专题14 阅读理解
【易错雷区，步步为赢】
(2015·安徽卷，A)Welcome to the Electronic Village to explore new ways of language teaching and learning.
Electronic Village Program (Thursday，June 18，2015)
Nearpod
9：00 am to 10：00 am
Room 501
Nearpod is a software program that creates a rich context (语境) for students to learn vocabulary. The presenter will show how to use it. TEO
2：00 pm to 3：00 pm
Room 502
Our students come from different backgrounds but have the same desire to learn on-line. The presenter will use examples from his first on-line class to explain how any teacher can begin teaching on-line with TEO.
Kahoot
10：30 am to 11：30 am
Room 601
Kahoot software can be used to create grammar tests which can be graded on a network. It can provide students with instant feedback (反馈), including reports about their strengths and weaknesses. Prezi
3：30 pm to 4：20 pm
Room 602
Uses of Prezi in listening and speaking courses draw students' attention to speaking more fluently. The presenter will show how students can use Prezi to confidently present on a variety of topics，including introducing family，friends，and hobbies.
【语篇解读】 该篇文章是一篇广告。主要介绍了探索语言教学和学习的新方法。电子村提供了四种形式： Nearpod、Kahoot、TEO、Prezi供大家选择。
1.Nearpod can be used to________.
A.offer grammar tests
B.teach listening on-line
C.help vocabulary learning
D.gain fluency in speaking
2.If you want to improve your speaking skills，you can go to________.
A.Room 501
B.Room 502
C.Room 601
D.Room 602
3.Which of the following can assess your grammar learning?
A.Nearpod.
B.Kahoot.
C.TEO.
D.Prezi.
4.A teacher who wants to learn on-line teaching is expected to arrive by________.
A.9：00 am
B.10：30 am
C.2：00 pm
D.3：30 pm
(2015·湖北卷，D)The oddness of life in space never quite goes away.Here are some examples.
First consider something as simple as sleep.Its position presents its own challenges.The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag.If you leave your arm out，they float free in zero gravity，often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny ballet(芭蕾) dancer.“I'm an inside guy，” Mike Hopkins says，who returned from a six－month tour on the International Space Station.“I like to be wrapped up.”
On the station，the ordinary becomes strange.The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars.It also has no seat.With no gravity，it's just as easy to pedal violently.You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want.But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long.Without gravity to help circulate air，the carbon dioxide you exhale(呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible(隐形的) cloud around your head.You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon－dioxide headache.
Leroy Chiao，54，an American retired astronaut after four flights，describes what happens even before you float out of your seat.“Your inner ear thinks you're falling.Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you're standing straight.That can be annoying—that's why some people feel sick.” Within a couple of days—truly terrible days for some—astronauts' brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear，and space sickness disappears.
Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous.For instance，astronauts lose bone mass.That's why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule.The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy.NASA is worried about two things: recovery time once astronauts return home，and，more importantly，how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round－trip to Mars.
【语篇解读】 在太空中生活常常有奇奇怪怪的事情。睡姿、自行车无座无把、二氧化碳头疼等。
5.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?
A.Deciding on a proper sleep position.
B.Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag.
C.Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly.
D.Finding a right time to go to sleep.
6.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon－dioxide headache when ________.
A.they circle around on their bikes
B.they use microcomputers without a stop
C.they exercise in one place for a long time
D.they watch a movie while pedaling
7.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because ________.
A.their senses stop working
B.they have to stand up straight
C.they float out of their seats unexpectedly
D.their brains receive contradictory messages
8.One of NASA's major concerns about astronauts is ______.
A.how much exercise they do on the station
B.how they can remain healthy for long in space
C.whether they can recover after returning home
D.whether they are able to go back to the station
(2015·安徽卷，E)Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning，and play a significant role in a family or culture's celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.
Sharing bread，whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table，is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread，so this tradition hits its roots in the custom of sharing bread.
Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States，pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece，people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake，which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.
Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child，and food can play a significant role. In China，when a baby is one month old，families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red－colored eggs to guests. In many cultures，round foods such as grapes，bread，and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.
Nutrition is necessary for life，so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.
【语篇解读】 该篇介绍了食品作为一种交流的两个基本方面，来说明它是世界各地不同文化的一个重要组成部分。
1.According to the passage，sharing bread________.
