3年高考2年模拟1年原创精品系列
专题29 阅读表达、阅读简答（天津）
【2017年高考命题预测】
2009年,天津高考英语卷也采用了阅读表达这一题型。这种题型以阅读理解为基础,要求考生在读懂文章的基础上,用规定的词数简要地回答有关问题;考查考生的英语表达能力和概括能力,比传统的阅读理解题型更具综合性和主观性,更能体现对考生的综合语言运用能力的考查。所选用的阅读材料题材、文体与传统的阅读理解短文没有太大的区别,多以故事和说明文为主,长度一般为300词左右,结构清晰,通俗易懂。
在问题设置上阅读表达题一般设有五个小题(每小题2分),阅读简答题则一般设有三个小题(每小题2分)。在形式上,阅读表达题相对丰富些,有填空和问题简答等,而阅读简答题则主要以问题简答为主。考查的方向基本上可分为四大类:一是词汇语义类,要求考生从文中找到一个与所给生词或短语意义最接近的替换词,考查学生联系上下文理解词义的能力;二是细节查找类,针对文章某细节内容提问,要求考生用规定的词数回答问题;三是主旨大意类,针对文章主旨提问,考查考生对文章中心思想或作者态度、观点等的把握;四是考生个人观点类,问考生读完文章后对文中故事或人物的看法。
总之,这种题型将答题主观性与客观性相结合,突出思维的开放性,给考生提供广阔的思维空间,能全面、客观地考查考生“读、写、思”等方面的能力。
2017考纲解读和近几年考点分布
从近几年的天津高考阅读表达题来看，该题型的测试目的是从多方位多角度考查考生通过阅读获取信息、处理信息并进行书面表达的能力。比传统的阅读理解题型更具综合性和主观性，更能体现对考生的 综合语言运用能力的考查。
其命题特点是：
1.阅读表达的题材和体裁与传统的阅读短文没有太大的区别，文章长度大致相同或比传统的阅读短文略短，总阅读量不会太大（约200~300词）。
2.生词量较大，有许多超“标”词汇，要求考生凭借上下文语境及生活常识予以推测感知。
3.语篇意识和思维灵活性有所强化，文章的结构层次性更强。
阅读表达题型具有多样性，概括起来一般采用以下7种形式：
问题类型 常见问题
主旨概括 What’s the best title of the passage?
What is the purpose of the writer’s writing this passage?
What’s the main idea of the passage/article?
填空 Please fill in the blank in the passage with a proper sentence / proper words or phrases.
翻译句子 Translate the underlined sentence in the … paragraph into Chinese.
同意句替换 Please find out the sentence in the passage which can be replaced by the following one.
封闭性问题 Regular close-ended wh-questions based on the passage.
开放性问题 What would you do if you …?
What other suggestions would you give?
How would you settle the problem if you…?
其他类型 …
每年的高考题将会从以上的七种类型中选出五类,问题的顺序也会结合问题的信息点在文章中出现的顺序进行排列.其他类型的题目属于不确定题型,是根据文章题材和体裁的具体特点设计的,与以上六种题型不同的问题类型.为了控制考生在该试题上所花费的时间,在每一个需要考生回答的问题后面都有具体字数的要求(翻译句子题除外).
【考点pk】
名师考点透析
高考题型:Fill in the blank in paragraph 3 with a propersentence.(within 10 words);Fill in the blank inparagraph 4 with proper words.(Please answer within 6words.)
解题策略:整体理解,仔细推敲,注意上下文的逻辑性,关注文中表示对比、转折、递进、并列、因果等关系的关联词;分析句子结构,用适当单词、短语或句子的正确形式填空;把握作者的思路,简练表达,切忌偏离主题、断章取义;放回原文中检查,确保上下文连贯,语法正确。
考点三、翻译句子该题型要求将短文中指定的句子翻译成通顺的汉语。
高考题型:You are perfectly within the bounds of po-liteness in responding to a marathon e-mail with a brief reply
解题策略:分析把握句子结构;遵循忠实通顺的原则,表达完整;注意英汉语序的差异,译文要求符合汉语表达习惯;翻译关键词;语言简练。
考点四、英文释义
该题型要求根据所给的英文释义句子,在短文中寻找相同的句子。此类试题较简单,相当于传统阅读理解中的转换理解,答案较固定。
一般出题方式:Which sentence in the passage can breplaced by the following one?例如:Which sentence in tpassage is the closest in meaning to the following one?Tpossible existence of annoyance results from our inability sort out e-mails.
解题策略:通过上下文,整体理解所给句子;分析所给句子的结构、含义、实际用意;在文中找相同含义的句子;不能增加或减少,所找句子必须准确、完整。
考点五、封闭型问题
该题型要求学生结合文中某个问题进行解答。
一般出题方式有:Regular Wh-Questions based on thpassage.例如:What advice is given in the last paragrap(within 10 words)(2007年高考);List three activities thmight develop into addictions based on the text.(Please aswer within 8 words.)(2008年高考)
解题策略:面对该类问题,学生可以结合文中的具体依据进行回答,答案是固定的、唯一的。
考点六、开放型问题该题型要求学生结合个人的观点、态度进行表述。
一般出题方式有:what would you do if you were.What do you think...?Which of...do you think is the best fyou,why?
解题策略:面对该类题型,学生可以依据自己的看法结合原文理解作出回答,注意扬长避短,避难就易。
考点七、其他题型除了上述较为常见的题型外,高考命题人员还有可能根据阅读理解文章的题材和体裁设置其他题目。
每年的高考题将会从以上的七种类型中选出五类，问题的顺序也会结合问题的信息点在文章种出现的顺序进行排列。其他类型的题目属于不确定题型，是根据文章题材和体裁的具体特点设计的与以上六种题型不同的问题类型。还有就是为了控制考生在该试题上所化肥的时间，在每一个需要考生回答的 问题后面都有具体字数的要求（翻译句子和句子填空题除外）
【三年高考】
1、1高考试题及其解析
高考试题
2016·天津卷
阅读短文，按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
married, live in a nice house, and have a successful career as an educational consultant. But my life was not always so great. I had a learning disability from an early age. I went to a special school where I got plenty of extra help. Still, I suffered the rest of my school days in public schools.
My life improved remarkably when I discovered art. The art world gave me a chance to express myself without words. I went to a workshop and gradually got good at making things with clay(黏土). Here I learned my first important lesson: disabled as I was in language, I could still be smart and well express myself with clay. And my confidence came along.
from rock climbing. It was a fun thing but I was scared from the start. I soon noticed it wasn't a talent thing; it was practice. So I did it more. After about five years of climbing, I found myself in Yosemite Valley on a big wall. I learned that if you fall in love with something and do it all the time, you will get better at it.
Later I decided to apply my previous experience to learning how to read and write. Every day I practised reading and writing, which I used to avoid as much as possible. After two hard years, I__was__literate．
rock climbing, and reading and writing, now I've got to a point in my life where I know I am smart enough to dive into an area that is totally unknown, hard, but interesting.
