Unit 2 Cloning
教 材 面 面 观
单词拓展1.________vi.不同；相异 ________n．不同；差别 ________adj.不同的；差异的 ________adv.不同地；异常地
2．________adj.商业的；贸易的 ________n．商业；贸易 ________vt.使商业化；使商品化
3．________vt.着手；从事；承担 ________(过去式) ________(过去分词) ________n．任务；事业；企业
4．________n．程序；步骤；手续 ________n．过程；进程
5．________vi.反对；不赞成 ________adj.客观的；真实的
________n．不赞成；反对；异议
6．________vt.获得；赢得 ________adj.可获得的；可取得的 ________n．获得；取得
7．________vt.获得；到达(水平，年龄，状况等) ________adj.可达到的 ________n．到达；成就
8．________vt.积累；聚积 ________n．积累；积聚
9．________vi.退休；离开 ________adj.退休的；退职的；退役的 ________n．退休；退职；退役
10．________vt.打扰 vi.操心 n．烦扰 ________adj.麻烦的；讨厌的
11．________n．假定；设想 ________vt.假定；设想 ________adj.假定的；设想的
12．________vi. & vt.打；撞击；罢工 ________(过去式；过去分词) ________adj.打击的；显著的；引人注目的
13．________vt.抵抗；对抗 ________n．抵抗；反抗；抵抗力
________adj.抵抗的；反抗的 n．抵抗者
14．________vt.崇拜；爱慕；喜爱 ________adj.崇拜的；敬慕的 ________adj.值得崇拜的 ________n．崇拜；敬慕
15．________adj.合情理的；讲道理的；公道的 ________adv.有道理地；合情理地短语回顾1.pay________ 得到好结果；取得成功；偿清
2．cast________
沮丧；不愉快
3．in________of
赞成；支持
4．(be)________to(do)．..
一定或注定(做)
5．strike...________one's heart
使……刻骨铭心
6．________time to time
不时；偶尔
7．bring back to________
使复生；使复活
8．in________
白费力气；枉费心机
9．in good/poor________
状况很好(坏)；情况很好(坏)
10．have a great impact________
对……有很大影响
句型背诵
1.________ ________the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.
接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。
2．However，the problem________she later developed a serious lung disease bothered scientists.
但是，她后来得了严重的肺病，这个问题让科学家们感到烦恼。
3．________would be unfair to clone any extinct animals if they were to live in a zoo.
如果(被克隆后)只能生活在动物园里，克隆任何绝种动物都是不公平的。
4．You might________this hard at first but it pays off when you come to speak.
你可能在开始时觉得困难，但当你说起来了，你会觉得很值得。
自我诊断
单词拓展
1．differ；difference; different；differently 2.commercial；commerce；commercialize 3.undertake；undertook；undertaken；undertaking 4.procedure；process 5.object；objective；objection 6.obtain；obtainable；obtainment 7.attain；attainable；attainment 8.accumulate；accumulation 9.retire；retired；retirement 10.bother；bothersome 11.assumption；assume；assumed 12.strike；struck；striking 13.resist；resistance；resistant 14.adore；adoring；adorable；adoration 15.reasonable；reasonably
短语回顾
1．off 2.down 3.favour 4.bound 5.into 6.from
7．life 8.vain 9.condition 10.on
句型背诵
1．Then came 2.that 3.It 4.find
考 点 串 串 讲
重点单词1.forbid vt.(forbade/forbad, forbidden)禁止；反对
forbid sb. to do sth.禁止某人做某事
forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事
forbid that...禁止……(从句中常用should＋动词原形)
forbid sb. sth. 禁止某人做……
It's forbidden to do sth.做某事是禁止的
①He was forbidden to leave the base as a punishment.
作为惩罚，他被禁止离开基地。
②The law forbids smoking in public places.
法律禁止在公共场所吸烟。
③My doctor has forbidden me to eat sugar.
医生禁止我吃糖。
④I forbid that you should enter the room.
我禁止你进入那个房间。
⑤It's forbidden to marry someone who is not a member of the same faith.
禁止与宗教信仰不同的人结婚。
●特别提醒
(1)forbid后不能直接跟动词不定式作宾语，类似用法的词还有allow, permit, advise, consider等。
(2)forbid后接that从句时，从句中的谓语动词用(should)＋动词原形的形式，should可省略。即境活用完成句子
她的父亲禁止他们结婚。
①Her father forbade ________ ________.
②Her father forbade ________ ________ ________.
③They were ________ ________ ________ by her father.
