped D. to help
7.（2017福建卷）30. For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying________.
A. connected
B.
connecting
C.
to connect
D.
to be connected
8.（2017湖南卷）23.____your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
A. Understanding B. To be understood
C. Being understood D. Having understood
9.（2017湖南卷）27. There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, _____at the night sky.
A. to stare B. staring C. stared D, having stared
10.（2017湖南卷）35.
ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thought
and inner quietness.
Having freed
B. Freed C. To free D. Freeing
11.（2017江苏卷）29. His lecture____, a lively question-and-answer session followed.
A. being given B. having given C. to be given D. having been given
12.（2017江苏卷）35.— ! Somebody has left the lab door open.
—Don't look at me.
A. Dear me B. Hi, there C. Thank goodness D. Come on
13.（2017江西卷）31. ___nearly all our money , we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel .
A. Having spent
B.
To spent
C. Spent
D. To have spent
14.（2017江西卷）34.He is thought ___foolishly .Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job .
A. to act
B.
to have acted
C.
acting
D. having acted
15.（2017山东卷）6. There is a note pinned to the door______ when the shop will open again.
A. saying
B. says
C. said
D. having said
16.（2017山东卷）9. It’s standard practice for a company like this one______ a security officer.
A. employed
B. being employed
C. to employ
D. employs
17.（2017陕西卷）12. It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like _________ for a swim?
A. to go
B. going
C go
D. having gone
18.（2017陕西卷）20. ________ the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor Russell several times.
A. Working out
B. Worked out
C. To work out
D. Work out
19.（2017四川卷）5. The manager was satisfied to see many new products ______ after great effort.
A. having developed
B. to develop
C. developed
D. develop
20.（2017四川卷）7. — I hope to take the computer course.
— Good idea. ____ more about it, visit this website.
A. To find out
B. Finding out
C. To be finding out
D. Having found out
21.（2017天津卷）5. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only _________ it didn’t fit
A. to find
B. found
C. finding
D. having found
（2017·新课标I卷）35. The sunlight is white and blinding, _______ hard-edged shadows on the ground.
A. throwing
B. being thrown
C. to throw
D. to be thrown
（2017·新课标I卷）22. They might just have a place ________ on the writing course— why don’t you give it a try?
A. leave
B. left
C. leaving
D. to leave
B （2017·新课标Ⅱ卷)5.I got to the office earlier that day,
the 7:30 train from Paddington.
A.caught
B. to have caught
C. to catch
D. having caught
（2017·浙江）19.There are some health problems that, when ____in time, can become bigger ones later on.
A.not treated
B. not being treated
C. not to be treated
D. not having been treated
（2017·浙江）7.______how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
A.Hearing
B. Hear
C. Having heard
D. To be hearing
（2017·大纲卷）25.I got to the office earlier that day,
the 7:30 train from Paddington.
A.caught
B. to have caught
C. to catch
D. having caught
（2017·北京卷)29.When we saw the road
with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
block B. to block
C. blocking D. blocked
（2017·北京卷)24.
the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.
A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found
（2017·湖南卷)31. ________ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could
refill it.
A. Staying
B. Stayed
C. To stay
D. Stay
（2017·湖南卷)29. You cannot accept an opinion ________ to you unless it is based on facts.
A. offering
B. to offer
C. having offered
D. offered
（2017·湖南卷)25. The sun began to rise in the sky, ________ the mountain in golden light.
A. bathed
B. bathing
C. to have bathed
D. have bathed
（2017·江西卷)34. If _____ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.
A. asked
B. to ask
C. asking
D. having asked
（2017·山东卷)33. ________ at the cafeteria before, Tina didn’t want to eat there again.
A. Having eaten
B. To eat
C. Eat
D. Eating
（2017·山东卷)29. I stopped the car ____ a short break as I was feeling tired.
A. take
B. taking
C. to take
D. taken
（2017·山东卷)25. The room is empty except for a bookshelf _____ in one corner.
A. standing
B. to stand
C. stands
D. stood
（2017·四川)10. The airport _______ next year will help promote tourism in this area.
A. being completed
B. to be completed
C. completed
D. having been completed
（2017·四川)8. _______ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.
A. Not knowing
B. Knowing not
C. Not known
D. Known not
（2017·天津卷)10. In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words _______in daily conversations.
A. using
B. to use
C. having used
D. used
（2017·辽宁卷)28.Lauro was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home,there was a pile of mails
for her
A.waited
B.to wait
C.waiting
D.was waiting
（2017·重庆卷)34. The engine just won’t start. Something seems ______ wrong with it.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
（2017·重庆卷)30. When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, ______ me stories till I fell asleep.
A. having told B. telling C. told D. to tell
（2017·安徽卷)32.
in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art.
A. To found
B. Founding
C. Founded
D. Having founded