56．What made the author's school days difficult? (No more than 5 words)
________________________________________________________________________
57．Why did art give the author confidence? (No more than 10 words)
________________________________________________________________________
58．What lesson did the author learn from rock climbing? (No more than 15 words)
________________________________________________________________________
59．What is the meaning of the underlined part in Paragraph 4? (No more than 5 words)
________________________________________________________________________
60．How does the author's story inspire you to overcome difficulties in life? Put it in your own words. (No more than 20 words)
________________________________________________________________________
15年高考试题
2015·天津卷
阅读短文，按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
up and down the red hills of northeast Georgia, my grandfather brought the mail to the folks there. At age 68, he retired from the post office, but he never stopped serving the community.
On his 80th birthday, I sent him a letter, noting the things we all should be thankful for—good health, good friends and good outcomes. By most measurements he was a happy man. Then I suggested it was time for him to slow down. At long last, in a comfortable home, with a generous pension, he should learn to take things easy.
揟hank you for your nice words ，” he wrote in his letter back, “and I know what you meant, but slowing down scares me. Life isn't having it made; it's getting it made.”
and all difficult experiences had passed, and we had settled into a comfortable home. No. I go back years ago, when we lived in a threeroom house, when we got up before daylight and worked till after dark to make ends meet. I rarely had more than four hours of sleep. But what I still can't figure out is why I never got tired, never felt better in my life. I guess the answer is, we were fighting for survival, protecting and providing for those we loved. What matters are not the great moments, but the partial victories, the waiting, and even the defeats. It's the journey, not the arrival, that counts.”
The letter ended with a personal request: “Boy, on my next birthday, just tell me to wake up and get going, because I will have one less year to do things—and there are ten million things waiting to be done.”
Christina Rossetti, an English poet, once said: “Does the road wind uphill all the way? Yes, to the very end.” Today, at 96, my_grandfather_is_still_on_that_long_road,_climbing.
56. What was the author's grandfather before he retired? (no more than 5 words)
57. What did the author advise his grandfather to do in his letter? (no more than 10 words)
58. What is the grandfather's view on life according to his letter back? (no more than 10 words)
59. How do you understand the underlined sentence in the last paragraph? (no more than 10 words)
60. Do you agree with the grandfather's view on life? Give reasons in your own words. (no more than 20 words)
2017年高考试题
2017·天津卷 阅读短文， 按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
Doris Low turned 90. Once a week she still drives to the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) in Toronto, where she helps transform literature into braille(盲文) to bring the power of story and knowledge to the hearts and minds of blind readers. She has been volunteering her time and talents to such enterprises for more than 40 years.
After working in the business world for a while, Low got fed up. So she turned to teaching at a technical school and later moved into the library.
Low's mother liked reading. As her eyes began to fail, Low read to her. Then“hearing an advertisement encouraging people to learn braille, I decided to give it a try.” In 1973, she was certified as a braille transcriber(转译者) and began transcribing books as a volunteer for the CNIB library.
The job was strenuous—she could get to the end of a page, make a mistake on the last line, and have to do the whole thing again. For a number of years, Low also worked in the CNIB sound studio reading books onto tape. Three years ago, she took up proofreading(校对) at the CNIB's word factory.
during Volunteer Week, the CNIB recognized Low for her great contributions. Thanks to volunteers like Low, the CNIB library has got more than 80，000 accessible materials for people unable to read traditional print. “ I can't imagine how many readers of all ages have benefited from Doris' contribution as a skilled volunteer through her rich voice and her high degree of accuracy in the hundreds of books she has brailled and proofread over the years—and she is still doing so，” said a CNIB official.
，” said Low, “the CNIB is more than just a place to volunteer. Three things matter most in my life: a little play, a little work, a little love. I've found them all here.”
(no more than 10 words)
57. Why did Low learn braille? (no more than 15 words)
58. What does the underlined word “strenuous” most probably mean？(1 word)
(no more than 15 words)
60. What do you think of Low? Give your reasons. (no more than 20 words)
2017年高考试题
【2017天津卷】阅读表达（共5小题：每小题2分，满分10分）
阅读短文，按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
My name is Clara. I still remember that chilly December day, sitting in science class. I’d finished a worksheet early and picked up a Time for Kids magazine. A piece of news caught my eye. NASA was holding an essay contest to name its Mars rover (火星探测器). Before I even knew anything else about it, a single word flooded my 11-year-old mind: Curiosity.
I couldn’t wait for the bell to ring so I could get started on my essay. That afternoon, I raced home, sat down at the computer, and typed until my fingers ached. “Curiosity is an everlasting flame that burns in everyone’s mind…”
Five months later, my mom received a phone call, and immediately, a wide smile spread across her face.
On August 5, 2017, at 10:31 p.m., the rover named Curiosity touched down safely on the surface of Mars, and I was honored to have a front-row seat in NASA.
Curiosity is such an important part of who I am. I have always been fascinated by the stars, the planets, the sky and the universe. I remember as a little girl, my grandmother and I would sit together in the backyard for hours. She’d tell me stories and point out the stars. Grandma lived in China, thousands of miles away from my home in Kansas, but the stars kept us together even when we were apart. They were always there, yet there was so much I didn’t know about them. That’s what I love so much about space.
People often ask me why we go to faraway places like Mars. My answer is simple because we’re curious. We human beings do not just hole up in one place. We are constantly wondering and trying to find out what’s over the hill and beyond the horizon.
56. How did Clara get the news about the essay contest? (no more than 10 words)
57. Why did Clara have a front-row seat in NASA? (no more than 10 words)
58. What does Clara remember about the time spent with Grandma? (no more than 15 words)
59. What does the underlined phrase “hole up” mean? (1 word)
60. In your opinion, why is curiosity important? (no more than 20 words)
2017年高考试题
2017·天津卷
阅读短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
Born in 1949, Diana Nyad took an early interest in swimming as a sport and was a Florida State High School swimming champion. Like many young athletes, she had Olympic dreams, but a serious illness kept her from competing in the Games. The disappointment didn't stop her from going forward. Instead, she became interested in marathon swimming. A brilliant athlete, she was wellconditioned for spending long periods of time in the water. As a longdistance swimmer, she would compete against herself and the obstacles presented by distance, danger, cold, and exhaustion.
For ten years Nyad devoted herself to becoming one of the world's best longdistance swimmers. In 1970, she swam a tenmile marathon in Lake Ontario, setting the women's record for the course. In 1972 she set another record by swimming 102.5 miles from an island in the Bahamas to the coast of Florida. Then she broke a third record when swimming around Manhattan Island in 1975.
Nyad attempted to swim the distance between Florida and Cuba in 1978. Though the span of water is less than 100 miles wide, it is rough and dangerous. After battling the water for two days, she had to give up for the sake of her own health and safety. Even so, she impressed the world with her courage and strong desire to succeed. For Nyad her strength of purpose was just as important as reaching Cuba. That is how she defined success. It did not matter that her swim came up short; she believed she had touched the other shore.
