The underlined word“dyslexia” in the paragraph probably means ________. A．difficulty in seeing
B．problem in reading C．trouble in listening
D．brain disorder
【解析】B 由下句“Someone who cannot do mathematics may have a disorder called dyscalculia(不能做数学题的人可能患有一种被称为计算困难的疾病)”可以推断dyslexia的意思为“阅读困难”。 9．以列举的句子为线索猜测词义 为了阐明某一种重要观念或者讲清某一抽象概念，作者往往采取举例的方式对这一观点或概念进行具体的说明和解释，从而使读者理解得更具体些。那么文中的例子自然也就成了读者理解文章生词的线索。表示列举关系的信号词有：like，for example，for instance，such as，especially，include，consist of，specially。 例如： Defined most broadly，folklore includes all the customs，belief and tradition that people have handed down from generation to generation. 此句中，includes后面的例子基本上表示出了“folklore”的内容范围，即人们一代传一代的那些风俗、习惯、信仰和传统的东西。这些东西都属于通常所说的“民俗学，民俗传统”，这也就是“folklore”一词的基本含义。 10．根据普通常识、生活经验猜测词义 在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，读者有时可以根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词时，猜测词义的能力自然就增强。 【例1】When a doctor performs an operation on a patient，he usually gives an anaesthetic to make him unconscious，because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him. 根据直接或间接的经验，一般具有一点医学常识的人都知道医生在给病人动手术之前，为了减轻病人的痛苦，往往给病人注射麻醉剂使病人失去知觉后再动手术。所以根据这一常识，通过上下文就能比较准确地确定“anaesthetic”一词的意思应该是“麻醉剂”。
【例2】Slow freezing of meat and foods forms large ice crystals that destroy cells.Natural juices leak out when the food is thawed. 根据“冷冻食物的汁液溢出”这个常识便可以推断出thawed意为“解冻”。 四、阅读理解之词义猜测题 猜词悟义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。
(一)题型特点与命题方式 联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。 1．要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或常见词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。
2．要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，可以通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。 3．代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”厘清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。
(二)解题思路与应试技巧
1．根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。 【例1】They need to make their income meet the cost of living，so many people plan a family budget.A budget is a list of monthly expenses. is后面是对第一句中画线单词的解释，给出了明确的定义，从定义上推测出单词budget的意思为“预算”。
【例2】Jane is indecisive，that is，she can't make up her mind. 由that is可知，后面是对indecisive的定义解释，由此可猜测出单词indecisive的意思为“优柔寡断的，没有决策能力的”。
2．根据同位关系进行猜测 阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。
【例1】When Andrea Peterson landed her first teaching job，she faced the daunting task of creating a music program with almost no money for equipment or supplies in a climate where standardsbased learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teachers. The underlined word“daunting” most probably means__________. A．discouraging B．interesting C．creative D．unbearable 【解析】A 根据同位解释推测。此处的of表示同位关系，其后的动名词短语是说明daunting task的具体内容的。没有钱买乐器，而且音乐课也不受重视，因此，这是一个令人沮丧(discouraging)的任务。故选A。
【例2】Most of us tell much the same white_lies，harmless untruths that help to save trouble. 此句中的“harmless untruths”是“white lies”的同位语，因此，可以猜测出“white lies”是“无恶意的谎言”之意。
3．根据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜测 在英语中，有很多词可以通过加前缀和后缀，构成一个新词。但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 800 ml of an antipoison medicine to be saved. 此句中的“antipoison”一词中anti的是一个前缀，意思是“反对”“抵抗”“排斥”，而poison是“毒药”，故“antipoison”意思是“抗毒素”。 4．根据因果关系进行猜测 有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as the result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。有时利用动词(如lead to，cause，result in，result from，bring about等)表达因果关系。例如： 【例1】The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water. 由“无水”之因，可推知花会“枯萎、凋谢”之果。因此，wither意为“枯萎、凋谢”。
【例2】The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中可以推测其意思为“永远的，永久的”。
【例3】One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing. 从后面“急需食物和衣服”中可以看出，destitute是“穷困的”意思。
5．根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测 文章中的代词it，that，this，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。 【例1】However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical. And, in addition to that,_in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practicing. To become great at certain things, it'll require even more time, time that most people won't put in. In Paragraph 2, the underlined word “that” refers to ______. A．being good at something B．setting a practical goal C．putting in more time D．succeeding in life 【解析】B 代词是意义衔接的手段之一，此处的代词that替代前句中的set a goal and then gradually make it more practical，故选B。 【例2】The president has started using lookalikes during some public appearances.Dave is offered a chance to “serve his country” by becoming one. The underlined word “one” refers to ________. A．the president B．the director C．an actor D．a lookalike
【解析】D 总统利用与他外貌相像的人代替自己在某些场合露面，Dave通过美容使自己与总统外貌相似而得到一次代替总统露面的机会。所以答案为D。
6．根据同义关系进行猜测 当词或短语之间有并列连词and或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。 【例1】When things are getting hard，a voice inside my head tells me that I can't achieve something.Then，there are other distractions，such as family or hobbies. What does the underlined word“distractions” probably refer to?
