Unit 4 Public transport【1】 beneath prep. 在……下方，低于，劣于
The sun is now beneath the horizon.
太阳此刻落到地平线以下了。
He is beneath his brother intellectually.
他在智力方面不如他兄弟。
He is beneath her in education.
她在教育方面比他强。
beneath, under与below
beneath 紧贴于物体下表面，强调某物被另一物覆盖或遮住。under 有间距，物体正下方。
The cat is asleep under the table.
猫在桌子底下睡着了。
below 表示两事物在同一建筑物内、同一座山上、人体的同一部位等，但其中一物的位置低于另一物。
They live in the apartment below us.
他们住在我们楼下的套间里。
用under, beneath, below填空
①He took a novel from __________ the paper.
②There were a few farmers lying down __________ the shade of the tree.
③There was a small flower bed __________ the window.
④A fly is resting __________ the ceiling.
⑤The supplier of goods will sell nothing if he charges above the market price and sell all if he charges at or ______ the market price.
A. Below
B. beneath
C. over
D. above
①beneath
②under
③below
④beneath
⑤A above的反义词为below; beneath的反义词为over。
【2】辨析annoy, bother
annoy 指由于干扰、不顺利或受不了某种外界情况等而“使烦恼、懊恼”。
I was annoyed by his bad manners.
他的无礼使我恼怒。
bother 指不停地“扰乱”、“麻烦”， 使人不能安宁，而产生烦恼的心理。
Pardon me for bothering you with such a small matter.
请原谅我为这点小事麻烦你。
The lady got ______ because the boy broke her window.
A. happy
B. annoy
C. annoyed
D. anger
C get annoyed with sb. 对某人恼火；生某人的气。
【3】 release n．&v. 释放，放开，发行；解脱
The family paid a ransom of 50,000 dollars for the child's release.
那家人为了赎回孩子付了5万美元。
The terrorists will only release their hostages on certain conditions.
恐怖分子只有在某些条件下才释放人质。
The actor's new film will be released next month.
这位男演员的新影片下个月将公开发行。
After the trainer was sure that the whale could look after itself he ______ it into the sea.
A. transported
B. unloaded
C. released
D. handled
C
【4】辨析 promise, let, allow, permit
(1) promise意思是“诺言；答应，许诺”，可以接双宾语、不定式、含不定式的复合宾语或从句作宾语。
promise sb. to do sth. 答应某人做某事
The father promised his daughter to teach her brother a lesson.
父亲答应他的女儿(他)给她的弟弟一个教训。(句中的不定式to teach her brother a lesson在此作宾语，而不是宾语补足语)
He promised that the roof should be repaired within two days.
他答应两天内应该修好屋顶。
(2) let“允许、让”，常用于口语，其后接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。
Don't let your child play with matches.
别让孩子玩火柴。
(3) allow“允许”，是日常用语，表示允许某人做某事时，其后接to的不定式作宾语补足语，也可用于被动
语态中。(参见M4U2)
The boss doesn't allow me to use the telephone.
老板不允许我使用电话。
(4)permit“允许”，侧重表示得到权威的认可，正式条文或法规的“准许”，多用于正式场合。
The doctor doesn't permit me to stay up.
医生并不允许我熬夜。
①— Can I smoke here?
— Sorry. We don't allow ______ here.
A. people smoking
B. people smoke
C. to smoke
D. smoking
②The guard ______ the old man to enter the hall after he showed him the pass.
A. promised
B. let
C. agreed
D. permitted
①D 句意：对不起，我们不允许在这儿抽烟。allow接动名词作宾语，表示“允许做某事”。
②D 句意：老人出示通行证后门卫让他进入大厅。句型为“permit sb. to do sth.” 表示“允许某人做某事”，与题意相符。
【5】 undertake v. (undertook, undertaken) 承担；承受；许诺；开始进行
undertake后接名词、代词或不定式作宾语，但不能接动词的－ing形式。同时，也可接宾语从句。
I'll undertake that I will buy you a birthday present.
我保证给你买一件生日礼物。
undertake to do sth. 答应做某事
I undertook to teach the children English.
我答应教孩子们英语。
He is going to undertake a new experiment.
他打算着手进行一项新的实验。
If the equipment is not up to the agreed specifications and quality, we will ______ to replace it.
A. force
B. undertake
C. overcome
D. apply
B 句意：如果设备达不到议定的规格质量，我们将负责调换。force作“迫使、强迫”，常跟宾语；apply表示“申请”，后常跟for；overcome表示“克服”；而undertake则表示“负责，着手”，后可跟不定式。
【1】 pick up
拾起；收拾；学到；获得；[口] 与……偶然结识
The boy picked up the hat for the old man.
男孩替老人拾起了帽子。You should pick up the tools after work.
工作结束后你应该把工具收拾好。
He was picking up the skills quickly.
他正在很快地掌握技术。
We picked up a couple of girls at the pub last Friday.
上星期五我们在酒吧结识了几个女孩。
pick off 摘掉，取走
pick on 挑选人(去做不愉快的事)
pick one's pocket 偷某人口袋里的钱
pick over 检查并从中精挑细选
pick through 搜查，搜寻
①I ______ a lot of English while I was in England.
