【记一记➡构建知识】 work at 致力于, 努力做(强调改进或提高) work on从事(强调制造或修理) *Learning a language isn’t easy. You have to work at it.
学习语言并不容易, 你必须努力。 *He has spent two years working on a book about childcare.
他已经花了两年的时间写一本关于育儿方面的书。 13. fall out (头发等)脱落; 闹翻 【填一填➡激活思维】观察句子, 写出黑体部分的含义。 ①Don’t get angry! I don’t want to fall out with you. (
) ②His hair fell out due to the weight-loss pills he had taken.
( ) 闹翻 脱落 【记一记➡构建知识】 fall apart
破裂; 破碎; 散开 fall behind
落后 fall down
(计划等)失败; 倒下 fall for 上……的当, 受……的骗; 迷恋, 爱慕 fall in love with
爱上, 喜欢 fall into the habit of
沾染……习惯 fall off
从……上摔下来 fall to pieces 崩溃, 倒塌, 破碎, 解体 14. in no time立刻, 马上 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①__ ___ ____ the whole sky was lit up.
整个天空立刻就被照亮了。 ②They finished the work __ ___ ____ at all.
他们立刻完成了这项工作。 In no time in no time 【记一记➡构建知识】 at no time
决不(位于句首, 句子部分倒装) ahead of time 提前 all the time 一直 at times 有时 in time
及时; 最终, 终于 at the/that time 在那时 on time
准时 at one time 曾经, 一度 at a time 一次 for the first time
第一次 *At no time does the plain look so beautiful as in early autumn.
平原看上去从没有像初秋时这么美。 【经典句式】 15. Water helps keep your system clean.
水有助于保持人体内部系统清洁。 【填一填➡激活思维】仿写句子。 ①You’d better ___________________.
你最好使你的房间保持干净。 ②You need to _____________________.
此事你需要保密。 keep your room clean keep the matter a secret 【记一记➡构建知识】 “keep+宾语+宾语补足语” 意为“使……处于某种状态”, 后面的宾语补足语可以是形容词、副词、介词短语和分词。 (1)keep+宾语+现在分词(现在分词和宾语之间构成主动关系)。 (2)keep+宾语+过去分词(过去分词和宾语之间构成被动关系)。 *(2017·福建高考)You had better set aside some time every day for sports so that you can keep yourself energetic.
你最好每天都留出一些时间来锻炼, 这样你就可以保持精力充沛。 *Please keep me informed of the matter.
请随时通知我这件事。 *I kept her waiting for 2 hours.
我让她等了两个小时。 16. Walking and riding your bike count, and so do school sports.
步行和骑自行车就算, 校内体育活动也算。 【填一填➡激活思维】仿写句子。 ①If you go to the countryside for your holiday, ________.
如果你去乡村度假, 我也去。 ②—She can speak some French. ——她能讲一些法语。 —_______. ——我也会说一些。 so shall I So can I 【记一记➡构建知识】 (1)“So+助动词/情态动词/连系动词+主语”结构表示另一主语和前面所陈述的情况有着相同的肯定概念, 意为“……也是这样(如此)”。 (2)“Neither/Nor +助动词/情态动词/连系动词+主语”结构表示前面否定的情况也适用于其后的另一人或物, 意为“……也不”。 *I have never been to Shanghai, neither has my brother.
我从来没有去过上海, 我哥哥也没去过。 *—I can’t swim! ——我不会游泳!
—Neither can I! ——我也不会!
*If you don’t go there tomorrow, nor/neither will/shall I.
如果你明天不去那儿, 我也不去。 【拓展延伸】 so it is/was with sb. =it is/was the same with sb. 此句式也表示后者与前者处于相同的情况, 当前面既有否定情况又有肯定情况, 或有多个谓语动词、助动词难以选择时, 用此句型。 *He likes sports but doesn’t like music. So it is with me. /It’s the same with me.
他喜欢运动但不喜欢音乐, 我也一样。 【要点拾遗】 1. embarrassed adj. 尴尬的, 不好意思的, 难为情的 【填一填➡激活思维】用embarrass的正确形式填空。 ①The shy girl wore an ___________ expression when she
couldn’t answer the teacher’s questions.
②I feel very ___________ about my mistake.