A.indicates a lack of food
B.can help to develop unity
C.is a custom unique to rural areas
D.has its roots in birthday celebrations
2.What does the coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year?
A.Trust.
B.Success.
C.Health.
D.Togetherness.
3.The author explains the role of food in celebrations by________.
A.using examples
B.making comparisons
C.analyzing causes
D.describing processes
4.What is the passage mainly about?
A.The custom of sharing food.
B.The specific meaning of food.
C.The role of food in ceremonies.
D.The importance of food in culture.
(2015·重庆卷，E)The values of artistic works，according to cultural relativism(相对主义)，are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions.Such a view，however，fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries.
History has witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world.It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls，as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries.Unique works of this kind are different from today's popular art，even if they began as works of popular art.They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future.
In a 1757 essay，the philosopher David Hume argued that because“the general principles of taste are uniform(不变的) in human nature，”the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years.Works of this type，he believed，spoke to deep and unvarying features of human nature and could continue to exist over centuries.
Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art.For example，evolutionary psychology is being used by literary scholars to explain the long－lasting themes and plot devices in fiction.The structures of musical pieces are now open to experimental analysis as never before.Research findings seem to indicate that the creation by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discovery by a great scientist.
【语篇解读】 本文是说明文，主要介绍了艺术作品是永恒受欢迎的，原因是人类的审美具有共同性，并且就此展开说明。
5.According to the passage，what do we know about cultural relativism?
A.It introduces different cultural values.
B.It explains the history of artistic works.
C.It relates artistic values to local conditions.
D.It excites the human mind throughout the world.
6.In Paragraph 2，the artists are mentioned in order to show that
________.
A.great works of art can go beyond national boundaries
B.history gives art works special appeal to set them apart
C.popular arts are hardly distinguishable from great arts
D.great artists are skilled at combining various cultures
7.According to Hume，some works of art can exist for centuries because ________.
A.they are results of scientific study
B.they establish some general principles of art
C.they are created by the world's greatest artists
D.they appeal to unchanging features of human nature
8.Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?
A.Are Artistic Values Universal?
B.Are Popular Arts Permanent?
C.Is Human Nature Uniform?
D.Is Cultural Relativism Scientific?
(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅰ，D)Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope.This evening，as on every Thursday night，psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France's favorite pastimes，coffee drinking and the “talking cure”.Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.It isn't always easy.The customers—some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session—are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect.“You are forbidden to say ‘one feels，’ or ‘people think’，”Lehanne told them.“Say ‘I think，’ ‘Think me’.”
A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed？It couldn't seem more un－French.But Lehanne's psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself：It's trying to help the city's troubled neighborhood cafes.Over the years，Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours，a fast－food boom and a younger generation's desire to spend more time at home.Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation.Cafes focused around psychology，history，and engineering are catching on，filling tables well into the evening.
The city's “psychology cafes”，which offer great comfort，are among the most popular places.Middle－aged homemakers，retirees，and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love，anger and dreams with a psychologist.And they come to Lehanne's group just to learn to say what they feel.“There's a strong need in Paris for communication，”says Maurice Frisch a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church.“People have few real friends.And they need to open up.”Lehanne says she'd like to see psychology cafes all over France.“If people had normal lives，these cafes wouldn't exist，”she says，“If life weren't a battle，people wouldn't need a special place just to speak.”But then，it wouldn't be France.
【语篇解读】 这是一篇议论文。作者从La Chope咖啡馆的经营特色谈起，介绍了巴黎的一些主题咖啡馆经营理念的变化及其大受欢迎的原因。
1.What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?
A.Learn a new subject.
B.Keep in touch with friends.
C.Show off their knowledge.
D.Express their true feelings.
2.How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?
A.They are less frequently visited.
B.They stay open for longer hours.
C.They have bigger night crowds.
D.They start to serve fast food.
3.What are theme cafes expected to do?
A.Create more jobs.
B.Supply better drinks.
C.Save the cafe business.
D.Serve the neighborhood.
4.Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?
A.They bring people true friendship.
B.They give people spiritual support.
C.They help people realize their dreams.
D.They offer a platform for business links.
(2015·北京卷，A)
The Boy Made It!
On Sunday, Nicholas, a teenager, went skiing at Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine. In the early afternoon, when he was planning to go home, a fierce snowstorm swept into the area. Unable to see far, he accidentally turned off the path. Before he knew it, Nicholas was lost, all alone! He didn't have food, water, a phone, or other supplies. He was getting colder by the minute.