A．Ways that help one to focus. B．Words that help one to feel less tense. C．Activities that turn one's attention away. D．Habits that make it hard for one to relax.
【解析】C 由前面的other可知，distractions是与第一句意思基本相同，第一句话表达的是让人注意力分散的事情，结合上下文可知。
【例2】Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government.As in many areas，old habits died hard，and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. What does the underlined phrase“die hard” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Change suddenly. B．Change significantly. C．Disappear mysteriously. D．Disappear very slowly. 【解析】D 根据下文“the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost”可知前后是同义关系，die hard意思是“顽固”，同D项意义接近。 7．根据转折或对比关系进行猜测 由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义。表示转折的词有but，however，otherwise，though等，表示对比关系的标志性词语有unlike，while，on the other hand，in spite of，in contrast等；另外，有时分号也可以表示转折、对比关系。 The reasons for a visit to a lighthouse are not all so backwardlooking in time.It is true that lighthouses were built in outoftheway places.But on a pleasant sunny summer day，this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. The underlined phrase“outoftheway” in the paragraph means________. A．faraway B．dangerous C．ancient D．secret
【解析】A 根据下句的isolation及两句间的转折连词But可推出答案A。 8．通过上下文理解猜测词义 【例】(2017新课标Ⅰ卷)Sadly，the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were most abundant, people believed there was an everlasting supply and killed them by the thousands.Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.
25．The underlined word “undoing” probably refers to the pigeons'________. A．escape B．ruin
C．liberation D．evolution 【解析】25.B 根据“there was an everlasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time.”可知很多鸽子都被捕捉并杀死卖往餐厅。所以该词应该是指鸽子遭到了毁灭性的打击。故B正确。
【例2】These different kinds of learning disabilities are known by different names.For example，a person who has difficulty reading may have dyslexia.Someone who cannot do mathematics may have a disorder called dyscalculia(计算困难)． Perhaps it is just the newness? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects(a comb，a key，an orange and so on)，changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it be the pattern that two things make，as opposed to three? No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses.
Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two；likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots. 63．Where does this text probably come from? A．Science fiction.
B．Children's literature.
C．An advertisement.
D．A science report. 【解析】D 由文中第一段出现researcher，以及第二段中出现experiment，可以推测该文是一篇科技报道。因此，正确答案为D。 4. 推断作者写文章的目的 根据文章的主旨和体裁来推断作者的写作目的。确定文章主旨的方法一般是在文章的首尾段或每段的首尾去找主题句；确定文体的方法是根据文章结构和作者在文中的措辞，如议论文的结构是：提出观点→进行论证→得出结论(或提出解决问题的办法)。阅读这类文章时要特别注意最后一部分，因为作者的意图和观点往往就隐含在其中。 【例】(2017新课标Ⅰ卷)Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them.Take my family's last vacation.It was my sixyearold son's winter break from school，and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip. The flight was overbooked，and Delta，the airline，offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day.
Now some people may think I'm a bad mother and not such a great wife either. But as a bigtime bargain hunter, I know the value of a dollar. And these days, a good deal is something few of us can afford to pass up. I've made a living looking for the best deals and exposing (揭露) the worst tricks.I have been the consumer reporter of NBC's Today show for over a decade. I have written a couple of books including one titled Tricks of the Trade: A Consumer Survival Guide. And I really do what I believe in. I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your money's worth. I'm also tightfisted when it comes to shoes, clothes for my children，and expensive restaurants.But I wouldn't hesitate to spend on a good haircut. It keeps its shape longer, and it's the first thing people notice. And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture. Quality lasts.
59．What does the author want to tell us? A．How to expose bad tricks. B．How to reserve airline seats. C．How to spend money wisely. D．How to make a business deal.
【解析】59.C 由“I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your money's worth.(把钱花在恰当的地方，让物有所值，不是什么害臊的事。)”可知，本文主要告诉我们该如何明智地花钱。因此，正确答案为C。
5. 推断文中人物的观点 要求我们根据文段的相关信息对文中人物的观点、性格、心理状况、心智或品质作出判断时，一定要扣紧文段的主题或话题，不要受一些细节事实的干扰。
解题技巧 ①寻读，找到相关信息点，然后准确把握字里行间的意思，切忌用自己的观点代替短文中人物的观点或态度。 ②特别注意表达情感、态度和观点的词语。 【例1】(2015新课标Ⅱ卷)But not everyone is happy. Owain James, the president of the National Union of Students(NUS), argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship—young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education. “New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15,000 in debt.