③I found the whole situation ____________.
embarrassed embarrassed embarrassing 【记一记➡构建知识】 an embarrassed expression/smile
尴尬的表情/笑容 make sb. embarrassed使某人尴尬 be/feel embarrassed at/about 对……感到尴尬 be embarrassed to do sth.
对做某事感到尴尬 embarrassing
adj. 令人尴尬的 *The strange thing was, we didn’t mention that day afterward. I felt a little embarrassed.
奇怪的是, 后来我们没有提到那天。我感到有点儿尴尬。 *I smiled and flashed back to the embarrassing moment.
我笑了笑, 然后想起了那个令人尴尬的时刻。 2. work vi. 起作用, 有效果, 奏效
n. 工作 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①You should check the TV set to see if it __ ________ ____.
你应该检查一下看看电视机是否运行良好。 ②The weight-loss pills _____ _____ ____.
这些减肥药效果不好。 is working well don’t work well 【记一记➡构建知识】 work hard努力学习/工作 work well 很有效, 很起作用 *You should work hard to pass the exam.
你应该努力学习通过考试。 *To our great joy, the plan worked well.
使我们非常高兴的是, 该计划很有效。 3. in the long term 从长远角度看 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①We should consider things __ ___ ____ _____.
我们应从长远角度出发考虑问题。 ②The plan will save money __ ___ _____ _____. 这个计划从短期角度看会省钱。 in the long term in the short term 【记一记➡构建知识】 in the long run
从长远角度看 in the short term/run
从短期角度看 in terms of 就……而言, 从……方面来看 on good/bad terms with sb. 与某人关系友好/不好 【看一看➡巧学助记】 【猜一猜➡熟词生义】观察句子, 写出黑体部分的含义。 He was so excited that he could hardly contain himself. (
) 控制 4. prefer
vt. 更喜欢 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①Tom prefers __________________by bike.
汤姆更喜欢骑自行车上学。 ②She preferred _______ at home to______ shopping.
她更喜欢待在家中, 而不愿去购物。 going/to go to school staying
going 【记一记➡构建知识】
prefer sth. 更喜欢某物 prefer A to B 更喜欢A而不喜欢B prefer doing A to doing B更喜欢做A而不愿做B prefer doing/to do sth. 更喜欢做某事 prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.
更喜欢做某事而不愿做某事 prefer that. . . 更喜欢…… *(2017·江西高考)They preferred traveling on horseback.
他们更喜欢骑马旅行。 *(2017·陕西高考)In our latest poll, seven out of 16 countries chose values as the greatest factor bringing a nation together, and six preferred language.
在我们最新的民意调查中, 16个国家中有7个选择价值观, 认为它是凝聚一个国家最重要的因素, 同时有6个国家更喜欢选择语言。 【拓展延伸】表示“宁愿……而不……”的其他结构 sb. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. =rather than do sth. , sb. prefer to do sth. =sb. would rather do sth. than do sth.
*He prefers to write her a letter rather than send an e-mail.
=Rather than send an e-mail, he prefers to write her a letter.
=He would rather write her a letter than send an e-mail.
他宁愿给她写信也不愿发电子邮件。 5. suffer vt. & vi. 受苦; 遭受(磨难) 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①When you ______ ______________, you have to remain
determined to overcome it, otherwise you will never succeed.
当你感到失望时, 你必须下定决心克服它, 否则你将永远无 法成功。 ②The area continues to ______ _____ serious pollution.
该地区依然遭受严重的污染。 ③Do you often ______ _____ toothache?
你经常牙痛吗?
suffer disappointment suffer from suffer from 【辨一辨➡明晰异同】 suffer指一般的损害、痛苦等, 但suffer from常加具体的不幸或痛苦的名词, 表示遭受战争、自然灾害、疾病带来的苦难。 suffer pain/defeat/losses/the result/side effects 遭受痛苦/失败/损失/(承受)结果/副作用 suffer from hunger/flood/fever/cold/disease/stomachache 遭受饥饿/洪水/发烧/感冒/患病/胃痛 6. effect
n. 影响; 效果, 作用 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①What the teacher said ____ __ _____ _____ ___ him.
老师讲的话对他影响很大。 ②The medicine is __ ___ _____ on cold.