Nicholas had no idea where he was. He tried not to panic.He thought about all of the survival shows he had watched on TV. It was time to put the tips he had learned to use.
He decided to stop skiing. There was a better chance of someone finding him if he stayed out. The first thing he did was to find shelter from the freezing wind and snow. If he didn't, his body temperature would get very low, which could quickly kill him.
Using his skis, Nicholas built a snow cave. He gathered a huge mass of snow and dug out a hole in the middle. Then he piled branches on top of himself, like a blanket, to stay as warm as he could.
By that evening, Nicholas was really hungry. He ate snow and drank water from a nearby stream so that his body wouldn't lose too much water. Not knowing how much longer he could last, Nicholas did the only thing he could—he huddled (蜷缩) in his cave and slept.
The next day, Nicholas went out to look for help, but he couldn't find anyone. He followed his tracks and returned to the snow cave, because without shelter, he could die that night. On Tuesday, Nicholas went out again to find help. He had walked for about a mile when a volunteer searcher found him. After two days stuck in the snow, Nicholas was saved.
Nicholas might not have survived this snowstorm had it not been for TV. He had often watched Grylls' survival show Man vs. Wild. That's where he learned the tips that saved his life. In each episode (一期节目) of Man vs. Wild, Grylls is abandoned in a wild area and has to find his way out.
When Grylls heard about Nicholas' amazing deeds, he was super impressed that Nicholas had made it since he knew better than anyone how hard Nicholas had to work to stay alive.
【语篇解读】 本文主要介绍了十几岁的青少年Nicholas 在滑雪时遭遇暴风雪迷了路，他不畏艰难，利用在电视中学到的野外生存知识逃脱困境的故事。
5.What happened to Nicholas one Sunday afternoon?
A.He got lost.
B.He broke his skis.
C.He hurt his eyes.
D.He caught a cold.
6.How did Nicholas keep himself warm?
A.He found a shelter.
B.He lighted some branches.
C.He kept on skiing.
D.He built a snow cave.
7.On Tuesday, Nicholas ________.
A.returned to his shelter safely
B.was saved by a searcher
C.got stuck in the snow
D.stayed where he was
8.Nicholas left Grylls a very deep impression because he ________.
A.did the right things in the dangerous situation
B.watched Grylls' TV program regularly
C.created some tips for survival
D.was very hard－working
(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅰ，C)Salvador Dali (1904－1989) was one of the most popular of modern artists.The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings，sculptures，drawings and more.Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces，most importantly The Persistence of Memory.There is also L'Enigme sans Fin from 1938，works on paper，objects，and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist's showman qualities.
The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning，the world of birth.The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.
The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities (无限).“From the infinity small to the infinity large，contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus：amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum－theatre in Figueras，” explains the Pompidou Centre.
The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作)with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，Florida.
【语篇解读】 这篇短文主要介绍了现代著名艺术家Dali的作品风格及the world of Dali中的展品情况。
1.Which of the following best describes Dali according to Paragraph 1?
A.Optimistic.
B.Productive.
C.Generous.
D.Traditional.
2.What is Dali's The Persistence of Memory considered to be?
A.One of his masterworks.
B.A successful screen adaptation.
C.An artistic creation for the stage.
D.One of the best TV programmes.
3.How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali?
A.By popularity.
B.By importance.
C.By size and shape.
D.By time and subject.
4.What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?
A.Artworks.
B.Projects.
C.Donations.
D.Documents.
(2015·四川卷，B)Nothing could stop Dad.After he was put on disability for a bad back，he bought a small farm in the country，just enough to grow food for the family.He planted vegetables，fruit trees and even kept bees for honey.
And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin's chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料).The smell really burned the inside of your nose.When we complained about the terrible smell，Dad said the stronger the manure，the healthier the crops，and he was right.For example，just one of his cantaloupes filled the entire house with its sweet smell，and the taste was even sweeter.
As the vegetables started coming in，Dad threw himself into cooking.One day，armed with a basket of vegetables，he announced he was going to make stew(炖菜).Dad pulled out a pressure cooker and filled it up with cabbages，eggplants，potatoes，corns，onions and carrots.For about half an hour，the pressure built and the vegetables cooked.Finally，Dad turned off the stove，the pot began to cool and the pressure relief valve sprayed out a cloud of steam.If we thought Dad's pile of chicken manure was bad，this was 10 times worse.When Dad took off the lid，the smell nearly knocked us out.
