动词的时态与语态是两个非常重要的语法范畴，构成了英语语法的基本框架，几乎所有动词的考查都必须借助于时态和语态来完成。高考试题在考查时态和语态的同时，还兼顾其他语法内容的测试，比如各种从句、强调句、倒装句等，其交叉式和复合式的特点尤为明显。其考点主要包括：
1．注重在语境中考查常见时态的区别，如一般过去时与现在完成时、一般现在时(过去时)与现在(过去)进行时的区别等。要求准确判断动作和时间的关系，正确理解时间概念，如是现在、过去还是将来，是时间段、时间点还是时间瞬间。
2．遵循“情景立意”和“能力立意”的原则，考查在状语从句等特定语言环境中时态的代替。要求吃透语境，摸清命题人的意图，善于捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息，克服汉语式的惯性思维。
3．把语态与时态结合在一起，进行综合考查。各种常用时态的被动语态的构成，仍是高考命题的热点之一，而且题干中有效信息越来越隐蔽，试题难度呈现加大的趋势。要求明确谓语动词与主语的关系，分清是主动还是被动。
4．考查主动形式表示被动意义。对语境理解能力的要求逐步提高，且要重视有特殊用法的动词的运用。
高考常考的几种易混时态的辨析
1．一般现在时与现在进行时
(1)一般现在时主要用于习惯性或经常性动作，常伴随使用usually，often，seldom等频度副词；现在进行时主要用于表示目前或现阶段正在进行的动作或状态，常跟now，at present等时间状语。
He usually writes a lot of letters，but he isn't writing at present.
他经常写许多信，但他现在没在写。
(2)表示客观事实或普遍真理时，要用一般现在时，不能用现在进行时。
The Earth goes around the Sun.
地球绕着太阳转。
2．一般过去时与过去进行时
(1)一般过去时表示一个完成的动作，而过去进行时表示过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。
I was reading a novel last night.
昨晚我在看小说(可能没看完)。
I read a novel last night.
我昨晚看了一本小说(已经看完了)。
(2)一般过去时用于表示一个单纯动作，过去进行时用于表示过去一段时间反复做的动作。
Did he ask questions?
他提问题了吗？
He was asking questions all the time.
他始终在提问题。
(3)一般过去时表示过去某个时刻发生的动作(侧重说明事实)，过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间发生的动作(强调在这一过程中所进行的动作或展开的情景)。
He drew a picture yesterday afternoon.
他昨天下午画了一张画(昨天下午他做了这么一件事)。
He was drawing a picture yesterday afternoon.
他昨天下午在画一张画(昨天下午他一直在画画，没干别的事)。
(3)一般过去时表示过去某个时刻发生的动作(侧重说明事实)，过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间发生的动作(强调在这一过程中所进行的动作或展开的情景)。
He drew a picture yesterday afternoon.
他昨天下午画了一张画(昨天下午他做了这么一件事)。
He was drawing a picture yesterday afternoon.
他昨天下午在画一张画(昨天下午他一直在画画，没干别的事)。
3．现在完成时与一般过去时
(1)两者都表示发生在过去的动作。但现在完成时表示过去动作与现在的关系，主要说明现在的情况；一般过去时强调动作发生在过去某一时间，与现在不发生联系。例如：
They've gone to Paris.
他们到巴黎去了(说明他们现在去巴黎了，不在这里)。
They went to Paris.
他们去过巴黎(只说明去过，不表明是否现在仍在那里)。
(2)现在完成时表示从过去发生到现在一段时间内的任何时间，可与so far，up to now，lately，ever since等表示包括现在一段时间的状语连用，但不能和表示过去时间的状语连用；一般过去时表示的是过去某一特定时间或与现在无关的某一过去时间。
I haven't seen the film yet.
我还没看过这部影片(到目前为止)。
I saw the film the day before yesterday.
