7.宾语从句中that的省略 that在引导宾语从句时,很多情况下都可省略。但在下列情况下一般不可省略:如在动词answer,imply后一般不可省。that也常出现在像convince sb.that;inform sb.that;remind sb.that;tell sb.that等之后。在较长的句子里,特别在动词后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,第一个that可省,第二个或第三个that不可省。如: Everybody knows(that)money doesn't grow on
trees. 每个人都知道钱不是长在树上的。 The man told me (that)how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay. 那个人告诉我他准备为我的车付多少钱,并且我可以马上拿到钱。 8.宾语从句中的否定转移 在believe,think,imagine,suppose等动词之后的宾语从句中,若从句为否定意义,通常把否定形式从that从句转移到主句中(仅限于主句的主语为第一人称I,we)。
请比较下面两句英、汉表达方式的不同: I don't believe she'll arrive before 7:00. 我相信她七点以前不会到达。 I don't suppose you can help us. 我想你帮不了我们。
1.注意知识积累,掌握基本句型。 高考备考时,应加强对从句语法特征和语意特征的思考和学习,形成纯正的英语思维能力。注意相似句型的积累,比较其结构和意义。在平日的阅读过程中,遇到从句的时候,考虑分析其功能和意义。例如: ________is no chance that they'll show up at the party. A.ThatB.There C.It
D.This [解析]在英语中有很多句型用It is...或There is...开头。There is no chance that“没有机会……”,为固定句型。句意:他们没有机会在晚会上露面。show up“出现,到场,露面”。此题不要误选C项。 [答案]B 2.分析句子成分,判断从句功能。 遇到考查句法的题目时,要通读全句,首先考虑是不是某种句型,如强调句型;题干句若是疑问句,首先把它恢复为正常语序;观察设空的前前后后,确定相关从句的性质;确定从句性质后,回忆相关从句的用法特点,从而做出取舍;注意标点符号和并列连词(and,but)的作用;将选项代入句子,看前后是否语意贯通。例如: (2010·上海春招)There is no obvious evidence________there is life on any other planet in the solar system. A.which
B.that C.how
D.where [解析]
此处是that引导的同位语从句对evidence进行具体的说明,不是定语从句。句意:没有明显的证据表明在太阳系的其他行星上有生命存在。 [答案]B
语法精要十一 名词性从句
1.主语从句 (1)主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语。引导主语从句的词如下: who,that,which,what,when,where,how,whether,why,whoever,whichever,whatever等。如: What I want to drink is coffee.我想喝的是咖啡。
That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time. 长久以来我听到的最好的消息就是你要去伦敦。 When they will come hasn't been made public. 他们来的时间没有公布。 Whatever you want can be found here. 你在这里可以找到任何你想要的。
(2)主语从句可以放在句子后面,而用it作形式主语放在句首,尤其是that引导的主语从句常用于此种句式中,即:It+be+adj./n.+thatclause。但what,whatever,whoever,whichever引导的主语从句一般不后置。如: It is possible that I may not be able to come. 我有可能不能来了。 It is a pity that you missed such a fine talk. 很遗憾你错过了如此美好的谈话。 (3)whoever,whatever,whichever引导的主语从句:whoever相当于anyone who,表明泛指关系,表示“任何……的人都,凡是……的人都”。如: Whoever comes will be welcome. 谁来都会欢迎。 whatever相当于anything that,表示“所……的一切,无论……”。如: Whatever was said here must be kept secret. 在这里所说的一切都要保密。 whichever意为“无论哪个;无论哪些”。既可指人,也可指物;既可单独使用,也可修饰名词,也可以跟of短语连用。如:
Whichever of us fulfils his task first will lend a helping hand to others. 无论我们中哪一个先完成了任务都将帮助其他人。 Whichever book you choose doesn't matter to me. 你选哪本书不关我的事。 2.宾语从句 (1)宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。引导宾语从句的词如下: that,what,whether,if,where,when,whatever,whoever等。如: We must find out who did all this. 我们必须查明谁做了这个。 I'm wondering if the letter is overweight. 我担心这封信是否超重。 He walked to where I stood. 他朝我站的地方走过来。 I don't think you are right.我认为你不正确。 (2)由whatever,whichever,whoever,whosever引导的宾语从句。如: You may do whatever(anything that) you like. 你可以做任何你喜欢的事。 Return the book to whosever(anyone whose) name is on it. 把书还给书上写名字的人。 I'll read whichever book (any that) I like. 我将读我喜欢的书。 (3)介词后的宾语从句。如: Tom is a nice boy,except that he is sometimes late for school. 汤姆是个很棒的男孩,除了有时上学迟到。 I always think of how I can improve my spoken English. 我总是在考虑如何提高口语。 The teacher is pleased with what she has said. 老师很高兴听到她说的话。 (4)形容词后的宾语从句(that可省略)。如: I'm afraid(that)I can't accept your invitation. 恐怕我不能接受你的邀请。 We're glad that our football team has won the match. 我们很高兴我们的足球队赢了比赛。