When Nyad ended her career as a swimmer, she continued to try new things—travelling the world as a reporter, writing books and giving public speeches about her life. Diana Nyad works to inspire others, just as she did when she swam the waters of the world.
56．What prevented Nyad from taking part in the Olympic Games？(No more than 5 words)
________________________________________________________________________
57．What does the underlined word“obstacles” mean？(1 word)
________________________________________________________________________
58．What achievement did Nyad make in 1970？(No more than 10 words)
________________________________________________________________________
59．Why did Nyad believe that she had touched the other shore？(No more than 10 words)
________________________________________________________________________
60．Please explain how you are inspired by Nyad.(No more than 20 words)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【两年模拟】2015、201名校模拟题及其答案解析
201名校模拟题
阅读表达（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
阅读下面短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
When I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He was severely lame and very short, and when we would walk together, his hand on my arm for balance, people would stare. I would feel ashamed at the unwanted attention. If he ever noticed or was bothered, he never let on, nor did he say anything about it.
It was difficult to coordinate(协调) our steps—his pausing, my impatience—and because of that, we didn’t say much as we went along. But as we started out, he always said, “You set the pace, I will try to adjust to you.”
Our usual walk was to or from the subway, which was how he got to work. He went to work sick, and despite bad weather. He almost never missed a day, and would make it to the office even if others could not. A matter of pride.
When snow or ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, even with help. At such times my sisters or I would pull him through the streets of Brooklyn, NY, on a child’s sleigh to the subway entrance. Once there, he would grasp the handrail until he reached the lower steps that the warmer tunnel air kept ice-free. In Manhattan the subway station was the basement of his office building, and he would not have to go outside until we met him in Brooklyn on his way home.
When I think of it now, I wondered at how much courage it must have taken for a grown man to subject himself to such indignity and stress. And at how he did it—without bitterness or complaint.
He never talked about himself as an object of pity, nor did he show any envy of the more fortunate or able. What he looked for in others was a “good heart”, and if he found one, the owner was good enough for him.
Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people, even though I still don’t know precisely what a “good heart” is. But I know the times I don’t have one myself.
My father has been gone many years now, but I think of him often. I wonder if he sensed my unwillingness to be seen with him during our walks. If he did, I am sorry I never told him how sorry I was, how unworthy I was, how I regretted it. I think of him when I complain about incident, when I am envious of another’s good fortune, when I don’t have a “good heart”.
At such times I put my hand on his arm to regain my balance, and say, “You set the pace, I will try to adjust to you.”
56.
What wouldn’t the author like others to see?(No more than 10 words)
_________________________________________________________________________
57. What’s the meaning of the underlined phrase “let on” in the first paragraph? (No more than 5 words)
________________________________________________________________________
58. According to the third paragraph, what conclusion can you get about the father’s attitude toward his work? (No more than 8 words)
_________________________________________________________________________
59.
Find an example in the passage that shows the father was a man with a “good heart”. (No more than10 words)
_________________________________________________________________________
60. What does the author learn from his father? (No more than 15 words)
_________________________________________________________________________
【天津市南开区2016届高三下学期第一次模拟】阅读表达（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
When my friends went to college in great delight, I restarted my senior high school life．My spirit sank．Surrounded by strange classmates, I felt like I was in a maze and was sorry about myself．There were some complex feelings in my minds．I was frightened, nervous and lonely．
To make matters worse, I recalled my failure again and again, which put more pressure on me than I could bear．As a result, I was always feeling down during class time．
My teacher found me spiritless．One day he asked me to come to his office and told me about his attitude towards life: we might suffer from mistakes, but it’s important to learn lessons from them．All the pains and the embarrassing things we experience are part of the process．So keep up your spirit! At last, he added, “If you are optimistic, things you want may happen to you!”
Warmth rushed through my soul．I suddenly found the sun shining again when I stepped out of his office．
With the teacher’s help, I eventually got over my depression．From then on, I no longer bowed my head and began smiling to my classmates．I would put up my hand confidently in class and play with my new friends in my spare time．Meanwhile, I was gradually embraced by my classmates．
Now faced with fierce competition, we all study hard because we know that every second counts．Moreover, there is an atmosphere of mutual trust and respect between us．I love my class; I love my classmates!
To be frank, I still have a thirst for my dream university, but I’m not afraid of failure because I can profit by it．With parents and teachers’ encouragement, I’m quite certain of my success and I’m sure I can fly high．
56. Why was the writer in low spirits at the beginning? （No more than 10 words）
____________________________________________________________________
57. What did the teacher expect the writer to do? （No more than 10 words）
____________________________________________________________________
58. What is the main idea of Paragraph 5? （No more than 15 words）
___________________________________________________________________
59.
The underlined word “embraced” in paragraph 5 means ______．（No more than 5 words）____________________________________________________________________
60. What does the writer think of failure now? （No more than 10 words）
____________________________________________________________________
【天津市和平区2016届高三第二次模拟】阅读短文，按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
A young lady was standing on the corner with a map in her hand. She looked puzzled. Several people passed by, looked at her but did not stop. I wondered why. Maybe it was because of the way she was dressed. She wore a dirty dress and looked pale.
As I crossed the street and came closer to her I asked if she wanted help. She thanked me and smiled in relief. As it turned out she was looking for the hospital. I felt wonderful just reaching out, and taking that extra moment to help.
Many times in these situations I end up walking a person to where he or she is going when giving directions would be too complicated. I like helping people this way due to my own experience. Many years ago, we travelled in Japan and needed directions. A kind Japanese who saw our problem came to us and helped us out. This man just took my heavy bags and guided us to where we needed to be. We could not speak any Japanese while the man could not speak any English. Although we could not communicate through words, we communicated through the heart.
Sometimes when I do a special favor for a stranger, the person will say, “I hope I can do something for you one day to return the favor.” They already have done something for me by giving me the opportunity to help them. But I hope that when they come across a situation where someone needs their help, they will be willing to reach out as well.
56．Why didn’t those passers-by give a helping hand to the young lady? （No more than 10 words）
_____________________________________________________________________________
57．What was the young lady’s problem?（No more than 10 words）
_____________________________________________________________________________
58．What does the underlined sentence mean?（No more than 20 words）
_____________________________________________________________________________
59．What does the writer want to tell us in the last paragraph?（No more than 15 words）
_____________________________________________________________________________
60．What’s your opinion on helping strangers? Please show your reasons. （No more than 25 words）
_____________________________________________________________________________
【天津市河东区2016届高三第二次模拟】阅读表达（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
阅读下面短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
Ashley Power’s mother bought a computer for her when she was eight. When she was thirteen, she was surfing the Internet regularly, but she couldn’t find anywhere for teenagers to meet and talk. And one day she thought, “If I had my own website, I’d make it a really interesting site for teenagers.”
So, when Ashley was sixteen, she launched her own website, called GooseHead. Young people got excited when they searched on this website and step by step they introduced the site to others and made more friends. She had no idea how big a success it would be, but three years later, the site was the most successful teen site in the USA! It was getting 100,000 hits every day, and Ashley had about 30 employees.