It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree. NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced
to work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during vacation periods，”he said. 11. How does Owain James feel about the gapyear phenomenon? A. He's puzzled. B. He's worried. C. He's surprised. D. He's annoyed. 【解析】11.B 根据本段最后一句内容可知，Owain James认为，为了赚钱完成大学学业，许多学生被迫选择“间隔年”。这种现象在假期更为严重。由此可知，Owain James对这种现象并不乐观，而是感到担忧。故选B项。 【例2】…The Fusses were at risk of joining the millions of Americans who have lost their homes in recent years.Then Dave and Gerrie received a timely gift——$7,000，a legacy (遗产) from their neighbors Ish and Arlene Hatch，who died in an accident.“It really made a difference when we were going under financially.” says Dave.
But the Fusses weren't the only folks in Alto and the neighboring town of Lowell to receive unexpected legacy from the Hatches.Dozens of other families were touched by the Hatches generosity.In some cases，it was a few thousand dollars; in other，it was more than $100,000. Through the years，the Hatches paid for local children to attend summer camp when their parents couldn't afford it.“Ish and Arlene never asked if you needed anything，” says their friend Sandy Van Weelden，“They could see things they could do to make you happier，and they would do them.” … According to Sandy Van Weelden，the Hatches were ________. A．understanding
B．optimistic C．childlike
D．curious 【解析】A 前文说the Hatches根据邻里家庭的不同情况，将遗产分给邻里；后文说到the Hatches从不问人们需要什么，但他们却懂得为了使邻里开心、幸福需要做什么并且真的去做了，由此推知the Hatches是“通情达理的，善解人意的”。
6. 推断作者观点态度 (1)解题技巧 根据作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。
(2)干扰项的特点 1)可能是考生自己的某种观点。 2)社会普遍的一种倾向，但文中没有信息支持。 3)与本文无关或与作者相反的观点等。 注意：考生易误选吻合自己看法的选项。 【例】(2015新课标Ⅰ卷)The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter, so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida, my bags were packed before you could say “sunshine”. I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C, thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air, I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness.
Swimming pools, wine tasting, and pink sunsets(at normal evening hours, not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend, but the best part—particularly to my taste, dulled by months of coldweather root vegetables—was a 7 a．m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers' market that proved to be more than worth the early wakeup call. ... 24. What did the author think of her winter life in New York? A. Exciting.
B. Boring. C. Relaxing.
D. Annoying. 【解析】24.B 根据文章第一句 “The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter, so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida, my bags were packed before you could say ‘sunshine’．”可知，作者认为纽约的冬天的生活很无聊。故选B。
7．推断文章下续问题 有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。 解题技巧 ①做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测。 ②把握文章结构，注意最后一段的内容，特别留意最后几句话。 【例】Time is something from which we can't escape.Even if we ignore it，it's still going by，ticking away，second by second，minute by minute，hour by hour.So the main issue in using your time well is，“Who's in charge？” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy.Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.
By taking control of how you spend your time，you'll increase your chances of becoming a more successful student.Perhaps more importantly，the better you are at managing the time you devote to your studies，the more time you will have to spend on your outside interests.
The aim of time management is not to schedule every moment so we become slaves of a timetable that governs every waking moment of the day.Instead，the aim is to permit us to make informed choices as to how we use our time.
In the next part，the author would most probably discuss with you ________. A．how to keep up with the times B．how to make up for lost time C．how to have a good time D．how to make good use of time 【解析】D 第一段第3句(So...)提出观点或主题：用好你的时间，做时间的主人；第二段谈主宰时间的好处；第三段谈主宰时间的目的。由本文主题可知，接下来的第四段，作者应是谈如何利用好时间了。选项A“如何跟上时代”，选项B“如何补回丢失的时间”，选项C“如何玩得开心”，均与主题无关，应排除。
to vote for leftist political candidates，and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups，unpopular political groups，and socalled undesirables.Everything considered，heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size. It can be inferred from the passage that the bigger a community is，__________. A．the better its quality of life B．the more similar its interests C．the more tolerant and openminded it is D．the more likely it is to display psychological symptoms of stress
【解析】C 比较四个选项，城市越大，生活质量并不一定越好，兴趣并不一定更相似，并不一定更能显示心理压力，所以A、B、D项均可排除。而C项则合乎常理。因此将选项与常识联系后，很快就会找到正确答案。
4．弄清主题意思。在处理与全文主旨有关的题时，或处理与文章首尾有关的推论题时，一定要放慢速度将各段，尤其是全文首尾句意读懂，再快速阅读其他部分。
You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances.The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us.Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties.Disagreements，conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly，money，growing old，sickness，deaths natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings.But some people are able to make it，to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences，while others collapse or have an N．B.D.Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don't measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also，the most rare. In this paragraph，the author tells us that ______. A．difficulties are but part of everyone's life
B．depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life
C．everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances D．good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence
【解析】A 根据题干要求，我们只用在最后一段寻找答案。根据本段第四、五两句可知A正确。
(二)推理判断题的不同类型 1. 推测隐含意义 要求考生根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文所提供的事实进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。 这类试题的题干中常含infer(推断)，suggest(暗示)，imply(暗示)，indicate(暗示)，conclude(得出结论)，be likely to…等词语。 解答这类题时，首先通过寻读找到相关信息点；然后认真研读，理解相关信息点的字面意义；结合语境和常识，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。 选择答案时，注意排除以下干扰项，以便缩小选择范围： ①原文信息的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。(考生易误选) ②推理过度的片面结论。 ③与文中内容不符或完全相反的结论等。 ④符合考生已有常识，但文章中没有信息支持。 【例1】(2017新课标Ⅰ卷)In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons，but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1, 1914.
