第5讲 动词时态和语态（要点透析）动词时态
一、一般现在时(动词用原形或单数第三人称后加－s/－es)
1．表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
2．表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用行为动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
We always care for each other and help each other.
3．表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等。
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
4．少数用于表示起止的动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时。表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11：00 p．m. every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
【疑难点击】
1．在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.
2．在the more…the more… 句型中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
The harder you study, the better results you will get.
【疑难点击】
3．在make sure, see to it, mind, care, matter后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
See to it that you are not late again.
4．在倒装句中，用一般现在时表示动作正在进行。
Here comes the bus.＝The bus is coming.
二、一般过去时(－ed或不规则变化)
1．一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去时。
I met her in the street yesterday.
I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn't.
2．如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去式。
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
3．表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute.
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
三、一般将来时
1．表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall ＋ 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语连用如： tomorrow，next week等)。
2．表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
We'll die without air or water.
3．表示趋向行为的动词，如： come，go，start，begin，leave等词，常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
【疑难点击】
be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do的用法及区别：
1．shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时做出的决定。
— You've left the light on.
— Oh, so I have. I'll go and turn it off.
2．在祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句句型中，陈述句中只能用will/情态动词＋动词原形。
Work hard, and you will pass the exam.
【疑难点击】
3．be going to表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。
If it is fine, we'll go fishing.(√)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(×)
【疑难点击】
4．be to do sth. 表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。
A meeting is to be held at 3：00 this afternoon.
5．be about to do sth. 表示“即将，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
Autumn harvest is about to start.
四、现在进行时(am/is/are＋v.－ing)
表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go，come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always, often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)
【疑难点击】
下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时：
a．表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。
b．表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。
c．表示瞬时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。
d．表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
五、过去完成时(had＋ v．－ed)
常用过去完成时的几种情况：
1．在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。
By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
2．表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态，即“从过去到过去”。
When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.
3．表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/ thought / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped / planned…＋ to have done。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.
【疑难点击】
1．表示“一……就……”的几个句型：
Hardly/scarcely…when (before)…
no sooner…than…
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. ＝ No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
2．在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
【疑难点击】
3．It/That/This was the first(second，third…)time that…(从句中用过去完成时态)
It was the second time that he had been out with her.
4．…than sb. had thought / expected / hoped / wanted…
We arrived earlier than we expected.
六、过去将来时(would do, was / were going to do)
过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。
I said I would arrange everything.
【疑难点击】
1．come, go, leave等用过去进行时表过去将来时。
He was leaving for Beijing.
2．was / were to do sth. 和was / were about to do sth. 表过去将来， was/were to do sth.常与when搭配。
I was about to leave when the telephone rang.
七、过去进行时(was/were ＋v.－ing)
1．过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生的动作。
During the summer of 2010 she was traveling in Europe.
2．表示某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
I met Diana while I was shopping this morning.
3．过去进行时可以表示委婉语气。
I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
八、现在完成时(has/have＋v.－ed)
1．表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，强调结果的影响。
I have seen the film already. (强调表达现在知道电影内容)
2．表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与since＋时间点，for＋时间段及介词短语，如during / in / over the last (past) few years (months, weeks), in recent years等连用。
We've planted thousands of trees in the past few years.
They've lived here since 2008.
【疑难点击】
1．现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
虽然动作都发生在过去，但现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响，而一般过去时的动作与现在没任何联系。
I have closed the door.(强调现在门还是关着的)
I closed the door.(强调关门的动作曾发生在过去)
【疑难点击】
2．下列句型中常用现在完成时：
a. It is (has been) ＋ 一段时间 ＋ since从句
b. This (That / It) is the first(second…)time that ＋ 完成时
c. This (That / It) is the only…＋ that ＋ 完成时
d. This (That / It)is the best / finest / most interesting…＋ that＋完成时
3．在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
【疑难点击】
4．非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow, meet等的完成时态，在肯定句中不能与for 或since 等引导的时间段连用，要转化为相应意义的延续性动词才能与一段时间连用。其否定式可与这类时间状语连用。
I haven't met him for two years.
试比较：
I have bought the computer for a year.(√ )
I have kept the computer for a year.(×)
被动语态
一、被动语态的构成
英语动词的被动语态由助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be必须与主语的人称和数保持一致，并有时态的变化。
The man was fooled by the two boys.
His wallet got stolen on the bus to the office.
二、被动语态的用法
1．动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。
Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.
The new test book will be used next term.
2．当动作的承受者比起动作的执行者来说更能引起人们的关心而需要加以强调时，要用被动语态。
This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.
The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.
【疑难点击】
1．含有双宾语的句子，主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语，另一个保留不变。变为主语的若是主动句中的直接宾语，间接宾语前则需加介词to 或for。
The pianist gave the pupils,间接宾语 some advice,直接宾语.
→The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
→Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.
【疑难点击】
2．在主动语态句中动词make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语，动词不定式不加to。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上to。
The boss made them work ten hours a day.
→They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss. A boy saw him enter the house.
→He was seen to enter the house.