After a few years, the website closed down. Then Ashley, who lives in Los Angeles, was asked to write a book called GooseHead Guide to Life. It's safe to say that this is a book for teens that they'll enjoy. The book is about how to design a website and start a business. It begins with a section called “All about Ashley,” where Ashley tells readers what it is like to be the boss of a company when you are only sixteen. “I was so happy. But it was crazy in a lot of ways. I was stressed. I mean, I was only sixteen — I didn’t even have a car! If you were sixteen and you had your own company, you’d be stressed, too!”
In an interview Ashley gave advice to teenagers who wanted to start their own business, “Just be strong and have your dreams and work hard at them. And don’t listen when people tell you that you can’t do it, because I heard ‘no’ a lot. Just keep going until you hear ‘yes’!”
56.What does the first paragraph mainly tell us? (within 10 words)
57.What does the underlined word “launched” mean in English? (within 2 words)
58.According to Paragraph 3, what did Ashley do after GooseHead closed down?(within 10 words)
59.How did Ashley feel as a young boss of a company? (within 5 words)
60.According to Ashley’s advice to success, what do you think is the most important?Why? (within 15 words)
【天津市六校2016届高三上学期期末联考】阅读表达（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
阅读下面的短文，请根据短文后的要求答题。
Rock climbing requires not only physical strength, but also complete mental concentration. So it is not an easy sport. But this may not be true for 20-year-old Sasha diGuilian. This fearless girl who has been dominating the sport ever since she entered this field is just getting warmed up.
The youngster who is also studying for a creative writing degree at Columbia University says that she began climbing even before she could walk. As a baby, she constantly escaped from her bed and led her friends to the nearest rocks or hills. Then at the age of seven she attended brother’s birthday party at a local rock climbing gym and found her gift for it.
Soon after, she joined the local center in her hometown of Alexandria, Virginia and began climbing— first once a week, then twice and soon, almost every day. At the age of nine, she won her first climbing competition by participating in an event that she hadn’t even been aware of, until she went to the gym for her normal climbing routine. Her competitive nature and love for the sport immediately reached the peak and she began training seriously, but this time outside the gym—climbing real mountains.
As a youngster, she dominated the Junior Continental Championships from 2004 to 2010. Then she went on to catch the Pan American Championship and the US National Championship as soon as she was old enough. And in 2011, at just 18 years old, she was crowned(加冕)Female Overall World Champion in Arco, Italy at her first attempt.
Sasha diGuilian is also the youngest woman who has completed the 5.14d graded climb in which climbers must climb rocks that are vertical. The 5.14d graded climb is regarded as the most difficult climb and it is something that even the most experienced climbers are a little afraid to take on, because a small slip could result in a severe injury or even death.
71. What does the underlined word “dominating” (Paragraph 1) mean?
(1 word)
_________________________________________________________________
72. Where and when did Sasha diGuilian find she had the talent for rock climbing? (No more than 12 words)
_________________________________________________________________
73. What made Sasha diGuilian begin training seriously to climb real mountains? (No more than 10 words)
_________________________________________________________________
74. Why is the 5.14d graded climb considered the most difficult climb?
(No more than 7 words)
_________________________________________________________________
75. Please explain how you are inspired by Sasha diGuilian.(No more than25 words)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2015名校模拟题
阅读短文，按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
Big storms. High waves. Technical failures. Loneliness. After battling hard times and danger for over nine months, British teenager Mike Perham made history last month as the youngest person to sail solo around the world.
The 17-year-old made the record after he cleared the Panama Canal and then sailed through the Caribbean and home across the Atlantic.
Mike is only three months younger than Zac Sunderland, the 17-year-old American boy who had taken the crown as the youngest solo around-the-world sailor in July.
The two youngsters met in Cape Town in South Africa as they crossed the globe in different directions. Mike insisted they were not rival. “No. It’s two teenagers going out there, living their dream and having the adventure of a life time.” he said.
Mike may be young, but he is no stranger to sailing adventures. He picked up the hobby at age 6 when his father took him out in a small boat on a local lake. Father and son sailed separate boats across the Atlantic when Mike was 14, making him the youngest person to cross that ocean solo. That record gave him the taste for this even greater challenge.
On the recent journey, the scariest moment for Mike came when his sailboat was hit by storms in the southern Indian Ocean.
?We were picked up by what felt like a 60-foot wave and threw down on our side at 90 degrees,” he said.
?It felt like I was going right over. Stuff was flying around and I just thought ‘Oh no’.”
At other times, he had to dive into the Pacific and fix problems. He tied himself to the boat, jumped into the water and went to work with a knife in 30-second dives underneath the boat to cut a rope away.
Mike said he felt proud that he made his dream come true. “You’ve got to have confidence in yourself that you will make it,” he said.
56.Which canal did Mike Perham cross? （No more than 3 words）
57.What does the underlined word “taste” in the fifth paragraph mean? （1 word）
58.What did Mike believe in? （No more than 10 words）
59.What’s the main idea of the passage? （No more than 15 words）
60.What do you think of Mike Perham? （No more than 10 words）
【天津市2015届高考压轴卷】阅读表达（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分） 阅读下面的短文，请根据短文后的要求答题（请注意问题后的字数要求）
Workplace wellness is a serious issue. With terms like "stress-related-illness" and "burnout" becoming household words, organizations are increasingly looking for ways to keep their workforce happy, healthy and productive.
Up to now, most organizations tended to devalue the idea of laughter at work, seeing it as a distraction from getting the "real" job done. This attitude is also reinforced by the work ethic many of us were raised with: "No pain, no gain," "Work isn't supposed to be fun," and "It's only worthwhile if you have to suffer for it."
However, we're starting to realize that all of this suffering is killing us. Not only that, but we're finding that it's actually counter-productive to the bottom-line results so sought after in this time of change and downsizing.
And amazingly enough, this is confirmed by scientific research. A recent study conducted at Canadian financial institutions found that managers who developed the highest level of employee performance used humor the most often.
The scientific data is also proving that laughter is a complete part of physical wellness. Dr. William Fry of Stanford University found that laughing 200 times burns off the same amount of calories as 10 minutes on a rowing machine. Another study found that after a bout of (一阵子)laughter, blood pressure drops to a lower, healthier level than before the laughter began. Laughter also oxygenates(氧化)your blood, thereby increasing energy level, relaxes your muscles and works out all your major internal systems.
______________, researchers are discovering that laughter also affects the immune system. According to Dr. Lee Berk of the Loma Linda School of Public Health in California, laughing makes it grow stronger, with the body's T-cells, natural killer cells and antibodies all showing signs of increased activity.
56.What does the passage mainly tell us ? (Please answer within 8 words)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
57.Translate the underlined sentence in the 4th paragraph into Chinese.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
58. Fill in the blank in Paragraph 3 with a proper sentence or phrase. (within 3 words)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
59.Which of the sentences in the passage can be replaced by the following one ?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
It was found in another study that if you have laughed for a short period time, your blood pressure will come to a lower, healthier level than before you begin to laugh.