答案：①their marriage ②them to marry ③forbidden to marry
2．resist vt.抵抗；忍住(多与cannot, couldn't连用)
resist sb./sth.抵抗，抵制某人/某物
can't/couldn't resist doing sth.忍不住干某事
①Lack of proper nutrition reduces their power to resist disease.
营养不良降低了他们抵抗疾病的能力。
②When she got to the place, she could not resist going in.
她到达那里时，禁不住想进去。
●用法拓展
resistant adj.抵抗的，有抵抗力的
be resistant to对……有抵抗力
resistance n．抗拒，反对；抵抗
①It's believed that elderly people are always resistant to change.
人们认为上了年纪的人会抵制变革。
②The defenders put up a strong resistance.
守军顽强抵抗。即境活用单项填空
①We need materials ________ heat and pressure.
A．resistB．resisting
C．resists
D．resisted
②Although a teenager, Fred could resist ________ what to do and what not to do.
A．to be told
B．having been told
C．being told
D．to have been told
答案：①B ②C
3．argument n．论据；辩论；争论；缘由
There are strong arguments against these measures.
有一些有力的论据反对这些措施。
We accepted the agreement without argument.
我们毫无异议地接受了这一协议。
She is neutral in this argument; she doesn't care who wins.
在这场辩论中她保持中立，不在乎谁赢谁输。
●归纳延伸
argue v．辨论；认为，主张；议论；说服；辩论；争论
argue sb. into doing说服某人去做……
argue sb. out of doing说服某人不去做……
argue with sb. about sth.与某人争辩……
argue the toss徒然反对，做无意义的争执
即境活用
翻译句子
①我们说服她不要去作这样危险的旅行。
________________________________________________________________________
②Let's not argue the toss we have to accept his choice.
________________________________________________________________________
③哥伦布认为地球是圆形的。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：①We argued her out of going on such a dangerous journey.
②我们不必争论已经决定的事——只好听他的。
③Columbus argued that the world was round.
4．assumption n．设想，假定；承担；担任；夺取
Had the assumption been strictly compatible, the results would have been identical.
如果所作假定完全相同，则结果也应一致。
with an assumption of indifference装作满不在乎的样子
The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.
这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为依据的。
●归纳延伸
assume v．以为；认为；假定为；承担
assumed adj.假装的；假定的，设想的；假冒的；被承担的
assumed name化名，假名
assuming adj.傲慢的，僭越的，不逊的
Assuming that it is true, what should we do now?
假定那是真的，我们现在该怎么办？
即境活用单项填空
________ (that) we miss the train, what shall we do?
Which is not right?
A．SupposeB．Supposing
C．Assuming
D．Assumed
答案：D
5．differ v．不一致；不同
They differ in size but not in kind.
这些东西的区别只是大小不同而实质一样。
Things in the world differ from each other in a thousand ways.
世界上的事物是千差万别的。
That's where we differ.
那是我们有分歧的地方。
●用法拓展
differ from不同于(与……有区别)
differ with sb.与某人意见不同
We differ from/with them on/about that question.
我们在那个问题上跟他们的意见不同。
be different from与……不同
difference n．差异；分歧；差别
Whether it rains or not makes no difference to me.
下不下雨对我来说都一样。即境活用单项填空
①That's ________we differ.
A．what
B．where
C．that
D．how
②It won't make________whether you go today or tomorrow.
A．many differences
B．some difference
C．any differences
D．much difference
答案：①B ②D
6．object n．物体；宾语；目标 v．反对，抗议，拒绝；提出……来反对
No one objected to the plan.(＋to)
没有人反对这项计划。
Mother objected that Jimmy was too weak to take up the job.(＋that)
母亲反对说，吉米身体虚弱，不可承担那份工作。
I don't think there's much object in being a secondrate painter.
我觉得当一个二流画家没有什么意思。
●用法拓展
objection n．反对；不喜欢；异议；缺点
I have no objection to your proposal.
我对你的提议没有异议。
objectionable adj.会引起反对的，讨厌的，有异议的
objective n．目的，实物，宾格 adj.客观的，客体的，外在的(反义词)subjective主观的即境活用单项填空
Who do you know objects________the plan we made at the meeting?
A．against
B．to
C．about
D．/
答案：B
7．undertake vt.着手，从事；承担
The lawyer undertook the case without a fee.
这位律师免费承办那个案件。
She undertook the organization of the whole scheme.
她负责整个计划的组织工作。
●用法拓展
undertake a task承担任务
undertake an attack发动进攻
undertake to do sth.答应，同意做某事
undertake for...为……负责
undertaking n．任务；事业；企业
The court will undertake a serious examination of the case.