我前天看的这部电影(表明看电影的时间是在前天)。
4．过去完成时与一般过去时
(1)一般过去时通常与具体过去时间状语连用；即使没有时间状语，根据具体的语言环境，我们也可以作出明确的判断。
(2)过去完成时是一种相对的时态，表示在过去某时刻之前发生。时间参照点与一般过去时不同，一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言，过去完成时则是与过去某一时刻而言的，即“过去的过去”。
5．一般将来时与将来进行时
一般将来时表示对“现在时刻”来说，将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态；而将来进行时表示将来的某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
She is sixteen，who will be seventeen next year.
她十六岁，明年将十七岁。
What will you be doing at this time next Monday?
下周一这时候你将会在做什么呢？
5．一般将来时与将来进行时
一般将来时表示对“现在时刻”来说，将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态；而将来进行时表示将来的某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
She is sixteen，who will be seventeen next year.
她十六岁，明年将十七岁。
What will you be doing at this time next Monday?
下周一这时候你将会在做什么呢？
(2)现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如：
Have you been meeting her lately？(经常相见)
Have you met her lately？(不重复发生)
(3)现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩；而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实、一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言。如：
Recently Mary has been doing her homework regularly.(显然是在表扬玛丽)
Recently Mary has done her homework regularly.(只说明一个事实)
固定句型中的固定时态
在某些固定句型里往往有固定的时态要求，请体会下列句子中时态的运用：
1．This/It is the first/second... time I have done sth.
That/It was the first/second... time I had done sth.
2．It is two years since he went abroad./It was two years since he had gone abroad.
3．I was about to go out when the telephone rang.
4．Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang.
5．No sooner had I got home than the telephone rang.
6．It won't be long before he comes back./It wasn't long before he came back.
7．I didn't manage to understand it until he had explained it again.
8．祈使句＋and(or/or else/otherwise)＋并列分句(并列分句中谓语动词多用一般将来时)
被动语态
1．被动语态的构成
英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的，而被动语态则是有标记的。被动语态由“助动词be＋过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表：
2.主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况
(1)英语中有很多动词，如break，catch，clean，drive，look，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物；在这种情况下，常常和easily，well等副词连用。
This kind of cloth washes well.这种布好洗。
The sign reads as follows.这牌子告示如下。
This material won't wear.这种材料不耐穿。
The machine runs well.这种机器运转良好。
特别提醒：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
(2)表示感受、感官的系动词feel，sound，taste，look等后跟形容词、名词构成系表结构，无被动形式。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
你的理由听起来合理。
(3)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词、worth等形容词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这所房子需要修理。
(4)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”中不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难计算出。(可看作to work out省略了for me)
(5)be to rent/blame/let也属于主动形式表被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake?
谁应为这个错误接受谴责？
The houses are to let.
这些房子有待出租。
(6)介词in，on，under等＋名词构成介词短语表被动意义。
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之意，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有：under control受控制；under treatment在治疗中；under repair在修理中；under discussion在讨论中；under construction在施工中；beyond belief令人难以置信；beyond one's reach鞭长莫及；beyond one's control无法控制；
beyond our hope我们始料不及；for sale出售；for rent出租；
in print在印刷中；in sight在视野范围内；on sale出售；on show展出；on trial受审；out of control控制不了；out of sight超出视线；out of one's reach够不着；out of fashion不流行。如：
The rumor is beyond belief(＝can't be believed)．
那个谣言令人难以置信。
Today some treasures are on show(＝are being shown)in the museum.
今天一些珍宝正在博物馆展出。
考查动词时态
(2016·浙江)While online shopping ________(change)our life，not all of its effects have been positive.
【变式探究】【2015·北京】26.in the last few years,China ___ great achievements in environmental protection.
A.has made
B.had made
C.was making
D.is making
【变式探究】（2017安徽卷）23．The twins, Who
their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
A. will finish
B. finish
C. have finished
D. had finished
考查时态和语态
例、(2016·四川)The giant panda ________(love)by people throughout the world.
【变式探究】【2015·北京】22.--Did you enjoy the party?
--Yes,we___by our hosts.
A.were treated
B.would be treated.
C.treated
D.had treated
【变式探究】（2017·浙江卷）Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she ________ most of the guests before.
A．has seen
B．had seen
C．saw
D．would see
(2016·新课标Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base，where ticket money helps pay for research.I ________(allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600acre centre.