Dad carried the pot out and we opened doors and windows to air out the house.Just how bad was it? The neighbors came out of their houses to see if we had a gas leak!
Determined，Dad filled our plates with steaming stew and passed them around.It didn't look that bad，and after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell，it didn't offend the nose so much，either.I took a taste.It would never win a prize in a cooking competition，but it was surprisingly edible，and we drank up every last drop of soup.
【语篇解读】 本文主要讲述了作者的父亲买了一个小农场，在里面种满了各种蔬菜、果树甚至还养了蜜蜂。但作者的父亲收获的时候，他炖了一锅蔬菜，闻到味道时，作者和其他人觉得烧得很糟糕，但是最后全部都吃光了。
5.Why did Dad clean Old Man McColgin's chicken house regularly?
A.To earn some money for the family.
B.To collect manure for his crops.
C.To get rid of the terrible smell.
D.To set a good example to us.
6.What can we infer about Dad's stew?
A.It is popular among the neighbors.
B.It contains honey and vegetables.
C.It looks very wonderful.
D.It tastes quite delicious.
7.What does the underlined word “offend” in the last paragraph mean?
A.To attract.
B.To upset.
C.To air.
D.To shut.
8.What can we learn about Dad from the text?
A.He is an experienced cook.
B.He is a troublesome father.
C.He has a positive attitude to life.
D.He suffers a lot from his disability.
(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)
Building Trust in a Relationship Again
Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences.__1__ Trust is a risk.But you can't be successful when there's a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.
Unfortunately，we've all been victims of betrayal.Whether we've been stolen from，lied to，misled，or cheated on，there are different levels of losing trust.Sometimes people simply can't trust anymore.__2__ It's understandable，but if you're willing to build trust in a relationship again，we have some steps you can take to get you there.
●__3__ Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well－being.
● __4__
If you've been betrayed，you are the victim of your circumstance.But there's a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”.At some point in all of our lives，we'll have our trust tested or violated.
●You didn't lose “everything”.Once trust is lost，what is left？Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle，look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life.__5__ Instead，it's a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.
A.Learn to really trust yourself.
B.It is putting confidence in someone.
C.Stop regarding yourself as the victim.
D.Remember that you can expect the best in return.
E.They've been too badly hurt and they can't bear to let it happen again.
F.This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.
G.Seeing the positive side of things doesn't mean you're ignoring what happened.
【语篇解读】 这是一篇议论文。信任是来源于人们以往经历的一种非天生行为。但有时它也会带来风险。当我们失去对别人的信任时，该如何重新获得呢？本文向前读者介绍了几点实用的做法。
(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady，gradual increases in the length of the runs.__6__，buy the best－fitting，best－built running shoes you can find.No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet，so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop.When you have found shoes that seem right，walk in them for a few days to double－check the fit.__7__.As always，you should stretch(伸展) at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.
During the first week，do not think about distance，but run five minutes longer each day.__8__，it is wise to take a day off to rest.But during the next week，set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run.__9__.After two weeks，start timing yourself.__10__.Depending on the kind of race you plan to enter，you can set up a timetable for the remaining weeks before the race.
A.After six days
B.For a good marathon runner
C.Before you begin your training
D.With each day，increase the distance by a half mile
E.If they still feel good，you can begin running in them
F.Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training
G.Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time
【语篇解读】 这篇短文向读者介绍了马拉松训练之前要做的准备工作，包括跑鞋的挑选和注意事项，也给出了每日训练里程的建议。
【名师点睛，易错起源】
1、巧用主题句并依据主题句确定短文的中心
最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文章) 通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点：(1) 概括性强：表述的意思比较概括。(2) 结构简单：句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。(3) 受它支撑：段落中其他的句子是用来解释、支撑或发展该句所表述的主题思想。在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的位置情况有三种：
主题句在段首或篇首
主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍，其后的句子则是论证性细节。一般资讯报道、说明文, 议论文、科技文献等大都采用这种格式，即先总述，后分述的叙事方法。
例文1： All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链). Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.
例文2：People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.
主题句在段末或篇末
主题句也会出现在段尾，即作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论 - 段落的主题。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的归纳总结或者所得出的结论。因此，在阅读这种文章时，要注意表述细节的句子通常在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。
例文1：If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.
例文2：Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.
