第一部分 选修八 Module
3-4
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
If you have ever tried a new sport or attempted learning a musical instrument, you are well aware that the hardest part is getting started. Once you figure out the technique, the skills return fairly easily, even if they are not used for long periods of time. Most experts attribute this to “muscle memory”， which means the brain remembers the action and can recall it when needed. Now some researchers from John Hopkins University believe there is another factor that may be as important in recalling previously learned motor skills—the errors made while learning the task.
The study led by Reza Shadmehr, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, involved asking volunteers to play a simple video game: hitting a red target dot with a slightly smaller blue dot, similar to playing virtual games. What the gamers did not know was that as soon as they mastered the game, the researchers reprogrammed it by moving the blue dot slightly offcourse, thereby forcing them to restart the learning process. What the scientists observed was that though the volunteers did make mistakes every time the game was changed, they got successively faster at mastering it.
Shadmehr believes that this has something to do with the fact that in addition to delivering the task to muscle memory, the brain is also recognizing each wrong move and learning how to correct it. He compares it to having a coach that points out the mistakes and makes suggestions on how to improve.
What surprises the scientists most is that making mistakes not only trains the brain to perform better at a specific task, but also helps it learn faster from errors, even when the mistakes are made while learning a completely different task. The researchers believe that the brain keeps a general database of errors and draws_on them whenever a new motor skill is being learned, to ensure that mistakes are not repeated. This helps make successive learning processes much faster.
语篇解读：本文介绍了“肌肉记忆”，以及大脑能够从错误中学习。
1．Which example can explain the “muscle memory”？
A．One can finish a task better than others.
B．One can remember a thing for a long time.
C．One can master a game faster than others.
D．A skill that one mastered before can return easily.
答案：D 细节理解题。由第一段第二句对muscle memory的解释可知，人在掌握了一项技能后，即使长时间不用，也能很容易地重新掌握这项技能，故D项符合。
2．What happened when the scientists changed the game?
A．The gamers couldn't hit the target.
B．The gamers became very puzzled.
C．The gamers found it easy to play.
D．The gamers made some mistakes.
答案：D 细节理解题。由第二段最后一句可知，游戏被改变之后，游戏者会犯错误。
3．The underlined phrase “draws on” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A．gets rid of
B．goes on with
C．makes use of
D．gets ready for
答案：C 词义猜测题。上文提到大脑储存(所犯)错误的数据，所以当学习新的技能的时候，它会利用这些数据。
4．What probably made the scientists surprised most?
A．Everyone has muscle memory.
B．Errors can help us learn faster.
C．The brain is magical and powerful.
D．Playing video games is beneficial.
答案：B 细节理解题。科学家发现错误不仅能够训练大脑把某项具体任务执行得更好，而且有助于大脑更快地从错误中学习。
B
(2015·辽宁抚顺六校联考)
I was appreciating my family photos on my computer, admiring my two beautiful babies, when I found a disturbing trend: my laptop was open in almost all the pictures. There was my daughter, 8 months old, playing at my feet while I was typing away on the couch. There was me and my son, with the laptop at my side as I held him in my arms.
I'd heard about the Internet addiction before, but always assumed it was something limited to socially challenged guys
who played too much World of Warcraft (a computer game). Now it seemed my Internet “habit” is slowly but surely crossing the line. Sometimes I find myself up at midnight, surfing the
Web while my family are sleeping. I read news, keep up with friends and write my blog... just for something to do.
It turns out that I'm not the only mama who is addicted to the computer. These moms are contributing to a growing
global addiction. There's a movement among psychiatrists (doctors who specialize in mental diseases) to recognize the Internet addiction as an official mental disorder. And a recent Stanford University national survey found that 14 percent of Internet users find it hard to stay away from it for
several days at a time; 9 percent try to hide their “unnecessary Internet use” from their loved ones; 8 percent admit they use the Web as a way to escape problems.
You're likely not the kind of addict who doesn't bathe and abuses drugs to help her stay “up” for more online time. You may have noticed, though, that going online has become a necessary part of your life, which, at least, means a load of clothes go unwashed. It may also mean you're missing much time with your baby—something you probably do care about.
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。作者通过在日常生活中使用电脑的状况讨论了电脑对生活的影响，尤其是消极影响。
5．From Paragraph 1, we can conclude that ________.
A．the author was busy taking care of her babies
B．the author's job had something to do with computers
C．the author was not good at taking photos of her babies
D．the author looked after her babies while using the computer
答案：D 推理判断题。根据文章第一段内容可以看出作者在照看小孩时也在使用着电脑。故D项正确。
6．The author used to think that the Internet addiction is ________.
A．using the web at midnight
B．keeping up with friends online
C．spending too much time online
D．being addicted to computer games
答案：D 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“...always assumed it was something limited to socially challenged guys
who played too much World of Warcraft (a computer game)．”可知D项正确。
7．In medical terms, the Internet addiction is ________.
A．a personal life habit
B．a way to escape problems
C．an official mental disorder
D．the unnecessary use of the Internet
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“There's a movement among psychiatrists (doctors who specialize in mental diseases) to recognize the Internet addiction as an official mental disorder.”可知C项正确。
8．What does the author want to express in the last but one paragraph?
A．Many women still can control their online time.
B．The Internet addiction influences housewives' lives a lot.
C．Going online has become a necessary part of women's lives.
D．Many people don't realize that they are addicted to the Internet.