法院将负责对案子做严肃调查。
To join the club，you have to undertake to buy six books at least a year.
要加入该俱乐部，你必须承诺每年至少买6本书。即境活用单项填空
The fortystorey building is one of the most challenging engineering projects they have________.
A．undergone
B．overtaken
C．understood
D．undertaken
答案：D
8．obtain vt.获得；赢得
She has to obtain her parents' permission before she does anything.
她在做任何事情之前必须得到她父母的允许。
●用法拓展
obtain sth. by doing sth.通过做某事获取某物
obtain sth. from sb./sth.从某人/物获得/获取某物
obtain vi.(规则、习俗的)制定；通行；流行
Details can be obtained from the Department of Education.
可以从教育部获知详情。
This custom still obtains in some districts.
这种风俗在某些地区仍然流行。
●易混辨析
obtain，earn，gain，get和win
①obtain应用范围较广，含有“如期地达到目的或得到所希望的东西”之意，多用于正式场合。
②earn表示经过艰苦努力而得到报酬，或得到了理应享有的某种待遇，其宾语多为金钱、荣誉等。
③gain指通过斗争、竞争或付出劳动而获得某种优势或达到某种目的。其宾语通常是经验、优势、利益、好处等。
④get最常用，可指主动去“获得，得到”，也可能是被迫“接受”，有时指不一定需要主动性或付出很大努力就能得到。
⑤win多指在竞赛中“获得，赢得”，有时也用于指在战争中“获得”胜利，宾语通常是比赛、战斗、战争等。
We wished to obtain the firsthand information.
我们希望得到第一手情报。
He earns 800 yuan of wages a month.
他月薪八百元。
She gained rich experience in teaching.
她获得了丰富的教学经验。
She got a bad cold yesterday.
她昨天得了重感冒。
They won the basketball match.
他们打赢了这场篮球赛。
9．bother vt.打扰 vi.操心 n．烦扰
●用法拓展
bother sb. about/with sth.为某事打扰或麻烦某人
bother with/about sth.为某事烦恼
bother to do sth.特意/特地/费劲做某事
put sb.to any bother给某人添乱
can't be bothered to do偷懒，不想费神做……
the thing that bother sb. is...让某人感到不安的是……即境活用完成句子
①他连声谢谢也没说。
He________even________ ________ ________thank you.
②我现在不想做作业，明天吧。
I________ ________ ________to do my homework now.I'll do it tomorrow.
③别为那小事烦恼。
Don't________ ________that trifling matter.
答案：①didn't；bother to say
②can't be bothered
③bother about/with
重点短语
1.be bound to必定，一定要……；必然(不得不，束缚于，必须)
Earth's climate is bound to change significantly in the future!
全球气候必将发生显著的变化！
The movie starts in 5 minutes and there's bound to be a long line.
电影还有5分钟就开始了，肯定有很多人在排队。
He was bound to a chair and left.
他被绑在一把椅子上，就那样待着。
●用法拓展
bound n．边界；界限，范围；领域；跳跃；弹回
adj.被缚住的；装订好的；非做不可的，有义务的
v．接壤；使跳跃；使弹回；跳跃；弹回；跳起
He bounded to his feet and waved goodbye to his friends.
他一跃而起，向朋友们挥手告别。
We must put bounds to our spending.
我们必须限制开支。
England is bounded in the south by the English Channel.
英国南部以英吉利海峡为界。即境活用单项填空
If so，your points of view are bound________conflict with his.
A．on
B．to
C．in
D．under
答案：B
2．bring back to life使复生
It's beyond mortal power to bring a dead man back to life.
要死人复活非凡人所能为。
He is a highly skilled doctor who can effect a miraculous cure and bring the dying back to life.
他是一位妙手回春的神医。
I'll promise anything you like if you'll only bring back my ball.
只要你把球给我拿回来，你要什么，我都答应你。
●用法拓展
关于bring的常用短语
bring about带来；发生；引起
bring down打倒；打死；击落
bring forth产生；发表
bring forward提出；显示；提前
bring in产生；进口
bring out使显示，出版，生产，说出
bring up教育，提出，培养
bring to mind想起
即境活用用bring的相关词组填空
①Can you________your whereabouts on the night of 21st May?
②We will________a measure to be thrifty with raw materials.
③They decided to________the date of the next meeting.
答案：①bring to mind
②bring in
③bring forward
3．pay off得到好结果，取得成功；偿清(债务)
It took them three years to pay off the debt.
他们三年才还清欠债。
Did your plan pay off?
你的计划成功了吗？
Her design won the first prize in the competition.Years of patience and hard work had a last paid off.