60.What good effects will laghter have on workplace wellness? (Please answer within 35 words)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【天津市七校2015届高三4月联考】阅读表达（共5小题； 每小题2分， 满分10分） 阅读短文， 按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
When my friends went to college in great delight, I restarted my senior high school life．My spirit sank．Surrounded by strange classmates, I felt like I was in a maze and was sorry about myself．There were some complex feelings in my minds．I was frightened, nervous and lonely．
To make matters worse, I recalled my failure again and again, which put more pressure on me than I could bear．As a result, I was always feeling down during class time．
My teacher found me spiritless．One day he asked me to come to his office and told me about his attitude towards life: we might suffer from mistakes, but it’s important to learn lessons from them．All the pains and the embarrassing things we experience are part of the process．So keep up your spirit! At last, he added, “If you are optimistic, things you want may happen to you!”
Warmth rushed through my soul．I suddenly found the sun shining again when I stepped out of his office．
With the teacher’s help, I eventually got over my depression．From then on, I no longer bowed my head and began smiling to my classmates．I would put up my hand confidently in class and play with my new friends in my spare time．Meanwhile, I was gradually embraced by my classmates．
Now faced with fierce competition, we all study hard because we know that every second counts．Moreover, there is an atmosphere of mutual trust and respect between us．I love my class; I love my classmates!
To be frank, I still have a thirst for my dream university, but I’m not afraid of failure because I can profit by it．With parents and teachers’ encouragement, I’m quite certain of my success and I’m sure I can fly high． 56. Why was the writer in low spirits at the beginning? （No more than 10 words） _____________________________________________________________________ 57.What did the teacher expect the writer to do? （No more than 10 words） _____________________________________________________________________ 58.What is the main idea of Paragraph 5? （No more than 15 words） ____________________________________________________________________ 59. The underlined word “embraced” in paragraph 5 means ______．（No more than 5 words） _____________________________________________________________________ 60. What does the writer think of failure now? （No more than 10 words） _____________________________________________________________________
【一年原创】
原创试题及其解析
阅读下面的短文，请根据短文后的要求答题
Sometimes “ love” can be the hardest word, especially when it comes to saying it to our parents. But a new video campaign named Tell Them Now has launched to get people to show true emotions to their fathers on Father’s Day. Echo, who came up with the idea, said: “ We wanted to bring fathers and their kids face to face with each other. Many people don’t feel they express their love well enough to the people close to them. ”
In total, around a dozen children and their fathers were asked to take part in Echo’s short video. During the short film, a woman gets emotional as she speaks to her elderly father, who almost dies. “Dad I’m grateful, because we don’t know how long you are going to be with us,” she says. Meanwhile, a teenage girl considers how her views about her father will change in the future once she’s fled the nest. “ At the time when I’m graduating and leaving, it’s really going to hit me,” she says before giving her father a big hug.
But it’s not just children showing the love. Parents also take time to say why their children make them proud. One father clearly finds it a difficult task when he’s put on the spot. “ I’ve always been impressed by you. You made parenting easy.” Another man states how fatherhood helped him to seek help for alcoholism. “ Thank you”, he tells his son during the public heart –to-heart scene.
Echo hopes the campaign will encourage viewers to pick up the phone, and get the “L” word out to the fathers----“Tell him why you’re grateful; tell him why you’re proud. He might just do the same”.
71. Why did Echo launch the campaign Tell Them Now ? (No more than 15 words.)
72. What feeling did the woman in the video express to her father? (No more than 3 words.)
73. What questions were the fathers asked ? (No more than 15 words.)
74. How do you understand the underlined sentence in the last paragraph? (No more than 7 words.)
75. What will you do to your father on Father’s Day ? (No more than 25 words.)
阅读下面短文并回答问题，然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上（请注意问题后的词数要求）。
If you are applying for an American higher education, you probably dream of getting into an Ivy League （常青藤联盟） university．The eight schools with the best reputations attract top students from the United States and many other countries． However, on average, the Ivy League schools accept less than 15 percent of applicants．And with the applicants growing in size year on year, it is becoming more and more difficult _________．
So how can you give yourself the best chance of admission?
Having a high school grade point average （GPA） in the top 10 percent of your class and being ranked among the top few students dramatically betters your chances．But although GPA and SAT scores are important, they only tell admission deans（主任） part of the story．
The whole admissions process will single out （挑选出） from a large pool of academically strong applicants the unique individuals．They
stand out because they have shown in their interviews a range of virtues （优点） expected of these universities．Take Harvard for example．Although there is no guarantee of admission, the school judges applicants based on 15 additional criteria．
Intellectual curiosity （求知欲） comes first tor almost all admission deans．Schools look to such students because they believe their peers find them stimulating（激励人的）inside and outside the classroom．
Leadership also weighs heavily．The school would rather see an applicant who takes on additional responsibility in one or two areas where he or she is good at, rather than one who is merely "very good" academically．This can mean the class presidency（主席职务）, leading the cheerleading team or being the officer of a student union．
Whether a person has personal warmth and cares about others counts a lot with the admission deans．Writing an essay on a personal experience, like a summer spent raising funds for the earthquake victims or teaching in a local school, can show that a person has qualities in addition to academic experience．
According to the passage,what’s the attraction of Ivy League universities ?（no more than 3 words）________________________________________________________________________________
What is the purpose of the writer? （no more than 15 words）__________________________________
Fill in the blank in the first paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence. (no more than 5 words)_________________________________________________________
Based on the passage, list three additional criteria for admission besides academic performance．（no more than 10 words）①____________________ ②_______________ ③____________________
What does the word “They” (Line 2, Paragraph4) probably refer to ? (no more than 3 words)
__________________________________________________________________________________
Section B (10 marks)
Directions: Read the following passage, Answer the questions according to the
information given in the passage.
Secret Santas
On Christmas morning, Linda wakes up, and tries to imagine the wide-eyed surprise of children in another household as they unwrap the presents she carefully chose for them. Linda has never met the children, but that’s all part of the joy of giving as secret Santas, she says.
"It's an amazing feeling to buy gifts on an anonymous (匿名的) basis," says Linda.
"It brings a whole new meaning to the holidays."
Linda and Tony are an American couple living in Toronto, Canada, and Linda did charitable work as a member of the American Women's Club of Toronto. As the name suggests, members are U.S. citizens living in Toronto, who join together for fellowship and community service.
To find her "adopted" family, Linda goes to the local schools and requests a wish list for a family that's struggling to survive. Last year she helped a single mother with three children. The mother works as a cleaning lady in a nursing home.
"The list is always heartbreaking. They have an opportunity to ask for anything and do just the opposite, asking for basic clothes or simple toys," she says. "We always buy the kids a new winter coat, hats, and gloves." She also buys gifts for the parents.
Last year Linda asked the mother for a second wish list--one that didn't include the basics. "Every child should have a Christmas that sticks with them for a lifetime." She purchased iPods for the two older children and a video game system for the youngest."I have learned a very valuable lesson in all of this," says Linda. "Pay attention to what's going on in your own backyard--no matter where you live."