主题句在段落中间
当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.
例文：Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.
无主题句
有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。
例文：Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey(蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.
Scientists could not control(控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.
Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.
Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.
找出主题句后，再依据主题句定短文的中心
任意一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心展开并且由段落组成的；段落之间有着内在的紧密联系，而表达段落主题的句子叫主题句，通常置于段落的开头，有时在段落末尾和中间；其它的句子是用来说明和阐述主题句的；若把一个个主题句加以整理，你能悟出其中心思想，同时还可以回避、排除个别生词、难句（等困难信号）所带来的干扰，但也有一些文章的中心思想常贯穿在全文中，因而要综观全文，对全文有一个透彻的理解才行。例如：
例题：My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommodation wasn’t wonderful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food), and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air.
On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two friends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had come with Amanda. There were some other members I didn’t know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the area.
We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at lunchtime. Matt and I went to the caves (岩洞) first. Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what we’d done.
This passage mainly talks about ______________.
A. the writer’s friends at the Activity Center
B. the writer’s experience at the Activity Center
C. outdoor sports at the Activity Center
D. how to go rock-climbing and caving
在解主题大意时，以下方法可供参考。
1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。
2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。
例文：If you are a recent social science graduate who has had to listen to jokes about unemployment from your computer major classmates, you may have had the last laugh. There are many advantages for the social science major because this high-tech "Information Age" demands people who are flexible (灵活的) and who have good communication skills.
There are many social science majors in large companies who fill important positions. For example, a number of research studies found that social science majors had achieved greater managerial success than those who had technical training or pre-professional courses. Studies show that social science majors are most suited for change, which is the leading feature (特点) of the kind of high speed, high-pressure, high-tech world we now live in.
Social science majors are not only experiencing success in their long-term company jobs, but they are also finding jobs more easily. A study showed that many companies had filled a large percentage of their entry-level positions with social science graduates. The study also showed that the most sought-after quality in a person who was looking for a job was communication skills, noted as "very important" by 92 percent of the companies. Social science majors have these skills, often without knowing how important they are. It is probably due to these skills that they have been offered a wide variety of positions.
Finally, although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job, recent graduates report that they don' t regret their choice of study.
3.文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。
例如：On the whole, in short, in a word, in brief, to sum up, to conclude therefore…
I agree with the opinion that…
Given all these points above, I would support the idea that…
For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer…
掌握了找主题句的方法后，就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误，需要同学们注意。
1.以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。
2.过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。
3.把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。
2 掌握具体事实和重要细节：
做细节事实题的方法
在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题，它们大多是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，排除干扰项，找出正确答案。
2.1).是非题出题形式： a.三正一误：
Which of the following is true except…?
Which of the following is mentioned except…
b.三误一正：
Which of the following is true?
这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系：
Which of the following is mentioned except…
Which of the following is not mentioned…?
这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段，而且往往无列举标志词，如first，second，third等。做题时只需阅读有关段落，根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项，剩下一个原文中未提到的，为正确答案。
2.2) 例证题
对举例的考查为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为:
The author provides in line…(或Paragraph…)an example in order to…
意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。
文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；此外，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。
2.3）年代与数字：这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。
2.4）比较：比较考点的表现形式主要有：
a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构；
b.表示绝对意义的字眼：first(第一)，least(最不)，most(最)等；
c.表示惟一性的词汇：only, unique等；
阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题时回原文定位。
2.5）原因：
这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示：
result, reason;
result in(结果)，result from(由于，
base…on…(以……为基础)，be due to (由于)；
because, for, why;
as a result, consequently等。
阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。
Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well received TV programme “Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.
Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cat Hay Airline for seven years. However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station.
“It’s really a hard job for me. I won’t enter for such competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai,
I'd love to make a deep impression on my TV audience, " said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.
Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.
B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.
C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.
D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.
3做推理判断题的方法
所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。因此，解推断题时应注意：
1.不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点，要严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理；
2.推理的根据来自于上下文；
3.如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案；
4.如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案；
5.如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案；
6.文中的虚拟语气和情态动词（should, must, may, etc.）往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案；
7.注意作者在文章中的措辞，比如作者在形容词前用了too，excessively, rather则常带有否定的口气；
8.某些过渡词（例如：however, but, on the contrary, what’s more）后面所表达的内容往往能反映作者的观点和态度。
当然，解推断题的方法有多种，但最主要的就是根据词义关系推断具体细节。
通常，高考英语试题中的推断题主要有以下几种：
1．事实推断
这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。例如：
例题：Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual. People don’t want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be “bad” news.