这药对感冒没有效果。 had a great effect on of no effect 【记一记➡构建知识】 have an effect on
对……有影响 come into effect
生效 take effect 生效, 开始起作用 be of no effect
无效, 没有作用 side effect
副作用 cause and effect 因果 *(2017·天津高考)Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution.
Emerald Valley只是一个团体, 它开始意识到光污染的负面影响。 *(2011·江西高考)With knowledge, we can lessen its effects.
如果有知识, 我们就可以使它的影响变小。 7. affect vt. 影响; (病毒)感染 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①The change in climate may _____ _____ ______.
气候的变化可能影响你的健康。 ②We _____ deeply _______ by the news of her death.
她去世的噩耗使我们深为悲伤。 ③Cancer has _______ his lungs.
癌已侵袭他的肺部。 affect your health were affected affected 【记一记➡构建知识】 affect sth. 影响某事 have an effect on have an influence on *(2017·四川高考) Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see—and guide whether we see fear.
因此, 我们的心脏也会影响我们看见的东西和看不见的东西——指导我们是否看见了恐惧。 对……产生影响 *(2017·浙江高考) It’s not that exercise makes you healthy; it’s more that a lack of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.
不是运动使你健康, 而是缺乏运动会使你的身体虚弱, 很容易感染疾病。 *The medicine don’t have effect on grown-ups but affect children a great deal.
这种药对成年人没有影响, 但是对孩子影响很大。 【猜一猜➡熟词生义】 I was deeply affected by the hero’s story. (
) 感动 【拓展延伸】表示“影响”的词义辨析 affect 动词, 意为“影响”, 通常指对身体、思想或情绪产生不良影响。affect还有“感动, 触动”之意, 相当于move influence 表示“影响”, 主要指对性格、行为、观点等产生间接或潜移默化的影响。有动词和名词两种词性 8. comfort n. 安慰; 舒适
vt. 安慰 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①The news _______ _______ __ all of us.
这消息给我们大家带来了安慰。 ②Her children are __ _____ _______ to her.
她的孩子们是她极大的安慰。 ③I tried to _______ ____ after he was defeated by his
opponent.
他被对手击败后, 我尽力安慰他。 brought comfort to a great comfort comfort him 【记一记➡构建知识】 in comfort 舒适地 be a comfort to sb.
对某人来说是个安慰 live comfortably
生活很舒适 make yourself comfortable
别客气 *(2017·福建高考)Only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings.
只有通过这种方式我们才能生活在更舒适更美丽的环境中。 *Nowadays parents always offer their children whatever they can do to make them live in comfort.
如今父母总是尽其所能给孩子提供一切, 以便让他们生活得很舒适。 9. count vi. 认为, 算作; 重要
vt. 数数 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①It is not how much you read, but what you read ____ ______.
重要的不是你读了多少, 而是你读了什么。 ②Don’t _____ your chickens ______ they’re hatched.
小鸡还没有孵出来之前, 先别计算数字。(别打如意算盘。) that counts count before 【记一记➡构建知识】 count for little/nothing/much 不重要/无意义/很重要 count sb. as +sth. 把某人视为 count on/upon
依靠; 指望; 期待 count sb. in
把某人算在内 *I count myself lucky to get the job.
我认为自己能得到这份工作是幸运的。 *Can I count on/upon your help?
我可以指望你的帮助吗?
【看一看➡巧学助记】 You just promise but don’t act. So it doesn’t count. Just see Jack. People count him as an honest businessman who has never cheated anyone since he was a child who could not even count. So his promise counts for much.
你只是承诺却不行动。所以你的承诺没有意义。看看杰克吧。人们认为他是一个诚实的商人, 自从他是一个甚至不会数数的小孩起, 他就从来不欺骗任何人。所以他的诺言很有价值。 10. concentrate vt. & vi. 集中(注意力、思想等); 全神贯注 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①David Cameron is urging today’s youngsters to ___________ ___ the tongue of the future—Mandarin.
戴维·卡梅伦呼吁当今的年轻人集中精力学习未来的语言—— 普通话。 ②We must ___________ ____ ______ ___ finding ways to
reduce costs.
我们要致力于找出降低成本的方法。 concentrate on concentrate our efforts on 【记一记➡构建知识】 (1)concentrate on/upon sth. /doing sth.
