三、主动语态变被动语态
中国人的思维的着眼点在动作的施动者，英美人思维的着眼点在动作的承受者。 中国人常这样说：I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你准时到那里。 英美人常这样说：You are expected to be there on time. 希望你准时到那里。 这就是英语中被动语态的使用比汉语中多的原因。由于英语句子的主动语态结构不同，因而变成被动语态的方式也各不相同。
A. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”结构中只有一个宾语，变为被动语态时，将宾语变为主语： They will discuss the plan at the meeting. 他们将在会议上讨论这个问题。 -- The plan will be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会议上讨论。 In the past the king possessed great wealth. 过去国王拥有巨大的财富。 In the past great wealth was possessed by the king. 过去，巨大的财富为国王所拥有。B. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 在这个句型中，谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被动语态时，一般将通常指人的间接宾语转化成主语，但有时也可将指物的间接宾语转化成主语： We gave the student some books. 我们给了这个学生几本书。 -- The student was given some books. 这个学生被给了几本书。 -- Some books were given to the student. 几本书被给了这个学生。 His father bought him a computer last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。 -- He was bought a computer by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。 -- A computer was bought for him by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。 注意：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词(如to, for, of等)，以加强间接宾语的语气。 They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他们授予他诺贝尔奖。 -- The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him. 诺贝尔奖被授予给他。 The host had caught us some fish. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。 Some fish had been caught for us by the host. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。（for不可省）( C. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 在这个句型中，谓语动词后有一个宾语和一个宾语补足语，变成被动语态时，宾语转化成主语，宾语补足语也随之变为主语补足语： All the villagers painted the houses white. 所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。 -- The houses were painted white by all the villagers. 房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白色。 They kept us waiting for a long time. 他们让我们等了很长时间。 -- We were kept waiting for a long time. 我们等了很长时间。 We regarded him as the best doctor in town. 我们认为他是城里最好的医生。 -- He was regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被认为是城里最好的医生。 注意： 有些使役动词和感官动词,如make, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to等，在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，在变为被动结构时，不定式应加上to。 We heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我们听见他向朋友们道别。 He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 他被听到向朋友们道别。( ( D. 含有情态动词的主动句变被动句 含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+ be done”构成。 情态动词 can could may might must have had to will would shall should ought to 主动形式 can could do may might do must do have had to do will would do shall should do ought to do 被动形式 can could be done may might be done must be done have had to be done will would be done shall should be done ought to be done The machine must be operated with care. 这机器必须小心操作。 Such a sentence ought not to be used here. 这个句子不应该用在这里。 What's done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。 People had to be reminded of the danger that night. 那天晚上必须提醒人们当心危险。
E. 含有“be going to do”和“be to do”等结构的主动句变被动句 含有“be going to do和 be to do 等结构的谓语动词，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to + be done”和“be to + be done”。在这两种结构中，be只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式。 The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会上讨论。 This new film is to be shown on TV next week. 这部新片下周将在电视上放映。
F．含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句 带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it来作为被动句的形式主语，宾语从句保留不变。 They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他们说他出国学英语去了。 -- It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 据说他出国学英语去了。 We haven't decided when we should go camping. 我们还未决定什么时候去野营。 -- It hasn't been decided when we should go camping. 什么时候去野营尚未决定。 提示： 带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，为了简练，还可把从句的主语变为被动句的主语，从句的谓语部分还可以变为不定式短语。 We believed that he would succeed. 我们相信他会成功。 -- He was believed to succeed. 人们相信他会成功。 Father expected that I should become an engineer. 父亲希望我成为工程师。 -- I was expected (by my father) to become an engineer. （父亲）希望我成为工程师。 G．