2．(2016·新课标Ⅲ)Truly elegant chopsticks might ________(make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
3．(2016·四川)The giant panda ________(love)by people throughout the world.
4．(2016·四川)Then，after two and a half years，the mother ________(drive)the young panda away.
5．(2016·浙江)While online shopping ________(change)our life，not all of its effects have been positive.
6．(2016·浙江)Silk ________(become)one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
7．(2016·北京)Jack ________(work)in the lab when the power cut occurred.
8．(2016·北京)—Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars.We ________(wait)here for more than two hours.
9．(2016·北京)I ________(read)half of the English novel，and I'll try to finish it at the weekend.
10．(2016·北京)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ________(reward)with success in the end.
11．(2016·天津)When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I ________(see)for years.
1.(2015·江苏，30)The real reason why prices
(be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
2.(2015·湖南，22)As you go through this book, you
(find)that each of the millions of people who lived through World War Ⅱ had a different experience.
3.(2015·湖南，25)I wasn't able to hide my eagerness when I
(ask), “What do you wish me to do now？”
4.(2015·湖南，28)He must have sensed that I
(look)at him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that？”
5.(2015·湖南，32)I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but
(hold)back thankfully by the shop window.
6.(2015·北京，22)—Did you enjoy the party?
—Yes.We
(treat)well by our hosts.
7.(2015·北京，26)In the last few years, China
(make)great achievements in environmental protection.
8.(2015·北京，27)—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house?
—Not really.She
( give)us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
9.(2015·北京，30)—Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
—All right.I
(call)him later.
10.(2015·浙江，8)Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child, few people guessed that he
(go)be a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
11.(2015·重庆，1)—Is Peter coming?
—No, he
(change)his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
12.(2015·重庆，13)In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat
(cut).
13.(2015·陕西，22)Marty
(work)really hard on his book and he thinks he'll have finished it by Friday.
14.(2015·陕西，24)At college，Barack Obama didn't know that he
(become) the first black president of the United States of America.
15.(2015·四川，4)More expressways
(build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.
16.(2015·天津，6)Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she
(teach)a class at that time.
17.(2015·天津，9)Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement
(reach)so far by the two sides.
18.(2015·安徽，24)Just as I got to the school gate, I realised I
(leave)my
book in the cafe.
19.(2015·安徽，29)It is reported that a space station
(build)on the moon in years to come.
20.(2015·福建，26)To my delight, I
(choose)from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
21.(2015·福建，30)—Where is Peter? I can't find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and
(write)his essay there ever since.
（2017安徽卷）23．The twins, Who
their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
A. will finish
B. finish
C. have finished
D. had finished
（2017北京卷）22. ---Hi, let’s go skating.
--- Sorry, I’m busy right now. I _______ in an application form for a new job.
A. fill
B. have filled
C. am filling
D. will fill
（2017北京卷）23. Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves _______ half an hour.
A. by
B. in
C. for
D. until
（2017北京卷）31.--- What time is it?
--- I have no idea. But just a minute, I ______ it for you.
A. check
B. checked
C. will check
D. would check
（2017北京卷）32. I found the lecture hard to follow because it _______ when I arrived.
A. started
B. was starting
C. would start
D. had started
（2017大纲卷）22. Unless extra money____, the theatre will close.
A. was found
B. finds
C. is found
D. found
（2017大纲卷）32. The reports went missing in 2017 and nobody ______ them since.
A. sees
B. saw
C. has seen
D. had seen
（2017福建卷）23.—Haven't seen you for ages! Where have you been?
—I went to Ningxia and
there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.
A. stayed
B. stay
C. had stayed
D. am staying
（2017湖南卷）28. Since the time humankind started gardening, we _____to make our environment more beautiful.
A. try
B. have been trying
C. are trying D. will try
10.（2017湖南卷）34. Whenever you
, a present, you should think about it from the receiver’s point of view.
A. bought B. have bought
C. will buy D. buy
11.（2017江苏卷）23.—How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing?
—Well, the media _________it in a variety of forms.
A. cover B. will cover C. have covered D. covered
（2017江西卷）24.----Tony , why are your eyes red ?
---I __ up peppers for the last five minutes .