According to the passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV?
A. You often play football with your friends after school.
B. Your teacher has got a cold.
C. A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasn’t been caught.
D. The bike in front of your house is lost.
2．指代推断
确定代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。要确定指代词所指代的对象，关键在于对所在上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词，其单复数形式英语被指代的词一致，因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象第一个辅助标志。 文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it, this 和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。
例题：In 1901, H.G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. When the explorers（探险者）landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities. They expressed their surprise to the "moon people" they met. In turn, the "moon people" expressed their surprise. "Why, "they asked, "are you traveling to outer space when you don't even use your inner space？"
H.G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did land on the moon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. However, the question that the "moon people" asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
What does the underlined word "it" refer to？
A．Discovering the moon's inner space．
B．Using the earth's inner space．
C．Meeting the "moon people“ again．
D．Traveling to outer space．
由此可以看出it指上句中的the question，而the question又指第一段中"月球人"所提的问题。所以根据第一段中的问题"Why are you traveling to outer space when you don't even use your inner space？"就可以判断出答案为B。
3．逻辑推断
这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉，因此需根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时，应把握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按事件发展的经过描写，也可按因果关系, 对比关系来描写。
例题： We are in the computer age．We often see computers at work．They are especially useful in automatic control，data processing（数据处理）and solving complicated problems．And they are finding their way into the home．The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day．
More and cleverer computers will continue to appear．They will run faster，have more functions and work much more skillfully．They will take over more tasks from us，helping to change the face of our world．Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us．
However．．．
Which of the following statements will best continue the third paragraph？
A． Computers will soon stop developing．
B． Many people like computers very much．
C． Computers are as clever as man．
D． I do not think computers will replace us completely．
4．对作者的意图和态度的推断
这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。
确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：
1、问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；
2、如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。
因此，在阅读文章时，应能够辨认和记忆具体事实、重要细节。具体事实、重要细节是主题句的扩展、补充、说明或例证，是用来支持和说明中心思想的，而且是阅读理解测试的重要组成部分。例如：
例1：If someone asks me: “Do you like music?” I’m sure I will answer him or her: “Of course, I do.” because I think music is an important part of our lives.
Different people have different ideas about music. For me, I like rock music because it’s so exciting. And my favorite rock band, the “Foxy Ladies” (酷妹) is one of the most famous rock bands in the world. I also like pop music. My classmate LiLan loves dance music, because she enjoys dancing. My best friend, Jane, likes jazz music (爵士乐). She thinks jazz is really cool.
“I like dance music and rock very much.” says my brother, “because they are amazing.”
But my mother thinks rock is boring. “I like some relaxing (轻松的) music,” she says. That’s why she likes country music, I think.
①The writer likes music because he thinks ____________.
A. it’s an exciting part of our lives
B. it’s an amazing part of our lives
C. it’s an important part of our lives
②What kind of music does the writer like?
A Rock and pop music. B Rock and dance music. CJazz and country music.
③Who likes dancing?
A. The writer.
B. Li Lan.
C. Jane.
④The writer’s mother thinks that country music is __________.
A. amazing
B. boring
C. relaxing
⑤ How many people’s ideas about music are talked about in this passage?
A. 4.
B. 5.
C. 6.
例2：One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂) and two spiders.”
“What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised.
“Well，”replied the man，“I’m moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”
The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was ______.
A. very clean
B. just cleaned by the landlord
C. tidy and comfortable
D. dirty and full of insects
例3：Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK，they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.
Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He doesn’t ask questions；he answers questions. He never says，“I don’t know.”
Which of the following best describes the writer’s attitude to Mr. Neff?
A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand.
B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderful.
C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff.
D. He does not like Mr. Neff.
例4： Why isn’t your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read about is murder， bribery（行贿），and death．Frankly，I’m sick of all this bad news．
This author’s attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to ______ ．
A． complain
B． apologize
C． amuse
D． inform
4 运用构词法、语境线索等帮助来推测关键词义
在阅读中，我们或多或少会碰到一些生词和不熟悉的短语，这些生词和短语会妨碍我们对文章中心的理解，因此，如能理解文章，我们应掌握猜测词义的能力。一般来说，生词所在的句子、段落会提供很多的暗示和线索，依据这些暗示和线索（例如同义词反义词线索；解释性线索；例证性线索；标点符号线索）就可以理解生词的词义了。例如：
This material is unreadable.