专心致志于(做)某事 concentrate one’s attention/energy/efforts on. . .
致力于, 专心于 (2)concentrated adj. 密集的; 专心的; 浓缩的
concentration n. 集中注意力; 专心; 集中 *(2011·广东高考) He could not concentrate in the classroom.
他在教室里无法集中注意力。 *(2011·广东高考) I could not concentrate on my subjects.
我无法将注意力集中在我的科目上。 【拓展延伸】 表示“集中注意力于, 专注于……”的动词短语还有: focus on/upon, fix one’s attention on, center on, devote. . . to. . . 等。 11. amount n. 数量 vi. 总计, 共达 【填一填➡激活思维】用动词be的适当形式填空。 ①A large amount of energy ________devoted to the project.
大量的精力被投入到了这个工程上。 ②Small amounts of land _____ used for keeping animals.
少量的土地被用来饲养动物。 has been were 【记一记➡构建知识】 an amount of/amounts of 一定量的, 些许的 in large/small amount (s)
大/少量地 amount to
等于, 相当于 *One businessman used to leave large amounts of cash in his mailbox for Dad to take to the bank.
有一个商人过去常将大笔现金放在他的邮箱中让爸爸拿去银行。 *(2011·福建高考)The quality of your relationships depends on the amount of time you invest in them.
你们之间关系的质量取决于你在他们身上投入的时间量。 【悟一悟➡参透误区】 a large amount of +不可数名词与large amounts of+不可数名词作主语时, 谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于amount的单复数形式。 【拓展延伸】 表示“许多”的词(短语), 根据性质可分为下面几大类:
(1)修饰可数名词复数形式的有many, a good/great many, quite a few, a large/great/small number of等, 其后的谓语动词用复数形式。 (2)修饰不可数名词的有much, a great deal of, quite a little, an amount of等, 其后的谓语动词用单数形式。 (3)既能修饰可数名词, 又能修饰不可数名词的有a lot of, lots of, plenty of等, 谓语动词根据主语是可数或不可数决定单复数形式。 【核心短语】 12. work out 锻炼; 计算出; 解决(问题); 制订出; 结果
【填一填➡激活思维】观察句子, 写出黑体部分的含义。 ①I used to go to the gym three times a week, but I don’t work
out any more.
(
) ②We’ll have to work out how much food we will need for the
party. (
) ③We’d better discuss everything in detail before we work out
the plan. (
) ④We didn’t plan our art exhibition, but it worked out well.
(
) 锻炼 计算出 制订出 结果 Unit 3 Looking good, feeling good 【话题词汇】 1. recovery
n. 恢复; 痊愈 2. symptom
n. 症状 3. relaxed
adj. 放松的 4. curable adj. 可治愈的 5. severe adj. 严重的 6. regular
adj. 定期的; 有规律的 7. healthy
adj. 健康的 8. advise
vt. 建议 9. examine
vt. 检查 10. control vt. 控制 11. lose weight 减肥 12. build up one’s body 增强某人的体质 13. keep a balanced diet
保持均衡的饮食 14. be worried about
对……担心/焦虑 15. keep fit
保持健康 16. cure sb. of. . .
治愈某人…… 17. acquire a good habit
养成好习惯 【经典语篇】 (2017·淮安模拟)某英文报“健康生活”正在讨论健康食品、体育锻炼和儿童肥胖问题。下面六幅图是李明两年里的变化, 请根据李明的情况写一篇短文。 ［点明主题］A healthy diet along with regular exercise may help to prevent obesity among children. ［2017年李明的生活］Take Li Ming for example. Li Ming used to be a healthy boy. But over a year ago, he got into the habit of eating a lot of junk food and snacks. Besides, he spent a lot of time lying on the sofa, watching TV, and did little exercise. As a result, ①he put on so much weight that he found it difficult to climb the stairs.
［2017年李明的生活］Li Ming decided to change the unhealthy lifestyle. As we know, “You are what you eat”. So he ate more fruit and vegetables instead of the food that is rich in fat and sugar. In addition to keeping a balanced diet, he ②took an active part in various sports such as swimming, skating, running and playing basketball. Months later, Li Ming became as fit as before.