祈使句的被动语态 肯定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词；否定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Don't + let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词（或Let + 宾语 + not + be + 过去分词）。 Move the desks into the corridor. -- Let the desks be moved into the corridor. 把课桌搬到走廊去。 Don't trust her. -- Don't let her be trusted. -- Let her not be trusted. 不要相信她。 H. 动词短语构成的被动语态 一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，因此就可以有被动语态。 The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well. -- The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this hospital. 病人在这所医院里被护士们照料得很周到。 They have put off the meeting till next Saturday. -- The meeting has been put off till next Saturday. 会议已推迟到下周六了。 注意： 在使用被动语态时，千万不要遗漏句末的介词或副词。 Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 这样的坏习惯应该改掉。 All the important matters have now been attended to. 所有重要的事情都得到了处理。 I. 双重被动结构 双重被动结构指的是句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者，同时又是不定式动作的承受者。 They asked us to discuss the problem at once. -- We were asked to discuss the problem at once. -- The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 这个问题被要求立刻讨论。（双重被动） She offered to buy a recorder for me. -- A recorder was offered to be bought for me. 有人提出要帮我买一台录音机。（双重被动） The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away. -- The desk was ordered to be taken away. 课桌被要求搬走。（双重被动） J．下列句子变成被动语态时，要用with，不用by Smoke filled the meeting room. 烟充满了会议室。 The meeting room was filled with smoke. 会议室里充满了烟。 A cloth covered the table. 一块布把桌子罩了起来。 The table was covered with a cloth. 桌子上铺着一块布。 K．不能变为被动语态的结构 1．受动词的限制 ①表示状态的及物动词，只能用于主动语态。 某些表示状态的及物动词，如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (适合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作谓语时，不能变为被动句。 She resembles her mother. 她像她妈妈。 He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。 This hall can hold 2,000 people. 这个大厅能容纳两千人。 ②当及物动词have表示“吃饭”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思时，没有被动语态形式。 Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶吗？ She had a bad cold yesterday, and now she is feeling much better. 昨天她得了重感冒，现在好多了。 ③当动词get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思时，动词没有相应的被动语态。 Do you get me 你明白我的意思吗？ How do you take this passage 这段话你怎么理解？ I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英镑。 His careless driving cost his life. 他粗心的驾驶使他丧了命。 2．受宾语的限制 ①当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时，动词不能用于被动语态形式。 They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他们简直无法抑制内心的喜悦。 He absented himself from a meeting yesterday. 他昨天缺席会议了。 For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年来两姐妹互相照顾。 ②当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时，谓语动词通常不能转换为被动语态。 I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。 The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words. 医生摇了摇头，一句话也没说就出去了。 注意： 动词的宾语是身体的一部分，一般不可变为被动语态，但也有例外。 He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注视着这幅油画。 -- His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. 他的两眼注视着这幅油画。 ③当宾语起状语作用，表示数量、重量、大小或程度时，不能用被动语态。 This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 这种字典价值十美元。 The case weighs twenty kilos. 这箱子重二十公斤。 ④当宾语是同源宾语时，通常不能转换成被动语态。 He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。 She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一个美梦。 ⑤如果宾语是动词不定式或动词的-ing形式时，谓语动词一般不能变换成被动语态。 He admitted having done wrong. 他承认做错了。 He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。 ⑥如果enter, leave, reach的宾语是地点、国家机关等，不能改为被动语态 He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。 She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就进入了大厅。 ⑦另外，不可拆开的短语动词，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等，也不能改为被动语态。 The book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。 She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。 必背：一些常见的不能变为被动语态的动宾词组 catch a cold 感冒 eat one's words 食言 lose heart 丧失信心 lose patience 失去耐心 make a face 做鬼脸 make up one's mind 决心 make bed 铺床 make room for 为……腾出地方 keep watch 守望 keep silence 保持安静 speak one's mind 表明见解 take place 发生 take one's time 从容不迫，别着急 take office 就职 take one's leave 请假 take notes 作笔记 take up arms 拿起武器 take one's place 就位 ⑧含有would rather或情态动词dare的句子，不能改为被动语态。 I would rather do it now. 我宁可现在就干这件事。 He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。