27．What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan? A．It was ignored by the public. B．It was declared too late. C．It was unfair.
D．It was strict. 【解析】27.B 根据“but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900.”可知虽然制定了法律，但是十年以后还没有看见成规模的很多的旅鸽，说明这部法律的发行已经晚了。故B正确。 【例2】 Another challenge Margaret has to face is the reaction of other people when she tells them what she does for a living.“They think you're a cleaner because you don't know how to read and write，” said Margaret.“I used to think what my parents would say if they knew what I'd been doing，but I don't think that way any more.I don't dislike the work though I can't say I'm mad about it.”
The underlined part in the last paragraph implies that Margaret's parents would ________. A．help care for her children B．regret what they had said C．show sympathy for her D．feel disappointed in her
【解析】D 字面意思“我以前常常想，如果我父母知道我是做清洁工，他们会说什么；但是我现在不这样想了，虽然说不上特别喜欢这份工作但也不是不喜欢这份工作”。根据常识和前面两句话，不难推知，“父母知道我一直做的是清洁工会对我感到失望的”。 【例3】 As kids，my friends and I spent a lot of time out in the woods.“The woods” was our parttime address，destination，purpose，and excuse… We sometimes told ourselves that what we were doing in the woods was exploring.Exploring was a more popular idea back then than it is today.History seemed to be mostly about explorers.
Our explorations，though，seemed to have less system than the historic kind: something usually came up along the way.Say we stayed in the woods，throwing rocks，shooting frogs，picking blackberries，digging in what we were briefly persuaded was an Italian burial mound. What can we infer from Paragraph 2? A．The activities in the woods were well planned. B．Human history is not the result of exploration. C．Exploration should be a systematic activity. D．The author explored in the woods aimlessly.
【解析】D 由第二段第四句“但是我们的探索与历史上的相比不够系统，有些东西通常都是在沿途中偶然出现的”基本可知，作者探索是aimlessly(漫无目的)；再根据Say(＝for example)后面举的例子可以进一步确定，正确选项是D。
2. 推断读者对象 这类试题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断出读者对象，即作者写这篇文章主要是写给谁看的。这类试题曾出现在广东卷、全国卷、北京卷、江西卷中。提问方式有： ①The text is written mainly for ________.
②Who is the passage written for? ③Who are the intended readers of the passage? 解答这类试题主要靠理解短语内容，特别要注意体会作者使用的词语和语气上。
【例】I know lots of women who skip breakfast，and they have a ton of different excuses for doing it.Some say they don't have time，others think… But the bottom line is that eating in the morning is very important when you're trying to lose weight.“Eating just about anything from 300 to 400 calories would be better than nothing at all，”…And even pizza can be healthy if it's loaded with vegetables，and you stick to one small piece. Breakfast is one meal I never miss，and the same goes for most weight loss success stories…
So eat something in the morning，anything…I say，try heating up last night's leftovers. I put away the leftovers instead of eating more that night.Try it…you may save yourself some prebedtime calories.And watch your body gain the fatburning effects. The text is written mainly for those ______. A．who go to work early B．who want to lose weight C．who stay up late D．who eat before sleep 【解析】B 由第二段首句中“when you're trying to lose weight”和第三段首句“the same goes for most weight loss success stories”可知，本文是写给那些想减肥的人的。 3. 推断文章出处 从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处： ①报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。 ②广告：因其用词和格式特殊，容易辨认。 ③产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。 【例1】(2015陕西)The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, fullsun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shadegrown production to fullsun production endangers the very existence of, certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world's ecological balance. ... 56. Where does this text probably come from? A. An agricultural magazine. B. A medical journal. C. An engineering textbook. D. A tourist guide. 【解析】A 本文主要探讨了fullsun coffee production对环境等造成的影响，与农业有关。故选A。 【例2】(2017新课标Ⅰ卷)The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert (警觉). Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully. A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other，her gaze(凝视) starts to lose its focus － until a third, with three black spots, is presented. Late in the evening, the phone rang.It was a stranger.He was trying to pronounce my husband's name and was asking him a lot of questions.Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can(垃圾桶)that had been left out on the footpath. My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents… That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way. 21．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．From India to Australia. B．Living in a New Country. C．Turning Trash to Treasure. D．In Search of New Friends.