她的设计在比赛中获得一等奖。多年的耐心和艰苦的工作终于得到了好的结果。
●用法拓展
pay sth.off全部偿还，偿清
pay sb. off付清某人工资并解雇
pay for买……；为……交款；为……付出代价
pay back还钱，偿还，报复
pay money for sth.付钱买……
pay out付出大笔款项；放松
If you don't work now，you'll pay for it later when you fail your exams.
你现在不好好学，到考试不及格时就会为此而付出代价。
He must have paid $50 out on repairing that house his month.
他这个月一定已经付了50美元来修理这所房子。
He paid me back by not coming.
他以不来的方式报复了我。
●温馨提示
pay off表示“得到回报”时，没有被动语态，以事作主语；而pay back要以人作宾语，表示向某人进行报复。即境活用单项填空
Ling Feng won the first prize in the National English Competition and I'm glad that her efforts at last________.
A．worked out
B．got back
C．paid off
D．turned out
答案：C
4．cast down使沮丧；使下降；毁灭
He was much cast down by his failure to find work.
他找不到工作十分泄气。
He was cast down by the result of the experiment.
他被实验的结果搞得很沮丧。
●用法拓展
cast off解缆；解缆放(船)；送掉；抛弃
cast out赶走；逐出
cast about/around for sth.四处寻找；苦苦思索
cast an eye/one's eyes over sb./sth.很快地看/查某人或某事物
cast one's mind back to sth.回顾，回想
cast sth./sb.aside抛弃
be cast away(船遇难后幸存者)漂流某处
cast light on/upon＝throw light on/upon弄清楚
He felt cast down when he discovered the fate of the breakthrough clone.
发现突破性克隆动物的命运使他很沮丧。
His research findings could cast new light on the origins of the universe.
他的研究成果可能会使人们对宇宙的起源有新的认识。
●易混辨析
cast和throw
cast是正式用语，暗示用力、迅速地投掷较轻的物体。
throw是普通用词，指故意用力朝一定方向掷去。
The angler cast his line into the water.
钓鱼的人把鱼线抛入水中。
She threw the ball up and caught it again.
她把球抛起又接住。
●温馨提示
cast的过去式和过去分词都是cast；cast down通常用被动语态。即境活用单项填空
Don't let yourself be________by a small failure in the experiment，try again.
A．cast by
B．cast down
C．cast off
D．cast behind
答案：B
5．in favour of赞同；支持
●用法拓展
in favour赞同的；流行的；得宠的
in sb.'s favour/in favour of sb.对某人有利的
out of favour失宠的；不流行的
owe sb. a favour欠某人情分
do sb. a favour＝do a favour for sb.帮某人忙
do sb. the favour to do sth.帮某人做……(此时favour前用定冠词the)
be for/against支持/反对
in favour with sb.受某人支持；受某人恩宠的即境活用单项填空
①Will those________the proposal raise their hands?
A．in relation to
B．in need of
C．in honour of
D．in favour of
②The painter was gifted and was in favour________the Queen.
A．to
B．with
C．of
D．for
答案：①D 句意为：赞成这个建议的人将会举手吗？in favour of“赞成”；in relation to“与……有关”；in need of“需要”；in honour of“纪念”。
②B in favour with意为“受(某人)恩宠的”，符合句意。
6．in vain 白费力气，枉费心机
●用法拓展
(1)try in vain努力白费了
(2)in high/bad/poor spirits情绪高涨/低落
(3)in effect在实施中；有效
(4)in power执政中
(5)in public公开地
(6)in doubt有疑问
(7)in question讨论中
①We tried in vain to make him change his mind.
我们想使他改变主意，结果是白费心机。
②All attempts to rescue the boy with cancer were in vain.
为挽救那个患癌症的男孩的所有尝试都无济于事。即境活用单项填空
We tried ________ to persuade him to stay home, but at last, he went to the construction site in spite of his bad illness.
A．vain
B．in vain
C．in fact
D．in vainty
答案：B
重点句式
1.Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.
一个令人烦恼的消息随后传来：Dolly病得很严重。
Then came the disturbing news是倒装句。表示方向、地点、方式的副词放在句首，句子的主语是名词时，用全部倒装。
Away flew the bird.
鸟儿飞走了。
Now comes your turn.
现在轮到你了。
Out rushed the boys.
那些男孩子跑出去了。
本句中that Dolly had become seriously ill是news的同位语从句。注意接同位语从句常用的名词有：belief，fact，news，idea，word，hope，order，promise，suggestion，chance，doubt，question，problem等。
The news that the bank was robbed yesterday evening is true.