The joy of giving as secret Santas is much sweeter when the gift is anonymous.
What reaction does Linda imagine the children will have?
(No more than 5 words)
(2 marks)
Why did Linda join the American Women's Club of Toronto?
(No more than 10 words)
(2 marks)
Why did Linda ask for a second wish list?
(No more than 15 words)
(3 marks)
What kind of people does "secret Santas" in the passage refer to?
(No more than 12 words)
(3 marks)
阅读下面短文并回答问题，然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上（请注意问题后的字数要求。
(1)
Confidence is one's belief in their own abilities. Confident people rationally believe they are capable of doing things well and therefore aren't afraid to do those things or even try new things. Teens who are confident grow up to have a good sense of self and become happy adults. Parents can help teen build their confidence
( 2)
throughout their adolescence by following these tips:
Be trustworthy. Be there when your teen needs you. Provide a safe home environment and firm but fair discipline,which is a foundation that your teen's confidence can stand on.
(3) Give your teen choices. One of the things that confidence helps teens do is making a decision, You can_____by offering them choices as often as possible. Learn more about decision-making and teens. Besides, model a positive attitude by handling everyday decisions with confidence.
(4)
Become your teen's biggest fan, whether it is in sports, your teen's other interests or in school, Do not use criticism when talking to your teen --- even if it is just sarcasm. it hurts more than helps and can place wedge between you and your teen, depleting their confidence.
(5)Allow your teen to fail, do not fix their problems for them. If they need you to help talk the problem through, ask open ended questions so that they come to their own conclusions. Meanwhile, praise your tens when praise is due We know that too much praise is not good either, but due praise is necessary for your teen's self-confidence.
(6)Spend time with your teen enjoying something they like to do, This is always a good time
to sit back and marvel at what a wonderful person they are becoming.
What is the main idea of the passage?
______________________________________________________________________________
Fill in the missing word in the third paragraph. (No more than 8 words)
______________________________________________________________________________
List three things that parents can do to make up their teens confidence
(l)___________(2)_____________(3)____________ ____．
Translate the underlined sentence in the second paragraph into Chinese.
______________________________________________________________________________
Is confidence important to teens?Why
______________________________________________________________________________
阅读短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
When I was in primary school, I got into an argument with a boy in my class．I have forgotten what the argument was about, but I have never forgotten the lesson learned that day．
I was convinced that "I" was right and "he" was wrong --- and he was just as convinced that I was wrong and "he" was right．The teacher decided to teach us a very important lesson．She brought us up to the front of the class and placed him on one side of her desk and me on the other．
In the middle of her desk was a large, round object．I could clearly see that it was black She asked the boy what color the object was．"White," he answered．
I couldn't believe he said the object was white, for it was obviously black! Another argument started between my classmate anytime, this time about the color of the object．
The teacher told me to go to stand where the boy had been standing and told him to come to stand where I had been．We changed places, and now she asked me what the color of the object was．I had to answer, "White．" It was an object with two differently-colored sides, and from his viewpoint it was white．Only from my side was it black
My teacher taught me a very important lesson that day: You must stand in the other persons' shoes and look at the situation through their eyes in order to truly understand their perspective（观点）．
What is the main idea of the text? （No more than 10 words）
What is the meaning of the underlined words "was convinced" in Paragraph 2?
（No more than 3 words）
What did the teacher ask the students while changing positions?
（No more than 8 words）
Why are both of their answers right? （No more than 10 words）
What do you think of the teacher? And why? （No more than 20 words）
Section B (10 marks) Directions: Read the following passage. Answer the questions according to the information given in the passage.
Not long ago, people thought babies were notable to learn things until they were five or six months old．Yet doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life．
Scientists note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment．They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes．A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregiver．This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings．
One study shows that babies can learn before they are born．The researchers placed a tape recorder on the stomach of a pregnant woman．Then, they played a recording of a short story．On the day the baby was born, the researchers attempted to find if he knew the sounds of the story repeated while in his mother．They did this by placing a device in the mouth of the newborn baby．
The baby would hear the story if he moved his mouth one way．If the baby moved his mouth the other way, he would hear a different story．The researchers say the baby clearly liked the story he heard before he was born．They say the baby would move his mouth so he could hear the story again and again．
Another study shows how mothers can strongly influence social development and language skills in their children．
Researchers studied the children from the age of one month to three years．The researchers attempted to measure the sensitivity of the mothers．The women were considered sensitive if they supported their children’s activities and did not interfere unnecessarily．They tested the children for thinking and language development when they were three years old．Also, the researchers observed the women for signs of depression．
The children of depressed women did not do as well in tests as the children of women who did not suffer from depression．The children of depressed women did poorly in tests of language skills and understanding what they hear．
These children also were less cooperative and had more problems dealing with other people．The researchers noted that the sensitivity of the mothers was important to the intelligence development of their children．Children did better when their mothers were caring, even when they suffered from depression．
What does the experiment in which newborn babies heard the stories prove?
（no more than 5 words）
In the passage, what factors are mentioned that influence intelligence development in babies?
（no more than 8 words）
Which group of children did the worst in tests of language skills?
（no more than 11 words）
What is the main idea of the passage?
（no more than 8 words）
阅读表达（共5小题，每小题2分，满分10分）
阅读下面短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
Researchers found that women are overcome by a burning desire to share gossip（流言蜚语）as soon as they hear it. They will typically tell the secret to at least one other person in 47 hours. Depending on who the gossip is about, their boyfriend, husband, best friend or mother is most likely to be the recipients（接受者）of the information.
The study of 3,000 women aged between 18 and 65 also found that. four out of ten admitted they were unable to keep a secret—no matter how personal or secret the news was. It was also found that alcohol usually gives us a helping hand to let out secrets—with more than half admitting a glass or two of wine could get them to dish the dirt.
Michael Cox, UK Director of Wines of Chile, said, “It’s official that women can’t keep secrets. We are really eager to find out with this survey how many secrets people are told. What we don’t count on（指望）is how quickly these are passed on by those we trust. No matter how precious the piece of information is, it often comes out within 48 hours.”
Three quarters say they are able to keep quiet about a secret, and 83 percent consider themselves 100 percent reliable within each group of friends. Yet, four in ten admit to gossiping to a close friend from another friendship group. Nearly half（45 percent）disclose secrets just for the weight to be lifted from their shoulders. More than four in ten think it is acceptable to share a friend’s secret with someone who doesn’t know him or her.
Private issues, true cost of purchases and affairs emerged top of the secret-keeping list, with girls most likely to share a secret chatting face-to-face, on the phone or via a text message. Fortunately, over a quarter（27 percent）said they forgot what they were told the following day.