【厚积薄发】 Ⅰ. 完成句子 (1)体育运动有助于增强我们的体质。 Sports help to _________________.
(2)医生建议他多吃蔬菜。 The doctor ________________more vegetables.
build up our bodies advised him to eat Ⅱ. 句型转换 (1)把句①画线部分变成倒装句。 _________________________________________________ ______________ (2)把句②画线部分进行同义转换。 __________________________________________________ _____________ So much weight did he put on that he found it difficult to climb the stairs. took part in various sports actively/participated in various sports actively Ⅰ. 单词➡分类记忆 【核心单词】不可不记 1. ______ (n. )
体形; 数字; 人物 2. ________(adj. )
惭愧的, 羞愧的 3. _______ (vi. )
复原, 恢复健康 (vt. )
重新获得, 恢复 4. _______ (vt. )
包含; 容纳 5. _______ (vt. & n. )损害, 伤害 figure ashamed recover contain damage 6. ________(n. ) 压力 7. ______ (vt. & vi. )
受苦; 遭受(磨难) 8. _____ (vt. ) 影响; (病毒)感染 9. _____ (vi. ) 认为, 算作; 重要 (vt. ) 数数 10. _______ (n. )数量 11. ____ (vt. ) 增加; 获得, 赢得 12. ______(n. )衰退, 衰竭; 失败; 故障, 失灵→___(v. )失败 13. _________ (adj. )有吸引力的, 有魅力的→______(v. )吸引 →_________(n. )吸引 pressure suffer affect count amount gain failure attractive attract attraction fail 14. ______ (vt. )更喜欢→__________ (n. )偏好 15. _____ (n. )效果, 作用; 影响→________(adj. )有效的 16. ___________(n. )成就→_______(v. )取得 17. _______(n. )安慰; 舒适→___________(adj. )舒适的 →___________ (adv. )舒适地 18. ________(adj. )平静的; 和平的→_____(n. )平静; 和平 19. ___________(vt. & vi. )集中(注意力、思想等); 全神贯注 →____________(n. )专心, 专注 prefer preference effect effective achievement achieve comfort comfortable comfortably peaceful peace concentrate concentration 【高频单词】不可不知 20. _____ (vi. )
起作用, 有效果; 奏效 21. ________ (n. )
化学物质 (adj. )
化学的 22. _________ (n. )
治疗; 待遇; 处理 23. ______ (n. )
运动员 24. _________ (prep. )
包括 25. _______ (n. )分支; 分部; 树枝 work chemical treatment athlete including branch 26. __________ (n. ) 器材; 设备 27. ________(adv. ) 适当地 28. ______(n. ) 身体, (器官)系统; 体系; 制度 29. ____(n. ) 丢失, 损失, 丧失 30. ________(adj. )精力充沛的, 充满活力的→______(n. )精力 31. ___________(adj. )尴尬的, 不好意思的, 难为情的 →_________(vt. )使尴尬→____________ (adj. )令人尴尬的;
为难的 equipment properly system loss energetic energy embarrassed embarrass embarrassing Ⅱ. 短语➡双语互译 1. 从……中恢复 ____________ 2. 锻炼 ________ 3. 减肥 __________ 4. 因……而尴尬 ___________________ 5. 节食 __________ 6. 副作用
_________ 7. 冒险 _____________ 8. (头发等)脱落 _______ 9. 立刻, 马上
_________ recover from work out lose weight be embarrassed about go on a diet side effect take the/a risk fall out in no time 10. give out_________________________________ 11. be ashamed of _______________ 12. be dying to do sth. ________________________ 13. follow one’s advice _______________ 14. end in
_____________ 15. in truth____________ 16. stay in shape
_________ 17. get into shape
_________ 18. make the most of
_________ 19. in the long term
_____________ 20. as a matter of fact
____________ 分发; 用完, 消耗尽; 发出(光、声音等) 对……感到羞愧 非常想做某事, 渴望做某事 听从某人的建议 以……为结果 事实上, 的确 保持体形 强身健体 充分利用 从长远角度看 事实上, 其实 语境取词——选用上面的单词或短语填空 ①She ___________________(对……感到尴尬) her weight.