【解析】21.C 本文叙述了作者的丈夫到悉尼，装有重要文件的箱子被偷掉了。在他万般无奈的情况下，有人主动联系他，并归还他丢失的重要文件。这些重要的文件在别人看来都不重要，但是对于丈夫来说却是万分重要。选项中的C项能够说明文章的中心思想。故C正确。
(三)错误选项的特点 1．无中生有或断章取义。即在短文中没有提到或有的选项中的某些词语取自文章中，但经过推敲之后你会发现这类选项的内容与文章的内容不相符合。
【例】(2017广东)While Jennifer was at home taking an online exam for her business law class, a monitor(监控器)a few hundred miles away was watching her every move. … In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge
and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education.The technology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general.Only with solid measures against cheating, experts say, can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid—that students haven't just searched the Internet to get the right answers.
Although online classes have existed for more than a decade, the concern over cheating has become sharper in the last year with the growth of “open online courses.” …while also taking steps to help guarantee honesty at a distance. …
Other programs can produce unique exam by drawing on a large list of questions and can recognize possible cheaters by analyzing whether difficult test question are answered at the same speed as easy ones. As in many university classes, term papers are scanned against some large Internet data banks for cheating. 45．Which of the following is the best title of this passage? A．The Advantages of Online Exams B．The Hightech Methods in Online Courses C．The Fight against Cheating in Online Education D．The War against the Booming of Online Education 【解析】45.C 选项A(在线考试的优点)文中无此内容，属于无中生有，应排除；选项B(在线课程的高科技方法)，文中只提到防止作弊的高科技方法，B的范围过大，应排除；选项D(反对网络教育蓬勃发展的战争)与短文不符，应排除；全文都是介绍打击网上教育的作弊，故选C。
2．以偏概全。有些选项只阐述了文章的部分内容，这往往会让学生在选择答案时举棋不定。 【例】In the animal kingdom，weakness can bring about aggression in other animal.This sometimes happens with humans also.But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people.I see it every day when people hold doors for me，pour cream into my coffee，or help me to put on my coat.And I have discovered that it makes them happy. From my wheelchair experience，I see the best in people，but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily… Last month，when I was driving home on a busy highway，I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual.People behind me began to get impatient I put on the car flashlights and drove on at a really low speed. No more angry shouts and no more horns! When I put on my flashlights，…But instead of getting impatient and angry，they waited，knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak. Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we don't feel that way.But those are few and far between.More often，it would be better if we don't pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.
Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．A Wheelchair Experience B．Weakness and Kindness C．Weakness and Strength D．A Driving Experience 【解析】B 选项A和C是似是而非。选项A的wheelchair experience来自文章第二段(断章取义)，有很大的迷惑性，但文章并不是介绍这次坐轮椅经历的具体过程或情况，只是说明坐轮椅是自己处于弱势，此时看到了人性中最美好的东西；选项C中的Weakness也取自于文章，其实文章根本不是谈“弱点和强项”，与主题毫无关系，属无中生有。 选项D是以偏概全。在第三至第五自然段都是叙述作者的A Driving Experience，但这只是一个细节，作者叙述这一细节的目的就在第六段，当你是弱者时不要假装强者。由第一段中的“But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people”可知正确答案为B。 3．概括不够或概括过度。即错误选项归纳的主题以部分代整体，或超出了文章实际所涉及的内容，缺乏针对性。 【例】Today，the generation gap has not disappeared，but it is getting narrow in many families.Conversations on subjects such as sex and drugs would not have taken place a generation ago.Now they are comfortable and common…
The purpose of the passage is to ________. A．describe the difficulties today's parents have met with B．discuss the development of the parentchild relationship C．suggest the ways to handle the parentchild relationship D．compare today's parentchild relationship with that in the past
【解析】B 选项A只提到当今的问题，以部分代整体；选项C和D超出了文章实际所涉及的内容，缺乏针对性。由第四段第一句中的“Today，the generation gap has not disappeared，but it is getting narrow”可知选B。 三、阅读理解之推理判断题 (一)题型特点与解题技巧 这类题属于主观题，包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。 推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。题目数量分布均匀，并且设题时往往和事实细节相连。 判断题考查学生在理解文章的基础上，对不同观点进行评价和判断的能力。推理题考查学生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隐含信息的能力。 ①判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。 ②全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。 ③善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。 ④不可直接选取文中的原句或对文中作字面解释。
注意： 1．如果是对某段内容进行推断，那么只需看题干要求的段落即可。
【例】Exchange a glance with someone，then look away.Do you realize that you have made a statement? Hold the glance for a second longer，and you have made a different statement.Hold it for 3 seconds，and the meaning has changed again. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that ________. A．every glance has its significance B．staring at a person is an expression of interest C．a gaze longer than 3 seconds is unacceptable D．a glance conveys more meaning than words
【解析】A 根据题干要求，我们只在第一段中寻找答案。从上述所引片段可推断出一瞥意义各不相同，这与A项意义吻合。 2．选项措词过于绝对化的，一般不是答案项。