【疑难点击】
3．当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等时，被动语态有两种形式：
a．谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。
b．用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面，用主语从句来表示。
People know paper was first made in China.
→It is known that paper was first made in China.
→Paper was known to be first made in China.
类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped / thought that…
三、不能用被动语态的几种情况
1．所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
2．表示状态的谓语动词，如：hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist of等。
3．表示归属的动词，如： have, own, belong to等。
4．表示“希望， 意图”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。
5．宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
6．宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
7．有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时。常见的动词有sell, write, wash, open, lock等。
【疑难点击】
1．主动形式表被动意义。
①当feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后接形容词时；当cut, read, sell, wear, write等词接状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、发生、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时，均用主动表被动。
These novels won't sell well.
My pen writes smoothly.
The door won't lock.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
②want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动。
【疑难点击】
③be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
④在“be ＋ 形容词 ＋ to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动。
The girl isn't easy to get along with.
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。
【疑难点击】
2．被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
①be seated 坐着
He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)
他坐在凳子上。
②be hidden 躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)
他藏在门后。
③be lost 迷路； be drunk 喝醉； be dressed 穿着
【疑难点击】
3. 被动语态与系表结构的区别。被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)
The book is well sold.(系表结构)5讲 动词时态和语态（考点突破）() 1. — Did you do anything last week?
— I ______ to go skiing or do some shopping, but ______ studying. (2010·福建泉州一中高三质量检查)
A. had planned; ended up
B. planned; ended up
C. had planned; end up
D. planned; end up
() 2. — I don't think we have met before.
— Yes, once at a party, but we ______.(2010·北京市重点中学高三考前预测)
A. didn't introduce
B. weren't introduced
C. haven't introduced
D. weren't introducing
【解析】
1. A 根据上句可知：两个动作都发生在过去，且有先后，故选A。had planned to do… 表示“本打算……”。
2. B 主语we与谓语introduce是动宾关系，故应用被动语态。
() 3. Believe it or not, the Great Wall, which ______ by people, should be protected at once. (2010·四川棠湖中学高三月考)
A. has been destroyed
B. is destroyed
C. was destroyed
D. is being destroyed
() 4. — Could you tell me the timetable of the school bus?
— Well, the bus ______ here for the campus at 7：00 a．m. (2011·湖南长郡中学高三月考)
A. will leave
B. left
C. is leaving
D. leaves
【解析】
3. D 根据at once可知：现阶段长城正遭到破坏，故用现在进行时态。
4. D 用一般现在时来表示已确定或安排好的事情。
() 5. — Will you attend the press meeting to be held this afternoon?
— But I ______ anything about it.(2010·甘肃天水市三中高三月考)
A. wouldn't be told
B. am not told
C. haven't told
D. haven't been told
() 6. — You look so young. Haven't you graduated from your university?
— Yes, I ______ in the English Department of Shandong University for four years. (2011·广西桂林中学高三模拟)
A. studied
B. study
C. had studied
D. was studying
【解析】
5. D 用现在完成时的被动语态来强调现在我还不知道此事。
6. A 根据Yes可知：我已大学毕业，故在山东大学学习已成过去，与现在没有关系，故选A项。
() 7. — Has Sam finished his homework today?
— I have no idea. He ______ it this morning.(2010·上海市各区一模)
A. was doing
B. has done
C. did
D. had done
() 8. — Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.
— Oh, nothing much. In fact, I ______ of my friends back home. (2011·河南郑州四中高三调考)
A. have just thought
B. was just thinking
C. would just think
D. will just be thinking
【解析】
7. A 用过去进行时表示他上午在做，但是否完成还不清楚。
8. B 根据句意可知：我刚才想起了回家的朋友。
() 9. — Ring me at six tomorrow morning, will you?
— Why that early? I ______.(2011·四川成都市三校高三联考)
A. will be sleeping
B. have slept
C. have been sleeping
D. will sleep
()10. When I was at college I ______ three foreign languages, but I ______ all except a few words of each.(2011·江西南昌一中高三月考)
A. spoke; had forgotten
B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten
D. had spoken; have forgotten
【解析】
9. A 用将来进行时表示明天早上6点睡觉这个动作正在进行。
10. B 由时间状语从句可知第一个空动作发生在过去，由but可知第二空与现在有关，故选B项。
()11. — How long ______ in Shanghai?
— Just the weekend. I've to be back for an important meeting to be held next Monday. (2011·四川绵阳中学高三月考)
A. have you stayed
B. are you staying
C. did you stay
D. do you stay
()12. — Do you think we should accept that offer?
— Yes, we should, for we ______ such bad luck up till now, and time ______ out. (2011·福建福州三中高三月考)
A. have had; is running
B. had; is running
C. have; has been run
D. have had; has been run
【解析】
11. B 动词come, go，stay, leave, arrive, begin, start 等，其一般现在时可表示按计划将要发生的动作。
12. A run out 只有主动结构，故排除C和D两项；根据时间till now 可知，第一空用现在完成时。
()13. This January will be very precious for us by which time we ______ reviewing Senior Book Ⅰ. (2010·江苏盐城八中高三模拟)
A. will finish
B. will have finished
C. have finished
D. will be finished
()14. — I phoned you at 7 yesterday evening but nobody answered.