She _________(渴望) have a slim figure, so she decides to
_____________________________(定期锻炼来减肥).
②_______________________(听从医生的建议) and you will
be all right _________(很快), or your plan will ____________ (以失败而告终).
is embarrassed about is dying to work out regularly to lose weight Follow the doctor’s advice in no time end in failure Ⅲ. 句型➡超级仿写 1. as +代词+ be动词 I think ______________________(你目前这个样子看上去就 很棒), and you’re a wonderful person.
【仿写】我害羞并且诚实。我希望你会接受我现在的样子。 I’m shy and honest. I hope _______________________.
you look great as you are you will accept me as I am 2. no matter what引导状语从句 However, __________________(不管我做什么), my efforts to
lose weight always end in failure.
【仿写】不管我们做什么, 他都不愿意帮助我们。 He wouldn’t help us ____________________.
no matter what I do no matter what we did 3. keep +宾语+宾语补足语 Water helps ____________________(使你身体内部系统清洁).
【仿写】这种手套保暖性能好。 This kind of gloves will ____________________.
keep your system clean keep your hands warm 4. so用于倒装句 Walking and riding your bike count, and ________________ (校内体育活动也算).
【仿写】她喜欢听英文歌曲, 我也是。 She likes listening to English songs, and ______.
so do school sports so do I 5. make +宾语+宾语补足语 As a matter of fact, loss of sleep can __________________(使你 看起来疲劳), and even cause you to gain weight.
【仿写】他太固执了。什么都不能使他改变主意。 He is so stubborn that nothing can _______________________.
make you look tired make him change his mind 【重点单词】 1. figure n. 体形; 数字; 人物
vt. 计算出; 认定, 认为 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①(2017 ·北京高考)Being __ ______ ______ today is a lot more
difficult than it used to be.
现在作为一个公众人物比过去要难多了。 a public figure ②I’m dieting to _____ ___ ______.
我正在节食以保持身材。 ③(2017·福建高考) Have you _______ ___ how much the trip
will cost?
你算出旅行的费用了吗?
keep my figure figured out 【记一记➡构建知识】 keep one’s figure
保持某人的体形 watch one’s figure
注意保持某人的体形 figure out理解, 明白; 想出, 计算出 *As the story develops, the truth about the strange figure is slowly discovered.
随着故事的发展, 那位奇特人物的真实情况被慢慢地揭示出来了。 2. failure n. 衰退, 衰竭; 失败; 故障, 失灵 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①All our efforts ____ __ ______.
我们所有的努力以失败而告终。 ②The marriage was __ ______ and they both wanted to be
free of it.
婚姻以失败告终, 他们都想摆脱。 end in failure a failure 【记一记➡构建知识】 (1)a failure 一个失败的人, 一件失败的事 (2)fail
v. 在……中失败; 忘记、未能(做某事) fail to do sth.
没能做某事 fail (in) sth. 失败, 没有通过 *(2017·湖南高考)Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell how close you may be to victory.
不要让任何失败阻止你, 因为你永远不会知道你离胜利有多么近。 *(2011·全国卷Ⅰ)William found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
威廉发现读书越来越难, 因为他的视力正逐渐变弱。 【拓展延伸】 a failure表示“一个(件)失败的人(事)”, 类似的“抽象名词具体化”的单词还有:
a success
一个(件)成功的人(事) an honor
一个(件)引以为荣的人(事) a comfort 给予安慰的人或事物
a surprise一件令人吃惊的事情 a pleasure一件令人愉快的事情 3. contain vt. 包含; 容纳 【填一填➡激活思维】 ①Try to avoid foods which _______ a lot of fat.
尽量避免吃含油量大的食品。 ②(2017·湖南高考)After the meal, she placed a little box
__________ an old pen in my hand.
饭后, 她把一个装有一支旧钢笔的小盒子放在我的手里。 contain containing 【辨一辨➡明晰异同】 contain 所涉及的物体常常是其组成部分或内容, 强调包容关系。既可指具体有形的东西, 也可指抽象无形的东西 include 侧重指范围, 其主语和宾语属于同类, 是整体与部分的关系。常用结构为: including+n. /pron. 或n. /pron. +included hold 通常指有能力容纳 *Five people were killed in the accident, two kids included.
在事故中五人死亡, 其中包括两个小孩。 *The plane can hold about 300 passengers.
这架飞机可容纳大约300名乘客。