The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
Like her younger sister who is gregarious, Alice also likes to make friends.
猜测词义的常用方法：
1）根据构词法（合成、派生、转化）进行判断
英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是生词，但掌握了一定的构词法知识，就不难猜出它的词义。如：
例文：Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences--but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete．
2）根据定义或解释猜测词义
Skimming means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully．
The harbor is protected by a jetty—a wall built out into the water．
例题：A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag”. It is the same as “to tell a secret”….
Now when someone lets out (泄漏) a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”
John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ______.
A. makes everyone know a secret B. the woman bout a cat
C. buys a cat in the bag D sells the cat in the bag
3）根据情景和逻辑进行判断
例题：As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.
In the text, “put an end to” means “______”.
A. stop
B. cut C. kill
D. fly
4）根据并列或同位关系猜测词义
．．．，and other Germanic and Nordic peoples，who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon（or Old English），a Germanic language．
The "Chunnel"，a tunnel（隧道）connecting England and France，is now complete．
例题：There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand.
What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese?
A. 自来水 B. 大气
C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽
5）根据背景和常识判断
The old man put on his spectacles and began to read．
The door was so low that I hit the head on the lintel．
The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye．
Mr. Smith always arrives home punctually，neither early nor late．
例1：The following morning when I went to see how my captive (被捕获的, = caged) bird was doing, I discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. I was terribly surprised! What had happened! I had taken extremely care of my little bird. Arthur Wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. “A mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). She thinks it is better for her young to die than to live in captivity.”
An ornithologist is probably a person who ______.
A studies birds B loves creatures C majors in habits D takes care of trees
例2：Water is all around us. Water is in the ocean. Water is in the lakes and rivers. Water is in the air. There is more water than land on the earth. All living things must have it. We must have it, too. We cannot live without drinking water. Sometimes, we do not have all the water that we need. The land will dry up without water. Sometimes, there can be too much water in the land. If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hill. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills. It is called erosion when the water takes the land away.
“Erosion” in the passage means ____________.
A. 地震
B. 雪崩
C. 侵蚀
D. 霜冻
6）根据标点符号和提示词猜测词义
One of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizing—saying the words to themselves in a low voice．
The early scientific study of chemistry，known as alchemy，grew up in Egypt in the first few centuries A．D．
7根据转折或对比关系进行判断
根据上下句的连接词，如：but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。分号（；）还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。
He has been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated．
8根据因果关系进行判断
根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted．
后一句承接前一句，前一句的原因导致后一句的结果。根据因果关系，停电很可能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品溶化，所以melted的词义应为"溶化"。
猜答案能力
绝对词否决法;答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有: must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, none, hardly等。
例1：One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that _____ .
A. the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificant.
B. people's traditional concepts about work no longer hold true.
C. most people have to take part-time jobs.
D. people have to change their jobs from time to time.
例2：The main idea of this passage is that _____ .
A. better use of green space facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our life.
B. attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities.
C. the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years ago.
D. priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities.
怀疑词判断法：
选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多数), more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。
例1：It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes _____
A. Americans are more ambitious than people in other countries
B. in many countries success often depends on one's social status
C. American businesses are more democratic than those in other countries
D. businesses in other countries are not as competitive as those in America
例2： According to the passage the problems of college education partly arise from the fact that _____ .
A. society can't provide enough jobs for properly trained college graduates
B. high school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education?
C. too many students have to earn their own living
D. college administrators encourage students to drop out
此外，在作者态度题中，象中立态度(neutral)一般不是选项。在四个选项中，忽然有一个选项特别长或特别短，则此选项往往是正确选项。在两个选项中，如果除个别字外，其他部分完全一样，其中往往有一个是正确选项。"None of the above"往往是用作干扰项。)
其他技巧：
1. 如果文长题少，则以略读的方式先读一遍，而后带着问题去查阅，求得要找的答案。
2. 如果文短题多，则应先仔细阅读该短文，再去做题。遇到某个题答不来时，可带着该问题去查阅某些细节。
3. 重点读段首句和段未句，看是否有主题句
4. 问题要求解答案数字、人名、地名、时间
5. 抓关键词的办法
6. 画下不懂的难句