动词的-ing形式
动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”（gerund）和“现在分词”（present participle）两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、 宾语补足语和状语。 一、 动词-ing形式的特征和种类
与动词不定式一样，动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语、宾语等。
A.动词 -ing形式的一般式 1. 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。 Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 2. 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。 They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 他们有说有笑地走出教室。 She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking. 她倾听她邻居的讲话。 3. 动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。 I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。 He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。
B. 动词-ing形式的完成式 动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well. 在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已很熟悉。 I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。 注意： 在现代英语中，作宾语的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。 I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.) We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film. )
C. 动词-ing形式的被动形式 动词的-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。 1．一般式的被动形式 The question being discussed is very important. 正在讨论的问题很重要。 I can't stand being kept waiting. 我不堪久候。 2．完成式的被动形式 I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team. 我听说他被选为球队的教练。 Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。 D. 动词-ing形式的否定形式 动词的-ing形式的否定形式是由not 加动词的-ing形式构成。 His not coming made everyone present very disappointed. 他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。 I'm sorry for not being present at the meeting in time. 我很抱歉没能按时赴会。 Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。 二、 动词的-ing形式的用法
A． 动词的-ing形式作主语
1．动词的-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。 Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。 Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。 Learning about a language is easier than using it. 学习有关语言的知识比使用语言容易。 Being invited to the party was a great honor to the family. 被邀请参加晚会是这家人的荣耀。 2．为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。 It is easy making plans, but it is difficult carrying them. 制定计划很容易，实行它却很难。 It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 It's a waste of time arguing about it. 争论这事是浪费时间。 必背：动词的-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。 It's no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。 It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come. 给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。 It's worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。 There is no saying when it will stop raining. 无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。 There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
B．动词的-ing形式作表语 动词的-ing形式作表语的有两种不同的含义： 1．表示主语的内容是什么。 Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。 The real question is getting to know the needs of the students. 真正的问题是了解学生的需要。 His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是集邮。 2．表示主语具有的特征。 The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。 It was astonishing to see the animals and plants that are found nowhere else in the world. 看到了世界上其它地方找不到的动植物真是令人惊讶。 The food at the dinner party did not seem very inviting. 宴会上的食物似乎并不诱人。 比较： 一般说来，动词的-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。 Smoking is forbidden here. 这里禁止吸烟。（泛指） It's not good for you to smoke so much. 吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。（具体） They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold. 天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。（泛指） Would you prefer to stay at home this evening 今晚你想待在家里吗？（具体
C．动词的-ing形式作宾语 动词的-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。 1．作动词的宾语 能用-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用-ing形式作宾语，另一类是既可用-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。 ①只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词 这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语。 Fancy meeting you here! 想不到在这儿见到你了! I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。 They didn't mind being treated like guests. 他们不在乎被人当作宾客对待。 They admitted smokinghaving smoked in the hall. 他们承认在大厅里抽过烟。 I regret sayinghaving said what I said. 我很后悔自己说过的话。 He couldn't help laughing. 他情不自禁地笑了起来。 I can't imagine the boy speaking so rudely to you. 我不能想像这个男孩对你说话这么没礼貌。
必背： 只接动词的-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有 admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 consider 考虑 delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免 excuse 原谅 fancy 想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成 forgive 原谅 give up 放弃 cannot help 情不自禁 imagine 设想 include 包括 keep 保持 mention 提及 mind 介意 miss 逃过 put off 推迟 practice 练习 resist 抵制 risk 冒险 ②既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语 这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语，也能用不定式作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况： a. 有些动词，如attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer等，后面接动词的-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。 They prefer spending to spend their summer vacation in Dalian. 他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。 I intend to buy buying an English-Chinese dictionary. 我想买一本英汉词典。 提示：应尽量避免接连出现两个动词-ing形式。 I am starting to learn Russian. 我开始学俄语。 避免说：I am starting learning Russian. 我开始学俄语。 b. need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用-ing形式比较普通。 Your composition needs correcting to be corrected. 你的作文需要修改。 His coat wants cleaning to be cleaned. 他的大衣需要洗了。 The old woman requires looking after carefully to be looked after carefully. 这个老大娘需要细心地照料。 2．作介词宾语 动词的-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。常见的几种搭配形式有： ① 动词 + 介词 + -ing形式 Jason aims at becoming an astronaut. 詹森立志要当宇航员。 I dream of being the best footballer in the school. 我梦想成为全校最好的足球队员。 比较： keep doing 继续或保持做某事。（强调动作的持续性） News lf successes keeps pouring in. 捷报频传。 Keep on doing 继续或反复做某事。（强调动作的反复性） We will keep on trying and.if we get anything done.will notify you. 我们将继续努力。有结果将通知你。 Keep sb doing 使某人一直做某事（表示被迫进行的动作） I'll try not to keep you waiting. 我尽量不让你久等。 Keep sb from doing 阻止某人做某事（＝preventstop sb from doing） The stone walls keep the farmer's cows from joining his neighbor's cows. 石头墙使农民家的牛不会混入邻居的牛群中去。 ② 动词 + 名词 + 介词 + -ing形式 Please excuse me for being late. 对不起，我迟到了。 What prevented you from joining us last night 昨天晚上什么事使你不能和我们在一起 Sandy wasted no time in getting to know the boss's daughter. 桑迪很快就开始就和老板的女儿套近乎了。 ③ 名词 + 介词 + -ing形式 We like his way of teaching English. 我们喜欢他教英语的方式。 He has little hope of passing the examination. 他几乎没有什么希望通过考试。 I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。 ④ 形容词 + 介词 + -ing形式 I'm tired of having the same food every day. 天天吃同样的东西我感到腻烦了。 Peter is angry about not being invited to the party. 没有被邀请出席聚会，彼得很生气。 Who's responsible for organizing this conference 是谁负责组织这次大会？ ⑤ whathow about + -ing形式 What about going for a walk 去散步好不好？ How about playing a game of chess now 现在来下盘棋好吗 ⑥介词to + 动词-ing形式 to 既可以是介词，也可以是不定式符号，在使用中比较容易混淆。若是不定式符号，to后接动词原形；若是介词，to后需接 -ing形式。 You must get used to washing your face with cold water. 你必须习惯用冷水洗脸。 John has admitted to breaking the window. 约翰已承认了打碎窗子。 I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation. 我盼望今年暑假见到你。 He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind. 他为全人类的利益献出了自己的一生。 However, others strongly object to developing private cars. 然而,另有一些人强烈反对发展私人小汽车。 He is equal to doing this task. 他能胜任这项任务。 The man took to drinking shortly after his wife died. 他妻子死后不久，这人就开始嗜酒。 Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers 难道还没到你安下心来阅卷的时间吗？