Please explain the underlined words “dish the dirt” in English. （No more than 5 words.）
What makes women more likely pass on gossip? （No more than 3 word.）
What kinds of secrets are women most interested in? （No more than 10 words.）
Why do about half women tell secrets to others? （No more than 10 words.）
Should women tell secrets to others or keep secrets? Please give your reasons. （No more than 30 words.）
请阅读下面所给短文，并根据文章后的题目要求进行简答。
As millions fight the crowds to make their way back from family reunions after the Spring Festival break, a quicker and less harrowing way to exchange New Year greetings is growing in popularity - the short message service, or SMS.
With cell phones now a major mode of communication for the country's 539 million mobile-phone subscribers, sending festival greetings via SMS is emerging (出现) as the preferred choice. The number of messages sent during this year's weeklong Spring Festival holiday hit a record 17 billion, compared with 15 billion in the same period in 2005, figures from mobile-phone operator China Mobile showed. A recent online survey by IT company Tegic Communications also showed that close to 80 percent of respondents of the survey favored sending New Year greetings via SMS.
Jia Pinrong, deputy (副的) director of the Public Relations and Public Opinion Institute of the Communication University of China, said_____________has become a fixture of the Chinese New Year, which, with a history of at least 4,000 years, is the country's most important festival for families to spend time together. Initially popular only among youngsters, sending SMS greetings is now becoming an important, fast, low-cost and convenient tool of communication for people of all ages.
Technology is also leaving its mark on Spring Festival customs in other ways. More and more youngsters are spending their Chinese New Year holiday online - where they can “light” electronic fireworks, “eat” electronic dumplings and enjoy virtual Spring Festival couplets (春联), with just a click of the mouse.
Professor Chen Jing from Nanjing University said it is natural for society to develop new Spring Festival customs adapted to modern life. “As long as the new customs represent the core values of the Spring Festival, they will add to its vitality (活力),” he said.
1.What is the best title of the passage? (Within 10 words.)
____________________________________________
2.Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
Exchanging New Year greetings via SMS has grown in popularity in both old and young for its many advantages, although they were mostly preferred by young people at first.
____________________________________________
3.Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.
____________________________________________
4.Fill in the blank with proper words or phrases to make the sentence complete. (Within 10 words.)
____________________________________________
5.What else can you do with the modern technology to celebrate the Chinese New Year? (Within 30 words.)
____________________________________________
〔1〕Less than sixty percent of students now entering four-year American colleges are likely to graduate. The completion rate is lower than for almost any other wealthy country, and worst for poor and minority students.
〔2〕A new book about America's public universities explores the complex causes of the high dropout rate. The book is called "Crossing the Finish Line."
〔3〕President Obama wants the United States to again have the world's highest percentage of college graduates by two thousand twenty. But to finish college, children first have to reach the starting line by getting there.
〔4〕On Tuesday the president gave a nationally broadcast speech to students about the importance of staying in school. He spoke on the first day of classes at a high school in Virginia. He talked about personal responsibility, and used himself as an example of someone who overcame difficulties.
〔5〕BARACK OBAMA: "My father left my family when I was two years old, and I was raised by a single mother who struggled at times to pay the bills and wasn't always able to give us things the other kids had. There were times when I missed having a father in my life. There were times when I was lonely and felt like I didn't fit in." But he told students that problems in their own lives should not stop them from learning.
〔6〕This was not the first presidential speech to students. Ronald Reagan spoke from the White House in nineteen eighty-eight. And George H.W. Bush spoke from a school in Washington in nineteen ninety-one.
〔7〕Education Secretary Ame Duncan said that thirty percent of students do not graduate from high sch001．He called the dropout rate“shocking”．It represents more than a millon students every year who entered ninth grade but do not complete twelfth grade.
1．What is the best title of the passage．'?(Please answer within 10words．)
_________________________________________________________________
2．Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
In fact several presidents have addressed speeches to students about the topic in the past．
_________________________________________________________________
3．Please fill in the blank in the fourth paragraph with proper wordsor phrases to complete the sentence．(Please answer within 10words．)
_________________________________________________________________
4．Why does President Obama give a nationally broadcast speech tosiudents?(Please answer within 15 words．)
_________________________________________________________________
5．Translate the underlined sentence in the seventh paragraph intoChinese．
_________________________________________________________________
Everyone has got two personalities(性格)- the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real. You don’t show your secret personality when you're a-wake because you can control your behaviour, but when you're asleep, your sleeping position shows the real you. In a normal night, of course, people frequently change their position. The important position is the one that you go to sleep in.
● If you go to sleep on your back, you're a very open person. You normally trust people and you are easily influenced by fashion or new ideas. You don’t like to upset people, so you never express your real feelings. You’re quite shy and you aren’t very confident.
● Oil you sleep on your stomach, you are a rather secretive person. You worry a lot and you're always easily upset. You're very stubborn, but you aren't very ambitious. You usually live for today not for tomorrow. This means that you enjoy having a good time.
●If you sleep on curling(蜷缩)up, you are probably a very nervous person. You have a low opinion of yourself and so you're often defensive. You're shy and you don't normally like meeting people. You prefer to___________________.
●If you sleep on your side, you have usually got a well-balanced personality. You know your strengths and weakness. You're usually careful. You have a confident personality. You sometimes feel anxious, but you don't often get depressed. You always say what you think even if it annoys people.
76. What is the best title of the passage? (Please answer within 10 words. )
_____________________________________________
77. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
You always stick to your own opinion, but you don't have far-reaching goals.
____________________________________________
78. Please fill in the blank with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.
(Please answer within 10 words.)
_____________________________________________
79. Which of the positions do you think is true to you? How can you improve the weakness of your personalities? (Please answer within 30 words.)
__________________________________ _____________
80. Translate the underlined sentence in the first paragraph into Chinese.
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A long car journey can be a nightmare(噩梦) for everyone, whether they are adults or children, passengers or drivers. The driver at least has something that he or she needs to concentrate on but for the other occupants of the car, the journey can be boring, uncomfortable, and can make you feel sick. Moreover, passengers who suffer during car journeys can cause stress and anxiety to the driver, who may therefore lose concentration and cause an accident.
With this problem in mind, doctors and child psychiatrists have recommended a series of things to do and not do to make these journeys less stressful.
◆Surveys suggest that a major cause of arguments on car journeys is
, and evidence shows that drivers operate better if they are listening to something of their own choice. This means that, especially when different generations are traveling, everyone except the driver who wants to listen to music should be equipped with their own source of music or radio.
◆By far the most successful strategy, especially if there are children in the car, is to turn the journey into a fun task of some kind. For example, children can be issued with an illustrated worksheet, offering them the chance to tick off things that they see—a blue motorway road sign, for example, or a particular kind of tree.
◆It is of course important to have sufficient provisions(储备物) for the trip, with water on the top of the list. However, doctors are now warning parents against giving their children fast food items and fizzy(起泡的) drinks, the kind of things that cause hyperactivity and can create tension and problems.
1. What is the main idea of this passage? (Please answer within 10 words)
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2. Fill in the blank in the third paragraph of the passage to complete the sentence. (Please answer within 10 words)
3. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
For children passengers, the most efficient way is to make the journey more enjoyable.