A. picked out
B. put out
C. put up
D. picked up
②A study shows that students living in non－smoking dorms are less likely to ______ the habit of smoking.
A. make up
B. pick up
C. draw up
D. turn up
①D pick up在此表示“偶然中学到”。
②B 句意为“研究表明住在无烟宿舍的学生不容易染上吸烟的习惯”。pick up意为“捡起，学会”，符合句意。
【2】 drop off
让……下车；减少；下降；睡着
Please drop me off at the bank.
请让我在银行下车。
The business of the company was dropping off.
这家公司的生意日益清淡。
She dropped off during the lesson.
她在听课时睡着了。
My old friend Jack was on business in the city and he ______ me yesterday.
A. dropped out of
B. dropped in at
C. dropped in on
D. dropped off
C drop in on sb. 顺便拜访某人。
【3】辨析postpone, delay, put off
(1)postpone 用于正式场合，由于种种原因而不得不“延期”完成会议等；
They postponed sending an answer to a request.
他们耽搁了对一项请求的答复。
(2)delay 指由于各种原因而导致“延误、耽搁”；
The flight was badly delayed because of fog.
因雾航班被延误了很久。
(3)put off 一般用语。
To postpone ______ the debt will ruin our business reputation.
A. paying
B. to pay
C. pay
D. paid
A postpone doing sth. 延期做某事。
【1】 Aeroplanes are used to travel quickly over long distances.
飞机用来长距离的快速旅行。
句中的be used to do“被用来做某事”，to 是不定式符号，后跟动词原形。
Bamboo is used to make into walking sticks and fishing poles.
竹子用来制成手杖和渔竿。
And all this beautiful silk, she said, would be used to weave colorful clouds in heaven.
她说所有这些美丽的蚕丝都将用来织天上的彩云。
(1) used to 表示“过去如此，现在不再这样了”。只有过去时，它既可以视为助动词，其否定式为：usedn't to；亦可以看作及物动词，其否定式为：didn't use to。它不能用来说明事情发生的具体次数和状态，不能强调动作，不用于现在时。
I used to live with my grandparents, but I have my own home now.
过去我与祖父母生活在一起，但现在我有自己的家了。
She used to visit her uncle on holidays, didn't she?
她以前常常在假日去拜访她的叔叔，是不是？
(2) be used to doing是“习惯于”某一客观事实和状态，不强调动作，to为介词。
He is used to working in that company.
他习惯了在那家公司工作。
(3) get used to 指的是从不习惯到习惯这一过程的转变，强调动作，不用于现在时。
You will soon get used to the weather here.
你很快就会习惯这里的天气。
Did you get/become used to hard work when you were in the countryside?
你在乡下时习惯于辛勤劳动吗？
In my opinion, life in the twenty－first century is much easier than ______.
A. that used to be
B. it is used to
C. it was used to
D. it used to be
D 句意：依我看,21世纪的生活比过去容易多了。通常情况下used to 后面的be不能省。
【2】 So why not take a trip on the oldest underground system today?
所以今天为什么不乘坐世界上最古老的地铁观光一番呢？
Why not do…？ 是Why don't you do…？的省略形式，这是表“建议”的句型，意为：为什么不做……呢？其肯定式是why do you do…/why do…？肯定句式常用于责问对方，意为：为什么做……？
Why don't you (Why not) sing a song?
为什么不唱支歌呢？
Why not turn to the teacher for advice?
为什么不向老师征求意见呢？
Why do you/Why lend him the money?
为什么要借钱给他？
表示“建议”的其他句型：
(1) Let's do…， shall we？/How/What about doing…？ 我们可以做……吗？/做……怎么样？
(2) Can't we do…？ 我们不能做……吗？(这是一个否定疑问句表示建议或邀请)
(3) I suggest you (should) do…/I advise you to do…/You'd better do…我劝你应该做……/你最好做……(这3个句型均为直接向对方提出建议，使用时需注意句中的动词形式)
(4) Maybe we could do…也许我们能做……
(5) Would you like/love to do…？ 你愿意做……吗？
(6) I wonder if you should do…我想知道你是否应该做……
(7) I think it's better for you to do…我认为对你来说做……更好。
①— It's a long time since I saw my sister.
— ______ her this weekend?
A. Why not visit
B. Why not to visit
C. Why not visiting
D. Why don't visit
②— So I'm going to make the desk myself.
— Why ______ instead, if I may ask?
A. not buy it
B. don't buy one
C. not buy one
D. don't buy it
①A 句意：“我很久没有见到我的妹妹了。”“为什么不在这个周末去看看她呢？”回答人显然是在提出建议。“Why not ＋ 动词原形”结构用来表示建议。
②C 考查固定句型和代词。“why not＋动词原形”是固定句型，意为“为什么不……”，有提出建议之意；it用作代词指“同一物”，one指“同类而不同物”，即“同类中的一个”，根据题干意思此处代词用one，选C项。
【3】 Many cyclists do not pay attention to the cars that surround them and often ride too close to cars to allow them space and time to stop.