— Oh, I ______ my dog in the park then.(2010·江苏宿迁市高三模拟)
A. walked
B. was walking
C. had walked
D. would walk
【解析】
13. B 用将来完成时表示到今年1月份我们将复习完第一册书。
14. B 表示在昨天晚上7点遛狗这个动作正在进行。
()15. — Why are you looking so worried?
— I sent an email to my son in America last week, but no reply ______.(2010·江苏泰州/南通市高三模拟)
A. was received
B. had received
C. has received
D. has been received
()16. — Isn't it a surprise that I happened to meet Francis Mathews at the Christmas party last week?
一 If my memory serves me correctly, you ______ each other for exactly two years. (2010·江苏宜兴市高三综合模拟)
A. hadn't seen
B. haven't seen
C. didn't see
D. don't see
【解析】
15. D 应用被动结构，故排除B和C；另强调对现在的影响，故用现在完成时。
16. A 到上周为止已有两年没见，表示“过去的过去”。
()17. — Is there anything about your high school life you wish you'd done differently?
— I regret that I ______ earlier what I really like doing. (2010·江苏六合高级中学高三冲刺模拟)
A. don't realize
B. didn't realize
C. haven't realized
D. hadn't realized
()18. — Ouch! You hurt me!
— I am sorry. But I ______ any harm. I ______ to kill the mosquito on your arm. (2010·江苏南师附中届高三模拟)
A. didn't mean; tried
B. don't mean; am trying
C. haven't meant; tried
D. didn't mean; was trying
【解析】
17. B 由earlier可知动作发生在过去，故选B项。
18. D didn't mean… 表示“本没打算……”；第二空用过去进行时表示过去打算将要做某事。
()19. I can guess you were in a hurry. You ______ your sweater inside out.
A. had worn
B. wore
C. were wearing
D. are wearing
()20. — We ______ that you would fix the TV set this week.
— I'm sorry. I ______ to fix it this week, but I've been too busy.
A. had expected; had intended
B. are expecting; had intended
C. expect; intend
D. expected; intend
【解析】
19. D can guess 这一现在猜测是建立在眼前所见情景的基础上的，故用现在进行时。
20. A expect, intend, want, wish, hope, plan 等动词的过去完成式可表示过去未曾实现的想法、愿望、打算等。
()21. He will stop showing off, if no notice ______ of him.
A. is taken
B. will be taken
C. takes
D. has taken
()22. They won't buy new clothes because they ______ money to buy a color TV set.
A. save
B. are saving
C. has saved
D. were saving
【解析】
21. A 如主句用将来时，在时间、条件和让步状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。又因if 从句是take notice of…的被动语态结构，故选A。
22. B 句意为：他们(现在)不愿买新衣服，因为他们在攒钱买电视机。由此可见，攒钱是现阶段正在进行的动作。
()23. I've finally finished my paper and it ______
me an entire month.
A. takes
B. took
C. was taken
D. had taken
()24. The traffic in our city is already good and it ______ even better.
A. gets
B. got
C. has got
D. is getting
【解析】
23. B 论文已完成，花费一个月时间应指过去；某事花费某人多少时间用sth. take sb. some time 结构。
24. D 交通现在已经好了，在此基础上正在变得更好。
()25. —
Alice came back home the day before yesterday.
—
Really? Where ______？
A. has she been
B. had she been
C. has she gone
D. had she gone
()26. I've won a holiday for two to Florida. I ______
my mum.
A. take
B. am taking
C. have taken
D. will have taken
【解析】
25. B 问句问的是前天回来之前去了哪儿，故用过去完成时。注意had gone表示人未回来，与第一句相矛盾。
26. B come, go, leave, arrive, take 等动词常用进行时表示将来。
()27. — You haven't said a word about my new coat，Brenda. Do you like it?
— I'm sorry I ______ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it' s pretty on you.
A. wasn't saying
B. don't say
C. won't say
D. didn't say
()28. — Where ______？
— I got stuck in the heavy traffic. I ______
here earlier.
A. did you go; had arrived
B. have you been; would have been
C. were you; would come
D. are you; was
【解析】
27. D 表示过去没有做某事应用过去时。又因句子没有“过去正在进行 ”之意，故排除A。
28. B 问对方“去了哪里”，指的是从过去某时到现在为止的动作，用现在完成时；第二个空格是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，条件状语从句If I hadn' t got stuck in the heavy traffic 被省略。
()29. I know Mr Brown; we ______ to each other at an international conference.
A. are introduced
B. have been introduced
C. were introduced
D. had been introduced
()30. — Where do you think ______ he ______ the computer?
— Sorry. I have no idea.
A. has; bought
B. /; bought
C. did; buy
D. had; bought
【解析】
29. C 在一个国际会议上被介绍显然发生在过去。
30. B 此句为复杂特殊疑问句结构，即“疑问词＋do you think (believe, suppose, expect, imagine, say, consider, guess等)＋其他(陈述语序)”。