4. Translate the underlined sentence in the first paragraph into proper Chinese.
5. What do you think are the needed sufficient provisions for children during the trip?
(Please answer within 20 words)
〔1〕Vitamin D helps bones and muscles grow strong and healthy. Low levels of vitamin D can lead to problems like rickets (佝偻病)and osteoporosis（骨质疏松）. Rickets is a deformity mainly found in children. Osteoporosis is the thinning of bone, a common problem as people, especially women, get older.
〔2〕Studies in recent years have suggested that vitamin D may also have other uses. Studies have shown that low levels of D may increase the risk of heart attacks in men and deaths from some cancers. Other studies have shown that people with rheumatic diseases often have low levels of D.
〔3〕The easiest way to get vitamin D is from sunlight. The ultraviolet rays react with skin cells to produce the vitamin. But many people worry about skin cancer and skin damage from the sun. Also, darker skinned people produce less vitamin D than lighter skinned people. Production also decreases in older people and those living in northern areas that get less sunlight.Not many foods naturally contain vitamin D. Foods with high levels include oily fish such as salmon, tuna and mackerel, and fish liver oils. Boston University researchers reported in two thousand seven that farmed salmon had a lot less vitamin D than wild salmon.
〔4〕Small amounts of D are found in beef liver, cheese and egg yolks. And some people take dietary supplements containing the vitamin. But most of the D in the American diet comes from foods like milk with the vitamin added.
〔5〕These days, more doctors are testing for vitamin D levels in their patients. But as research continues, some experts worry that if people take too much D, it might act as a poison. Also, skin doctors warn people to be careful with sun exposure.
〔6〕How much vitamin D does a healthy person need? Nutrition experts who advise the American government set the current recommendations in nineteen ninety-seven. The daily amount is two hundred international units from birth through age fifty. Then it rises to four hundred I.U.s through age seventy, and six hundred for those seventy-one and older. But some groups say these amounts are not high enough.
1．What does the passage mainly talk about?(within 5 words)
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2．Why don’t many people choose to get vitamin D in the sunshine?(within 15 words)
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3．What do some skin doctors think of taking in too much vitamin D in the sun?(within 20 words)
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4．What does the writer mean by saying“Nutrition experts set thecurrent recommendations in nineteen ninety-seven．”?(within15 words)
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5．Please explain the underlined word“supplement”in English．(within 10 words)
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A vast dust storm that blew in from the deserts of Australia's red centre has blanketed the country's largest city and eastern coast in a crimson fog, causing widespread traffic chaos and severe flight delays.
Residents from Sydney in New South Wales to Canberra inland and towns in southern Queensland awoke to a red sky and greatly reduced visibility after the country's worst dust storm in 70 years blew in overnight.
The Sydney Harbor Bridge and Opera House were shrouded in the red fog and hundreds of people reported breathing problems to the health authorities.
Children, the elderly and those suffering from asthma or heart or lung diseases were advised to stay indoors as even healthy adults reported "itchy throats" and a metallic aftertaste in their mouths after walking through the thick haze.
Commuters used face masks, originally intended to protect them from the spread of swine flu, to negotiate the clogged streets on their way to work. Some schools were closed and sports activities were called off as the conditions pushed air pollution levels to 1500 times their normal levels – the highest on record.
Passengers at the busy Sydney Airport faced delays of up to six hours for international flights and three hours for domestic trips, and some international flights were cancelled as visibility was reduced to just a few feet.
Sydney ferries were also suspended for several hours for safety reasons.
Cars were cloaked, inches thick, in the orange dust and yachts on the harbor, usually gleaming white, had a dull yellowy sheen.
Locals, ringing in to radio stations to express their shock at the red dawn, compared the quiet streets and general sense of bewilderment to "Armageddon".
"It's like a nuclear winter morning," tourist Peter Wilson, 53, at Circular Quay in central Sydney told Reuters. "It is so eerie." Daniel Hall told the Daily Telegraph that when he awoke in the Sydney suburb of Paddington the sky was "bright red" and "all the cars were covered in dirt".
The atmospheric anomaly, which measured more than 310 miles wide and 620 miles long, was caused by dust clouds blowing east from Australia's dry interior, which has been parched by the worst drought on record. It covered dozens of towns and cities in two states as strong winds snatched up tons of topsoil, threw it high into the sky and carried it hundreds of miles.
The dust hanging over Sydney had largely cleared by midafternoon, although national carrier Qantas said severe delays would last all day because of diverted and late-running flights.
Further north, in the Queensland capital of Brisbane, the sky remained red into the early evening.
The storms visible as a huge brown smudge in satellite photographs of Australia on Wednesday were the most severe since the 1940s, experts said.
"These dust storms are some of the largest in the last 70 years," said Nigel Tapper, an environmental scientist at Monash University. "Ten very dry years over inland southern Australia and very strong westerlies have conspired to produce these storms."
1．What is the best title of the passage?(Please answer within 1 0words．)
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2．Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by thefollowing one?International flights have been put off more than six hours at theairport and flights at home may have to be put off about threehours．
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3．Please fill in the blank in the sixth paragraph with proper wordsor phrases to complete the sentence．(Please answer within 1 0words．)
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4．Why were children，the elderly advised to stay at home．'(Please answer within 20 words．)
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5．Translate the underlined sentence in the fifth paragraph into Chinese．
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It is a blow for the Ugly Bettys and Plain Janes - research shows that good looks lead to better pay.
A study of 4,000 young men and women found that beauty boosted pay cheques more than intelligence.
Those judged to be the easiest on the eye earned up to 10 per cent more than their less attractive friends and colleagues.
Applied to the average salary of ?25,000, the 'plainness penalty' would make a difference of ?2,500 a year - or around ?50 a week.
It is unclear what is behind the phenomenon but it may be that beauty breeds confidence. The self-assured may appear to be doing better than they are and will have fewer qualms about badgering for a pay rise.
Researcher Jason Fletcher, of Yale University in the U.S., rated the attractiveness of the young men and women. Just over half were judged average, while 7 per cent were felt to be very attractive and 8 per cent were judged unattractive or very unattractive.
The volunteers also sat an IQ test and disclosed their salary. It became clear that pay scales were far from fair.
For instance, a 14-point increase on the IQ score was associated with a 3 to 6 per cent increase in wage. But being of above-average looks boosted pay by 5 to 10 per cent.
For a plain person to be paid the same as a very attractive one, they would have to be 40 per cent brighter, the journal Economics Letters reports.
Dr Fletcher said: "The results do show that people's looks have an impact on their wages and it can be very substantial."
1．What is the best title of the passage?(Please answer within 10words．)
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2．Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by thefollowing one?People haven’t found the reasons why those with good looks havemore chances to get high wages but pleasant appearance may in。crease a person’s confidence．
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3．Please fill in the blank in the second paragraph with proper wordsor phrases to complete the sentence．(Please answer within 10words．)
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4．Why does the result say pay scales were far from fair?(Pleaseanswer within 20 words．)
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5．Translate the underlined sentence in the fifth paragraph into Chi—i,1PRtm
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