【例】I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last six years.I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time，and she remembers that when she first joined the community，there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus.Now，all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A．minorities can only enter the fields where no debate is heard about diversity B．American political circles will not accept diversity C．it is unlikely that diversity will occur in the U．S. media D．diversity can result in better management
【解析】A 文中通过一位美国黑人教授之口，传达出多样性的好处的信息，因此可以推断出是多样化使不拘一格使用人才成为可能，与A项意义吻合。若单从选项本身判断， B和C句意过于绝对，因此排除，这样使判断范围缩小，有利于选择答案。 3．合乎常理，意义深刻，或符合一般常识的选项一般是答案项，而照抄原文或对文中作字面解释的则不是答案。 【例】These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference.If neighbors are strangers to one another，they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover，as Wirth suggested，there may be a link between a community's population size and its social heterogeneity(多样性)．For instance，sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling，drugs，etc.Largecity urbanites are also more likely than their smalltown counterparts to have a cosmopolitan(见多识广者的) outlook，to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles， 3．数字计算题 数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。
【例】(2017江西)A Big Sister and Little Sister will generally spend between one and four hours together three or four times each month for at least twelve months.They enjoy simple activities such as a picnic at a park，cooking，playing sport or going to a football match.These activities improve the friendship and help the young person develop positive selfrespect，confidence and life direction.
67．A volunteer is usually expected to work within a year for at least __________. A．24 hours B．36 hours C．48 hours
D．72 hours 【解析】 67.B 注意题干中所提的at least，定位时需要注意题干中“volunteer”到文中“A Big Sister and Little Sister”的转换，定位之后，理解“between one and four hours together three or four times each month for at least twelve months.”我们可以采用分别计算：between one and four hours together：一次1至4小时，three or four times each month：一个月3到4次，for at least twelve months：至少12个月。这样最少的时间应该是：1×3×12＝36。
4．排列顺序题 这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这类题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。 【例】(2017四川)A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic (过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart. Izzy, nine, restarted father Colm's heart by stamping (踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing. Izzy's mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR. However, she quickly discovered her arms weren't strong enough, so she stamped on her father's chest instead. Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions (按压) until the ambulance arrived. Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said：“I just kicked him really hard.My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn't strong enough to use hands.I was quite scared.The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse.My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”
“She's a little star，” said Debbie，“I was really upset but Izzy just took over.I just can't believe what she did.I really think all children should be taught first aid.Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up.Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we've got to see an expert.” Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day.The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment. He has now made a full recovery from his suffering. 40. What's the right order of the events? ①Izzy kicked Colm. ②Debbie called 999. ③Izzy learned CPR. ④Colm's heart stopped. A．③①②④ B．④②③① C．③④②① D．④③①②
【解析】40.C 由上下文可知，Izzy先前了解了一些CPR(心肺复苏术)，后来她父亲因过敏反应心脏停止了跳动，Izzy的母亲Debbie拔了9999急救电话，然后Izzy采取了急救措施。 二、阅读理解之主旨大意题 (一)题型特点与解题技巧 这类试题要求对文章的整体或局部(如段落)进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意(main idea)，选择标题(title)，判断作者的写作目的(purpose)等，旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的能力。这一项考查的是文章的灵魂与中心。考生可以利用主题句来概括标题，抓住每段的首尾句，综合得出文章的大意。 特别关注首尾段落，找到文章的中心。当出现but, however, therefore等词后，特别关注这些被强调的部分。另外，可以通过排除法得出正确答案。题干中4个选项，经常会出现某个选项是某一段落的意思，不足以代表全文；还有的选项会是放之四海而皆准的句子，过于宽泛；还有的选项会是偏离文章主题的意思。总之，如果能够排除太大、太小、太偏的选项，正确答案就一目了然了。
(二)主旨大意题的不同类型 1．开门见山，提出主题 开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式，分清main idea和 supporting sentences。
英语阅读理解中的许多文章都属于“观点论证型”和“现象解释型”的文章，而这两类文章常常采取的是“一般到具体”的篇章结构模式。也就是说这类文章往往开宗明义，文章伊始就要摆明描述的主要对象或论述的主要观点。 【例】(2015天津)Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years.Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools.For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad.This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
45．What does the passage mainly present? A．A new design idea of household robots. B．Marketing strategies for social robots. C．Information on household robots. D．An introduction to social robots.