许多骑自行车的人不注意周围的车辆，而且经常骑得与车辆太近，以至于车辆没有足够的空间和时间刹车。
句中的too close to cars to allow them space and time to stop 是“too ＋ adj./adv. ＋ (for sb./sth. ) to do sth.”句型，表示“太……以致(某人)不能做某事”。
The problem is too difficult for me to work out.
这问题太难了，我解答不了。
The gate is too narrow for a car to get through.
这门太窄了，一辆小汽车通不过。
其实，这类句子都可以改为so…that结构的句子。以上句子可分别改写为：
The problem is so difficult that I can't work it out.
The gate is so narrow that a car can't get through it.
too ＋ adj./adv. ＋ (for ＋n./pron. ) ＋ to do sth.结构在大多数情况下表示否定意义，即“太……而不能……”之意，但too…to…结构在下列几种情况下，也可表示肯定意义。
①not 置于动词不定式前，成为too…not to do结构时，原来表示否定意义的不定式再次受否定，变为肯定意义，意为“太……不会不”或“非常……必定能……”。
He is too tall not to reach the book on the bookshelf.
他很高不会够不到书架上的书。
You are too wise not to know that.
你很聪明，必然会知道那件事情。
②在too…to do…这一结构前有not, never, no longer, but, only, all等词时，这一结构的意思也为肯定意义。
The box is not too heavy for me to carry.
这个箱子并不重，我提得动。
One is never too old to learn.
活到老，学到老。
You know but too well to hold your tongue.
你十分清楚少言为佳。
I'll be only too glad to join in your games.
我非常想参加你们的比赛。
③too 后为 anxious, eager, easy, glad, happy, pleased, excited, ready, satisfied, kind, willing, difficult等表示态度、心情、倾向等方面的形容词时，too 相当于very much(极其，十分，非常)，表示肯定意义。
They were too anxious to leave.
他们急着要走。
The model worker is too ready to help others.
这位劳动模范非常乐于帮助别人。
It's too kind of you to help us repair the car.
你真是太好了，帮助我们修车。
【注意】如把too ＋ adj./adv. ＋ to do 这一结构看成是一个整体时，后面再加动词不定式，则该结构又恢复到否定意义上去了。试比较：
She was too eager to succeed. 她急于成功。
She was too eager to succeed to succeed.
她欲速则不达。
④当不定式充当句子中的实际主语时，too…to…表示肯定含义。
It's too wrong of you to have made such foolish mistakes.
你犯这种愚蠢的错误实在是大错特错。
⑤too与名词连用的语序为：too＋adj.＋a/an＋n.
It's too difficult a task for us to finish on time.
这是一项十分艰巨的任务，我们不能按时完成。
— Thanks for your trouble.
— Not at all. I'm ______ pleased to help you.
A. too much
B. too only
C. so much
D. only too
D 句意：没关系，我非常高兴能帮助你。too…to前面有only表示肯定意义，表示“非常……”。
【4】 Carrying more than a light load on your bicycle or overloading it makes it unsteady and more difficult to control.
在你的自行车上加上一个重东西或过分负载会使自行车不稳而更难以控制。
此句是make it ＋adj. ＋ (for sb.) to do sth.句型。在此结构中，it是形式宾语，此结构中真正的宾语是后面的不定式，而形容词充当了宾语补足语成分，尤其是当宾语太长时，常采用it作形式宾语的形式。
Each new way of looking at a situation deepens our understanding and makes it easier to discover new possibilities.
每一种看待情况的新方法都会加深我们对问题的理解，使我们更容易发现新的解决途径。
The hard situation here made it necessary to make some changes.
现在困难的局面有必要做一些变化了。
(1)此类以it作形式宾语的动词还有feel, consider, find, believe, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard等。
I consider it reasonable to tell her beforehand.
我认为提前告诉她还是很有道理的。
I find it quite impossible to make some changes.
我发现要做些变化不可能。
(2)make ＋宾语＋宾语补足语
在这一结构中，宾语补足语可以是不带to的动词不定式、过去分词或形容词形式。
①make ＋宾语＋不带to的不定式。这一结构表示的意思是“使某人做某事”。若变为被动语态，补语要用带to的动词不定式。
They made the boy stand in front of us.
他们让那个男孩站在我们面前。
In the old society, the farmers were made to work day and night.
在旧社会，农民被迫不分白天黑夜地干活。
②make ＋宾语＋过去分词。这一结构表示的意思是“使某人/某事被……”。
The chemistry teacher had a special way to make his students interested in chemistry.
这位化学老师有一种特殊的方法使学生对化学感兴趣。
③make ＋宾语＋形容词。这一结构表示的意思是“使某人/某事(变得)……”。
The interesting story made him very excited.
这个有趣的故事使得他很兴奋。
④make后的宾补还可用名词。
She made herself the centre of the class.
她使自己成为班里的中心。
As the busiest woman in Norton, she made ______ her duty to look after all the other people's affairs in that town.
A. this
B. that
C. one
D. it
D 句意：作为诺顿最忙的女人，她把关心镇里其他人的事作为她的职责。作形式宾语只能用it。