动词语态
语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态(active voice) 和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。
一、被动语态的构成 被动语态是由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，如果有必要强调动作的执行者，动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示。助动词be随主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。 A. 十种常见时态的被动语态 1. 一般现在时 主动语态：do 被动语态：amisare done We clean the classroom every day. 我们每天打扫教室。 The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我们打扫。 Such songs are usually sung by girls. 这些歌通常是女孩子们唱的。 Russian is not taught in our school. 我们学校不教俄语。 Are many goods shipped abroad every day 每天都有许多货物运往国外吗 2. 一般过去时 主动语态：did 被动语态：waswere done We cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我们打扫了教室。 The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我们打扫了。 The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我儿子打破的。 Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗？ How much money was stolen in all 一共被偷了多少钱？ 3. 一般将来时 主动语态：willshall do 被动语态：willshall be done We will clean the classroom soon. 我们很快要打扫教室。 The classroom will be cleaned soon. 教室很快要被打扫了。 The work will be done immediately. 这工作将马上做。 Will the school sports meeting be held next week？ 校运动会将在下星期举行吗？ When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet 什么时候给我们作有关因特网的讲座？ 4. 一般过去将来时 主动语态：would do 被动语态：would be done We told him that we would clean the classroom soon. 我们告诉他我们马上就打扫教室。 We told him that the classroom would be cleaned soon. 我们告诉他教室很快就会被打扫的。 He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city. 他说一个新的贸易中心将在市中心建起来。 She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care. 她问他们的计划会不会得到仔细的考虑。 I wasn't told that I should be invited to the party. 没人告诉我要被邀请出席晚会。 5. 现在进行时 主动语态：amisare doing 被动语态：amisare being done We are cleaning the classroom now. 我们现在正在打扫教室。 The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室现在正在被打扫。 A hospital is being built in the centre of the town. 镇中心正在兴建一家医院。 Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse 这些婴儿正由这个护士照看吗？ How is the new teaching method being tried there 那里是怎样试行这种新教学方法的？ 6. 过去进行时 主动语态：waswere doing 被动语态：waswere being done We were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候我们在打扫教室。 The classroom was being cleaned this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候教室正在被打扫 The teaching plan was being discussed at that time. 那时正在讨论教学计划。 Was the TV set being fixed this time yesterday 昨天这个时候电视机正在被修理吗？ The house was being painted when we arrived at his home. 我们到他家时，他家房子正在粉刷。 7. 现在完成时 主动语态：hashave done 被动语态：hashave been done The classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it. 教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫了。 The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned. 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫了 Many foreign films have been shown on TV since last month. 上个月以来，电视中播放了许多外国影片。 The radio has not been turned on yet. 收音机还没开。 Has a new training centre been set up in our town 我们镇上新的培训中心建好了吗？ 8. 过去完成时 主动语态：had done 被动语态：had been done The classroom looked tidy. We had cleaned it. 教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫过了。 The classroom looked tidy. It had been cleaned. 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫过了。 His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last month.上个月末，他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。 She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss. 她告诉我，她的老板已把她解雇了。 Her homework had not been finished when I got home. 我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。 9. 将来完成时 主动语态：willshall have done 被动语态：willshall have been done We will have cleaned the classroom by five o'clock. 我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。 The classroom will have been cleaned by five o'clock. 教室将在五点以前打扫完。 The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. 这些新书在下一批书到来前将登记完毕。 How many expressways will have been completed by the end of next year 到明年年底将建成多少条高速公路？ Before you return my work will have been done. 你回来前我的工作将会做完。 10. 过去将来完成时 主动语态：would have done 被动语态：would have been done I said we would have cleaned the classroom by 500. 我说我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。 I said the classroom would have been cleaned by 500. 我说教室将在五点以前打扫完。 The headmaster said the article would have been translated by the end of next month. 校长说文章将在下月底翻译好。 The day was drawing near when the dam would have been completed. 大坝完工的日子不远了。 He told me that preparations would have been finished by 600. 他告诉我准备工作将在六点前完成。
