系动词是表示人或事物状态、性质的动词，如: be， get，sound，look， seem, feel等。系动词后面的部分叫表语。作表语的典型词类是形容词，也可以是名词、数词、极少数副词(如here， there)、介词短语、不定式、分词、表语从句等。系动词与表语共同构成谓语，说明主语的状态、性质等。 一、表语
句子次要成分: 表/ 定/ 状/ 补
练习：请找出下列句子的表语并指出表语是由什么来充当的(名词、数词、形容词、介词, 不定式, 分词，还是表语从句)。 1. My wallet is on the desk. 1. on the desk, 介词短语。
2. The book isn’t mine.
2. mine,名词性物主代词。
3. The leaves turn yellow in fall. 3. yellow , 形容词。
4. He has become a police officer. a police officer, 名词。
5. My suggestion is that we should start at once.
that we should start at once, 表语从句。 6. My suggestion is to leave at once. 6. to leave at once, 不定式短语。
7. His speech was boring. 7. boring，现在分词。
8. The whole class got excited at the good news. 8. excited， 过去分词。 二、定语
定语用来修饰名词或代词，起限定作用。作定语的典型词类是形容词和形容词性物主代词，也可以是数词、名词、介词短语、分词、定语从句等。定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰复合不定代词(如something)时，或者是短语或定语从句作定语，则总是放在所修饰名词的后面。 练习：请找出下列句子的定语并指出定语是由什么充当（形容词、形容词性代词、数词、名词、介词短语、分词还是定语从句） 1. The beautiful sight attracts many tourists every year. 1. beautiful, 形容词；many, 数词。 2. The wallet on the desk is mine. on the desk, 介词短语。
3. The demanding boss wasn’t satisfied with my work. demanding, 现在分词；my, 形容词性代词。
4. That building being repaired is our library.
being repaired, 现在分词短语; our, 形容词性代词。 5. He is one of the students that have been late. 5. one, 数词; that have been late, 定语从句。
6. The excited boys burst into cheers. 6. excited，过去分词。
7. A woman police officer was praised for her good work.
7. woman，名词；good，形容词。 三、状语
状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，作状语的典型词类是副词，也可以是介词短语、不定式、分词、状语从句等。 练习：请找出下列句子的状语并指出状语是由什么充当(副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、状语从句)。 1. He did his homework carefully at home.
carefully, 副词;
at home，介词词组。
2. Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.
2.to do some shopping不定式作目的状语; on Sunday介词短语表时间。 3. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . 3. When I grow up, 时间状语从句。
4. Feeling tired, he went to bed without supper.
4. Feeling tired, 现在分词短语表原因; without supper, 介词短语表方式。 5. He lost his job due to his lack of patience. due to his lack of patience介词短语表原因。
6. Brought up in the country, he finds it hard to adjust himself to city life.
6. Brought up in the country, 过去分词短语表原因。
补充说明主语的称为主语补足语；补充说明宾语的称为宾语补足语。作补足语的典型词类是形容词,也可以是名词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词等。 四、补足语 练习：请找出下列句子的宾语补足语并指出它是由什么充当的(名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词)。 1. They elected John monitor. 1. monitor名词。
2. He treated his mistake as a joke.
2. as a joke，介词词组。
3. We heard her singing a song. 3. singing a song, 现在分词短语。
4. He told me to make my own decision.
4. to make my own decision, 动词不定式。 5. I think it wrong of him to decline my offer. 5. wrong , 形容词。
6. He watched an insect caught by a bird.
6. caught by a bird，过去分词短语。 【注意】如果把主动语态改成被动语态, 宾语补足语就成了主语补足语。例如：
He was acknowledged to be the best player.他被公认为是最佳选手。(不定式作主语补足语)