【解析】45.D 根据第一段第一句 “Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years”．开篇点题并结合对全文的整体理解可推知，本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了社会机器人的功能与作用。故选D。 2．首段的末句和第二段首句 对于阅读理解中的其他篇章结构模式，如“问题解决型”和“破旧立新型”的文章，文章首段的末句或第二段的首句就成了主题句高发点，特别是当文章的首句后出现的转折性的陈述，而所涉及的主体事物没有发生转变时，那么文章的主题句往往是转折词后出现的与首句相对立的结论。
一般而言，作者常常借用转折连词来引出文章或段落的主旨大意，该类型的转折连词有：but，yet，however。转折连词后面的内容往往是作者真实的写作目的或基本观点，而这又常是文章中心主旨的关键所在。 【例】Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life.Relationships with family，friends，neighbours，even pets，will all do the trick，but the biggest longevity (长寿) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship.The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr，who wrote that widows and widowers (鳏夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers.
Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man's life and two to a woman's.The effect holds for all causes of death，whether illness，accident or selfharm.
William Farr's study and other studies show that ________. A．social life proves an effective cure for illness B．being sociable helps improve one's quality of life C．women benefit more than men from marriage D．marriage contributes a great deal to longevity 【解析】D 根据“but the biggest longevity(长寿)boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship”可知，最大的长寿来自于婚姻或与其相似的关系；紧接着就说到“The effect was first noted in 1958 by William Farr，”…。句中的boost和选项D中的contribute有相近的意思，故选择D，“婚姻对长寿的贡献很大。”
3．无主题句 无主题句即主题句隐含在全文中，没有明确的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分，同时注意高频词。
【例】Sir Steven Redgrave，winner of 5 Olympic Gold Medals，once said，“In 1997 I was found to have developed diabetes (糖尿病)．Believing my career (职业生涯) was over，I felt extremely low.Then one of the specialists said there was no reason why I should stop training and competing.That was it — the encouragement I needed.I could still be a winner if I believed in myself.I am not saying that it isn't difficult sometimes.But I wanted to prove to myself that I wasn't finished yet.Nothing is to stand in my way.” What does Sir Steven Redgrave mainly talk about? A．Difficulties influenced his career. B．Specialists offered him medical advice. C．Training helped him defeat his disease. D．He overcame the shadow of illness to win. 【解析】D 本段没有明显的主题句，归纳全段可知正确选项为D。选项A是局部信息；选项B和C，文中没有信息支持。
4．文章标题 问标题的题也是一种主旨题，与主旨题的解题方法和技巧完全一样。二者的差别主要体现于选项的形式：主旨题的答案通常以一句话表示，而问标题的答案大多为一个名词词组。最重要的是，标题在内容上必须而且只能反映文章的中心大意。 这就要求选项的归纳范围要恰如其分，既不能只提及文中的一个细节，也不能将本文以外的内容概括于其中，要善于识别本末倒置、主次不分、以点代面、以偏概全或者过度概括的干扰项。另外，标题在形式上要新颖、醒目，能吸引读者注意力，能唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣。 【例】(2017新课标Ⅱ卷)Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children. During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping.He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone.He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport. … 第一节 阅读理解 1．2017—2015年全国高考卷阅读理解分析 年份 短文 A B C D 2017年 新课标 短文长度 216 288 286 293 体裁 说明文 说明文 记叙文 议论文 2017新 课标Ⅰ 短文长度 303 267 328 218 体裁 记叙文 说明文 议论文 说明文 年份 短文 A B C D 2017新 课标Ⅱ 短文长度 294 231 208 242 体裁 记叙文 记叙文 说明文 应用文 2017新 课标Ⅰ 短文长度 219 313 322 297 体裁 应用文 说明文 议论文 记叙文 2017新 课标Ⅱ 短文长度 281 259 269 264 体裁 记叙文 说明文 说明文 应用文 年份 短文 A B C D 2015新 课标Ⅰ 短文长度 231 343 216 305 体裁 应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文 2015新 课标Ⅱ 短文长度 270 315 253 249 体裁 记叙文 说明文 议论文 应用文 2．2017－2015年全国高考卷阅读理解考点设置 题型 类别 2015 新课 标Ⅰ 2015 新课 标Ⅱ 2017 新课 标Ⅰ 2017 新课 标Ⅱ 2017 新课 标Ⅱ 2017 新课 标Ⅰ 2017 新课 标 主旨 大意 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 细节 理解 9 9 9 8 6 9 6 题型 类别 2015 新课 标Ⅰ 2015 新课 标Ⅱ 2017 新课 标Ⅰ 2017 新课 标Ⅱ 2017 新课 标Ⅱ 2017 新课 标Ⅰ 2017 新课 标 推理 判断 5 3 3 4 6 3 6 词义 猜测 1 1 1 2 0 2 1 文章 出处 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 观点 态度 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 纵观历年来全国高考真题中阅读理解有如下命题规律： 一、同义替换 在历年高考阅读题中，正确选项大都不会直接采用原文的表达方式，即使采用了原文的部分词句，关键词也一定会换用其他同义的表达方式。 二、 综合概括/合理推断 另一种最为常见的命题规律是：正确选项是对原文内容的概括、归纳或推断。主旨大意题自然要遵守这一规律，观点态度题和推理判断题也大多符合这一规律，甚至事实细节题也常常通过这种方式给出正确答案。 这一规律提醒我们：含义具体的选项一般不是正确答案，而概括、抽象的选项多是正确答案。