A. cut
B.
was cutting
C.
had cut
D. have been cutting
（2017山东卷）1. Writing out all the invitations by hand was more time-consuming than we______.
A. will expect
B. are expecting
C. expect D. had expected
（2017山东卷）5. They made up their mind that they______ a new house once Larry changed jobs.
A. bought
B. would buy
C. have bought
D. had bought
（2017陕西卷）22. During his stay in Xi’an, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends ________,
A. would recommend
B. had recommended
C. have recommended
D. were recommending
（2017四川卷）9. She ______ someone, so I nodded to her and went away.
A. phoned
B. had phoned
C. was phoning
D. has phoned
（2017天津卷）11. We won’t start the work until all the preparations __________.
A. are being made
B. will be made
C. have been made
D. had been made
（2017浙江卷 ）11. Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she _____ most of the guests before.
A. has seen
B. had seen
C. saw
D. would see
（2017重庆卷 ）4. You’d better write down her phone number before you ___ it .
A.forget B. are forgetting C.forgot
D. will gorget
（2017重庆卷 ）8.James has just arrived, but I didn’t know
he ___until yesterday.
A. will come B.was coming
C. had come D. came
I first met Bryan I didn’t like him, but I ________ my mind.
A. have changed
B. change
C. had changed
D. would change
A （2017·新课标I卷）24. If we _________ now to protect the environment, we’ll live to regret it.
A. hadn’t acted
B. haven’t acted
C. don’t act
D. won’t act
C （2017·浙江）10.During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs___ sharply.
A.was increasing
B. has increased
C. had increased
D. will be increasing
（2017·北京卷)32. --- So what is the procedure?
--- All the applicants
before a final decision is made by the authority.
A. interview
B. are interviewing
C. are interviewed D. are being interviewed
（2017·北京卷)28. Hurry up! Mark and Carl
us.
A. expect B. are expecting C. have expected D. will expect
（2017·北京卷)25. --- Do you think Mom and Dad
late?
--- No, Swiss Air is usually on time.
were B. will be C. would be D. have been
（2017·北京卷)23.Shakespeare’s play Hamlet
into at least ten different films over the past years.
A. had been made
B. was made
C. has been made D. would be made
（2017·北京卷)22. Don’t turn off the computer before closing all programs
you could have problems
A. or B. and C. but D. So
（2017·福建卷)26. The girl has a great interest in sport and ____ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.
A. took B. is taking C. takes D. has been taking
（2017·湖南卷)34. — I don’t understand why you didn’t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.
— had done
B. was doing
C. would do
D. am doing
（2017·湖南卷)27. — Have you heard about the recent election?
— Sure, it ________ the only thing on the news for the last three days.
A. would be
B. is
C. has been
D. will be
（2017·湖南卷)26. If nothing ________, the oceans will turn into fish deserts.
A. does
B. had been done
C. will do
D. is done
（2017·湖南卷)24. Around two o’clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat ________ us.
A. bothers
B. had bothered
C. would bother
D. bothered
（2017·湖南卷)22. “What do you want to be?” asked Mrs. Crawford. “Oh, I ________ president,” said the boy, with a smile.
A. have been
B. am
C. was
D. will be
（2017·江苏卷)34. —What about your self-drive trip yesterday?
—Tiring! The road is being widened, and we ______ a rough ride.
A. had B. have C. would have D. have had
（2017·江苏卷)21. Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others ______ essential to their development.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
（2017·江西卷)35. I ________ to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.
A. come
B. came
C. am coming
D. was coming
（2017·山东卷)27. — Oh no! We’re too late. The train _______.
— That’s Ok. We’ll catch the next train to London.
A. was leaving B. had left
C. has left
D. has been leaving
（2017·山东卷)24. I didn’t think I’d like the movie, but actually it _____ pretty good.
A. has been
B. was
C. had been
D. would be
（2017·四川)3. Hurry up, kids! The school bus _______ for us!
A. waits
B. was waiting
C. waited
D. is waiting
（2017·天津卷)13. The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers ____ one of the main pipes.
A. had repaired
B. have repaired
C. repaired
D. are repairing