答案：B 主旨大意题。文章倒数第二段即第三段讲述的是电脑是如何影响到家庭主妇的生活的。故B项正确。
Ⅱ.七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
__1__ She described all the things she had to do—one was to make her bed—from the moment she woke up until she flew out of the door for work.I suggested she experiment by not making her bed for two weeks.She was shocked，probably thinking I'd been raised by wolves in a forest.__2__
Two weeks later she went into my office beaming.She had left her bed unmade for the first time in 42 years? and nothing bad had happened.“And you know what？”she said.“I don't dry my dishes anymore，either.”
__3__ One was discovering that she had choices in her life that she had never seen before.The other was giving herself permission to be less than perfect.This story shows an important principle (原理) about managing time：No one can do it all.Each of us has to make choices and accept tradeoffs.The problem is，many people choose in ways that put themselves and their health last.They take better care of their houses and cars than they do of themselves.__4__
So what is the solution？There's an easy way.Decide what you want in your life，and put that first.On a daily basis，that should include regular meals，enough sleep and time with your family.Exercise，leisure，friendships and hobbies should also be regular aspects of life.__5__ The choice is yours：whatever makes you feel good about yourself and your life.Take a nap.Take a walk.Take time to play the piano.Stop bringing your briefcase home from the office.Stop keeping your house as clean as your mother kept hers .Fill more of your time with wanttodos instead of havetodos.
A．This woman had made two major breakthroughs (突破)．
B．Above all，you needn't do anything for yourself regularly.
C．They put everyone else's needs ahead of their own.
D．However，she went along with my idea.
E．Most people do not take time to relax themselves.
F．The point is to do something for yourself every day.
G．A patient came to see me about the stress in her life.
答案：
1．G 文章开头先引主人公，且空后的she即指代G项中的a patient，故选G。
2．D
由空前她的吃惊到下文接受我的建议，之间为转折，故选D。
3．A
由空后的One was...The other was 可知与A项这个女人有了两个大的突破，项对应，故选A。
4．C 由空前“The problem is，many people choose in ways that put themselves and their health last.”可知许多人把自己和自己的健康放到最后，与C项他们把别人的需要放在自己前面，相对应，故选C。
5．F
最后一空为总结的话，且空前内容“Exercise，leisure，friendships and hobbies should also be regular aspects of life，”可知作者要告诉我们每天为自己做一些事情，故选F。
Ⅲ.语法填空
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
(2015·河北衡水中学二模)
We're human, and it's not always easy to get along with everyone all the time. Sometimes we hurt other people's feelings without intending to. Sometimes，we're __1__(deliberate) mean and we feel bad afterward. So we apologize. Apologies are one of the tools we use to build good friendships and relationships.__2__ you say“I'm sorry” (and really mean it), it's because you probably feel bad that something you did or said hurt the other person. Saying you're sorry is more than just words. You're also saying that you respect the other person
__3__
you care about his or her feelings. Apologizing shows you have empathy.
After apologizing，you might feel a little __4__(good)．The other person probably will, too. When you apologize in a caring way, you can feel good because you are trying to make things right again.
Sometimes a heartfelt“I'm sorry” __5__(fix) everything right away. Other times，it might take
__6__ while for someone to get past feeling upset. You may need to give the other person some time. Even after you say you're sorry, you might still feel bad about what you said or did—but you can feel good about apologizing, fixing the mistake, or making up your __7__ to do better. When someone apologizes to you，you may welcome it and be ready to forgive
__8__
happened and move on. Or you might not feel like being friendly again right away. If a person keeps hurting you and __9__ (apologize)without making an effort to change，you might not want to hang about __10__
that person any more.
1．______ 2.______ 3.______ 4.______ 5.______
6．______ 7.______ 8.______ 9.______ 10.______
语篇解读：本文为议论文，题材为人际关系。向他人道歉是我们与他人建立友好关系的重要方式。
1．deliberately 考查副词。由设空前的we're及设空后的mean可知设空处填副词形式。
2．When 考查连词。此处表示“当你向对方说‘对不起’的时候”，故用when引导时间状语从句。
3．and 考查并列连词。you respect the other person与you care about his
or her feelings为并列关系，故用and连接。
4．better 考查比较级。这里指道歉之后你可能会感觉好一些。a little修饰比较级。
5．fixes 考查主谓一致。主语a heartfelt“I'm sorry”为单数概念，故谓语动词用fixes。
6．a 考查冠词。take a while意为“需要一段时间”。
7．mind 考查固定搭配。make up one's mind to do sth.“下决心做某事”。
8．whatever 考查宾语从句。forgive后缺宾语，分析句子结构可知应用whatever引导宾语从句。
9．apologizing 考查非谓语动词。设空处与hurting并列，故用apologizing。
10．with 考查介词。hang about with sb.意为“和某人长时间待在一起”。
Ⅳ.短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用()划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
The winter holiday is coming，which made me excited.I have been looking forward at relaxing myself.I'd like to go skating，climb mountains and see several movie.I think I can play the basketball with my classmates.How a wonderful time I'll have during the winter holiday！However，my parents think different.They don't want me
go out.They are afraid I'll be knocked down by a truck，fallen off a tree，or fight with others.Besides，they are afraid I will lose my way.I hate being treated like a bird keeping in a cage.To get more freedom，so I will try to persuade them.
答案：
The winter holiday is coming，which
me excited.I have been looking forward
relaxing myself.I'd like to go skating，climb mountains and see several .I think I can play the basketball with my classmates. a wonderful time I'll have during the winter holiday！However，my parents think .They don't want me
go out.They are afraid I'll be knocked down by a truck， off a tree，or fight with others.Besides，they are afraid I will lose my way.I hate being treated like a bird
in a cage.To get more freedom，so I will try to persuade them.