三、 反向考查 反向考查情况有： ① 原文说“A是B”，问“非A是什么？” 答：“非B”。 ② 原文说：“A是非B”，问“非A是什么”，答：“B”。 四、合理猜测 语义理解题的设置主要测试考生对文中的关键词、短语或句子在特定语境下所表达的含义或其使用的目的的理解能力。
解答此类题目时须结合上下文提供的各种线索，找出句与句之间的内在关系。 一般而言，选项中词形相近、含常规意义的词汇以及语气绝对的语句一般为错误选项。 一、阅读理解之细节理解题 (一)题型特点与命题方式 细节理解题旨在考查考生对文中事实细节的理解，是高考英语阅读理解中占比重最大的一类题型。细节理解题答案选项的表述通常不是完全用文章的原话，而是有一定的变化。首先，选项中可能会引用原文中部分内容，导致原文意思被缩小，也可能会加一些限定词如all, every等歪曲原文的意思；
(二)解题思路与应试技巧
这类题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或间接地找到相关出处，但是不可能跟阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句式表达相同的意思，即语意转换。解题时须注意以下几点： 1. 顺序原则 一般说来，各小题的顺序与其解题线索在文章中出现的顺序相同。 2. 解题步骤 (1) 迅速定位，缩小范围。通过寻读法(scanning)，用题干中的关键词在文中搜索，迅速锁定相关信息点所在的位置，缩小阅读范围。题干中可用来在文中搜索的关键词可能是专有名词、数词、实体名词，以及这些词的同义表达等。
(2) 对照选项，确定答案。在找到关键词句后，要仔细阅读，准确理解，对照选项，看哪个选项的意思与之最接近。 (3) 排除干扰，选出答案。在作出选择的过程中，要善于辨别真伪，排除干扰，不断缩小范围，选出正确答案，即为排除法。 (三)细节理解题的不同类型 1．直接信息题 对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。
【例】(2015全国新课标I卷)
Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum Our monthly talks start at 19：30 on the first Thursday of each month except August. Admission is at normal charges and you don't need to book. They end around 21：00. November 7th The Canal Pioneers, by Chris Lewis. James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers. He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building. Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engineers”． December 5th Ice for the Metropolis, by Malcolm Tucker. Well before the arrival of freezers, there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering. Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells, and how London's ice trade grew.
February 6th An Update on the Cotsword Canals, by Liz Payne. The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening. The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer. We will have a report on the present state of play. March 6th Eyots and Aits－Thames Islands, by Miranda Vickers. The Thames had many islands. Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them. She will tell us about those of greatest interest. Online bookings: www.canalmuseum.org. uk/ book More info: www.canalmuseum.org.uk/ whatson
London Canal Museum 1213 New Wharf Road, London NI 9RT www.canalmuseum.org.uk www.canalmuseum.mobi Tel：020 7713 0836 21. When is the talk on James Brindley? A．February 6th.
B．March 6th. C．November 7th.
D．December 5th. 22. What is the topic of the talk in February? A．The Canal Pioneers.
B．Ice for the Metropolis. C．Eyots and Aits－Thames Islands.
D．An Update on the Cotsword Canals.
23．Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames? A．Miranda Vickers.
B．Malcolm Tucker. C．Chris Lewis.
D．Liz Payne. 【解析】21.C 根据文章第二段第二句“James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.”所对应的日期“November 7th.”可知选C。 22．D 根据文章第四段February 6th中的第一句“An Update on the Cotswold Canals, by Liz Payne.”可以得出答案。故选D。
23．A 根据文章第五段第一句“Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands, by Miranda Vickers.”可以知道作报告的人是Miranda Vickers。故选A。
2．间接信息题 做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。例如：
【例】(2017新课标Ⅰ卷)In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations —UNESCO and National Geographic among them — have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.
32．Many scholars are making efforts to________. A．promote global languages B．rescue disappearing languages C．search for language communities
D．set up language research organizations
【解析】 32.B 根据“have for many years been documenting dying languages andthe cultures they reflect.”可知很多学者正在记录这些即将消失的语言和文化，以防止这些语言和文化永远地消失。他们是在挽救这些文化。故B正确。