B. “get+过去分词”结构 被动语态除常用“be +过去分词”构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中，强调动作的结果。 The boy got hurt when he was riding to school. 那孩子骑车上学时受伤了。 Did your letter get answered 你收到回信了吗？ 注意： 用“get+过去分词”结构时，其后的动作执行者（即by短语）一般不表示出来。 Finally his bike got repaired. 最后他的自行车得到了修理。 As I passed by, my skirt got caught on a nail. 我经过的时候，我的裙子被钉子挂住了。C．“seem appear +过去分词”结构 有时“seem appear +过去分词”也可以构成被动语态。 She seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的话搞得很恼火。 The house appears deserted. 这房子好像没人居住。 提示： 并不是所有的“be+过去分词”结构中的be都能被get或seem, appear等词代替。 【误】She got born in a small village. 【正】She was born in a small village. 她出生在一个小村庄。 【误】The old man got offered a large sum of money. 【正】The old man was offered a large sum of money. 这位老人获得了一大笔钱。 【误】Colin got caught cheating in the exam. 【正】Colin were caught cheating in the exam. 科林考试作弊被抓住了。
D．被动语态中常用的介词 1．by表示动作的执行者或施加者 By whom is the book written 这本书是谁写的？ The children were driven indoors by the rain. 孩子们被雨赶进了室内。 2．with表示用某种工具 The wolf was killed with a gun. 狼被枪打死了。 The field was spread with wild flowers. 田野里野花遍地。 3．from表示源于某种物质（看不出原材料） Good wine is made from grain. 好酒是粮食制成的。 4．of表示用某种材料制成（看得出原材料） The table is made of wood. 这张桌子是用木头做的。 5．其他介词 You are wanted on the phone. 有电话找你。 He is known to everybody. 大家都认识他。 She was caught in the rain. 她遭雨淋了。 注意： 动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示，但被动语态句子中的by短语并不总是表示动作执行者。 A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以通过他的服装辨认出来。（by表示方式） He was much flattered by her asking him to dinner. 她邀请他吃晚饭，他受宠若惊了。（by表示原因） The snow was piled high by the gate. 门口雪堆积得很高。（by表示地点）二、被动语态的用法 英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态也有其特殊的用途，它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使用被动语态： A. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者 How is this word pronounced 这个单词怎么发音？ Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves. 科学家们说，力移动时就做了功。 A greater number of magic English books will be published next year. 明年将有更多的魔法英语书出版。 After war, everything had been destroyed. 战争结束后，一切都被毁坏了。 B. 强调动作的承受者 If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你违反校规，你将受到惩罚。（强调you） A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。（强调a new Hope School） She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜欢她。 Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class. 小李被选为班长。 C. 动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物 The bridge was washed away by the flood. 桥被洪水冲走了。 We were shocked by the news of his death. 我们听到他的死讯极为震惊。 Many accidents were caused by careless driving. 许多事故都是开车不小心造成的。 D. 修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练、匀称 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出现在舞台上，受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。 The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received. 这位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座，受到大家的热烈欢迎。 I was shown round the school campus by Sean, who had entered the school just a year before. 肖恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。 E. 为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己 You've been told many times not to make the same mistake. 你已被多次告知不要犯同样的错误。 Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下规定。 The control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可，勿入控制室。 F. 科技文献中为了客观地描述事情及其过程 The film is coated with light-sensitive chemicals, which are changed by the different shades and colours of light. 胶卷上涂了一层感光的化学物质，这些物质因光的不同色度与颜色而改变。 G. 资讯报道中为了体现资讯的客观性 The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nation's west development campaign. 西气东输工程7月4日全线开工，这是国家西部大开发战略的一件大事。 H．有些动词习惯上常用被动语态 He was born in this city. 他出生在这个城市。 The school is situated in the suburbs. 这所学校位于郊外。 注意： 被动语态中的by短语通常可以省去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所在，或者没有by短语全句的意思不完整时，则要保留by短语。 The vegetables didn't taste very good. They had been cooked too long. 蔬菜的味道不好，烧的时间太长了。（不需要动作的执行者） He arrived at the airport, where he was met by his friend. 他到达了机场并受到朋友的迎接。（没有by his friend，句子的意思不完整） Everybody was cast down by such news as that. 大家都被那种消息搞得很沮丧。（需要by短语）