They're surprised that he has left without saying goodbye. 他没有说再见就离开了,这让他们很吃惊。 (5)非谓语动词后的宾语从句。如: Realizing that it was just a difference in the custom,the foreigner smiled and said nothing. 当外国人意识到这只是习惯上的不同,就笑笑什么也没说。 On being asked whether he had had any good food in Italy,he answered“Terrible”. 当被问到他是否在意大利享受过美食时,他回答“很糟”。 (6)宾语从句中的形式宾语it。 在“及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构中,宾语如果是由从句来担任,则通常放在宾补的后面,用形式宾语it来代替它,此时,that一般不可省。如: I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan. 我很清楚,我已下定决心实施这项计划。
I find it necessary that we should spend more time practising spoken English. 我发现我们应花更多时间练习英语口语。 (7)宾语从句中的虚拟语气: ①desire愿望,demand要求,insist坚决要求,order命令,request请求,suggest建议,propose提议、建议等词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。宾语从句的谓语形式:should+do,should可以省略。如:
He insisted that she (should) stay here for another week. 他坚持认为她应该在这再待一周。 They suggested that we (should) start at once. 他们建议我们立即开始。 ②wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。 3.表语从句 (1)that和what引导的表语从句的区别: that引导表语从句时,充当连词的作用,没有实际意义,不作句子成分;what引导的表语从句,既充当连接代词的作用,又作句子成分。如: Our plan is that we'll go there once a week. 我们的计划是我们一周去一次。 That's what he said.那就是他说的话。 (2)引导表语从句时,用whether,不能用if。如: The question is whether he has signed the contract.(不能用if) 问题是他是否已经签了合同。
(3)reason后面的表语从句用that引导;定语从句用why或that引导。请比较下面两个复合句: The reason why we don't trust him is that he has often lied. 我们不信任他的原因是他经常撒谎。 You must tell him the reason why/that you won't accept his offer. 你必须告诉他你不接受他报价的原因。 (4)由连接副词引导的表语从句。如: That is where the great writer used to live. 那就是大作家以前住的地方。 That is why he didn't pass the exam. 那就是他没通过考试的原因。 That was when I was thirty. 那就是我30岁的时候。 (5)表语从句还可用as,as if/though引导。如: Things were not as they seemed. 事情并不像他们看到的那样。 It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去好像要下雨了。 as if引导表语从句时,谓语动词可用陈述语气,也可用虚拟语气。如: When a man loses consciousness,it looks as if he were dead. 当一个人失去知觉,他看上去像死了。 4.同位语从句 (1)同位语从句常放在fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,belief,thought,doubt等名词的后面,是对前面的名词作进一步的解释,说明前面的名词的具体的含义。如: The hope that he may recover is not gone yet. 他恢复的希望还没有破灭。
The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.(if不能代替whether来引导同位语从句) 是否我们应该继续做实验的问题已经解决了。 I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他将何时回来。 (2)同位语从句与定语从句的区别: 同位语从句是对前面名词的内容作进一步的解释、说明,引导词只起引导作用,不在句中作任何成分,一般不可省略。定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰、限制,引导词在句中作一定的句子成分。如: The news that_they_had_won_the_game soon spread over the whole school. 他们赢得比赛的消息很快就传遍了整个学校。(此句为同位语从句,进一步解释“the news”的内容) The news you told me yesterday was really disappointing. 你昨天告诉我的消息真的很令人失望。(此句是定语从句,它指的是“你昨天告诉我的那个消息”) 5.whether与if在名词性从句中的用法区别 (1)引导主语从句时 whether引导的主语从句可放在句首,也可放在后面,但if引导的主语从句一般放在句尾。如: Whether I'll go there is not decided. 是否我将去那还没决定。 It is not decided whether/if I'll go there. 是否我将去那还没决定。
(2)引导宾语从句时 whether与if引导动词的宾语从句时,大多数情况下可换用。但作介词宾语时,只能用whether;后面直接跟不定式时,只能用whether;在与or not连用时也只能用whether。如: It all depends on whether they will support us. 这完全取决于他们是否支持我们。 He doesn't know whether to stay or not. 他不知道是否要留下。 He wants to know whether or not we want dinner. 他想知道我们是否想吃饭。(但可说:He wants to know if/whether we want any dinner or not.) 6.what与that引导主语从句的区别 what引导主语从句时,表示“所……的(东西)”,并且在从句中充当句子成分;而that作为连词,引导主语从句时,其本身没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,通常不可省略。如:
What she was afraid of was their taking her daughter
abroad. 她害怕的是他们带她女儿出国。 That he will refuse the offer is unlikely. 他不可能拒绝这个报价。 It is reported that three people were killed in the
accident. 据报道,三个人在这起事故中死亡。