昨晚银行被盗的消息是真的。
We don't understand the problem why this is the best choice.
我们不明白为什么这是最好的选择。
即境活用单项填空
①It's no longer a question now________man can land on the moon.
A．that
B．which
C．whether
D．what
②The argument remains extremely heated________there are necessary conditions of existence such as water on the mars.
A．that
B．whether
C．if
D．about which
③Word came that free souvenirs will be given to________comes first.
A．no matter whom
B．whomever
C．no matter who
D．whoever
答案：①A ②B ③D
2．But at last the determination and patience of the scientists was rewarded in 1996 with a breakthrough—the cloning of Dolly the sheep.
但最终科学家们的决心和耐心终于得到了回报：1996年取得了重大进展——多利羊的成功克隆。
reward n．报酬，酬谢，赏金v.奖赏，酬谢
reward sb. with sth.用……奖励某人
He was presented with a television set in reward of his services.
他得到一台电视机，作为对他贡献的奖励。
breakthrough n．[军]突围，突破；突破性进展；突破点。
a major breakthrough in computer technology
电脑技术上的一大突破
The scientists strive for a breakthrough in cancer research.
科学家们力争在癌症研究方面有个突破。即境活用完成句子
I didn't do it for________；I did it for love.
我不是为了报酬做这件事，只是由于爱好。
答案：reward
3．The procedure is difficult to undertake, and at first it was not accurate enough.
这一过程很难着手，而且一开始也不够精确。
undertake (undertook, undertaken)承担，担任，着手(＋to do/that)
I'll undertake for your security.
我将保证你的安全。
He undertook to finish the job by Friday.
他答应星期五之前完成这项工作。
at first最初(首先，开始时)
At first I didn't know what had happened.
起先我不知道发生了什么事。
即境活用翻译句子
①他原来打算告诉她的，后来改变主意了。
________________________________________________________________________
②他们一见钟情。
________________________________________________________________________
③他们天刚亮就走了。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：①At first he thought to tell her, then he changed his mind.
②They fell in love at first sight.
③They go away at first light.
4．On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.
另一方面，Dolly的出现引起了许多反对意见，并且对媒体和公众的想像产生了很大的影响。
raise n．上升，高地，增高v.升起，举起；饲养；提出，筹集
It's difficult to raise a family on a small income.
依靠微薄的收入是很难养家的。
None of them raised any objection.
他们谁也没提出反对意见。
They are going to raise funds for the school buildings.
他们将为盖校舍筹集资金。即境活用根据句意，说出raise的不同含义
①I'm glad you raised that point. ________________________________________________________________________
②I was raised by my aunt on a farm.________________________________________________________________________
③A smaller corporation can seldom raise much capital by issuing bonds. ________________________________________________________________________
答案：①提出 ②抚养 ③筹集
5．The fact is that they are natural clones of each other.
事实是他们相互之间的自然克隆。
that they are natural clones of each other为表语从句结构，注意that在引导表语从句时，本身没有意思，用来陈述事实，不能省略。
The advantage is that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die，but others will survive.
这样的优势在于：如果面对一种新的疾病，一些会病死，其他的则会活下来。
The disadvantage of a group of cloned animals is that they would all have the same arrangement of genes.
克隆动物的劣势在于：他们拥有相同的基因排列方式。
This is because the cloning of mammals is still a new science.
这是因为克隆哺乳动物仍然是一项新的科学研究。即境活用单项填空
①The most exciting thing for him was ________ he finally found two tinned fruits in________seemed to him to be a servant's room.
A．that；that
B．what；what
C．what；that
D．that；what
②Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just________worries the public.
A．why
B．what
C．that
D．which
答案：①D ②B
6．So the chances of dinosaurs ever returning to the earth is merely a dream!
恐龙重返地球的可能性只不过是一个梦！
本句主语the chances of dinosaurs ever returning to the earth为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加物主代词、人称代词宾语或名词所有格，这样便构成了动名词的复合结构。
①Her coming to help encouraged all of us.
她来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。
②My sister's being ill made us worried.
姐姐病了，我们都很担心。
●特别提醒
如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格代替，但是在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。
Would you mind my/me using your computer?
用一下你的电脑介意吗？即境活用单项填空
The discovery of new evidence led to ________.
A．the thief having caught
B．catch the thief
C．the thief being caught
D．the thief to be caught
答案：C
知 能 层 层 练
一、单项填空
1．I have no idea of what is in fashion nowadays，so my choice might be quite________.
A．abundant
B．arbitrary
C．ambitious
D．aggressive
答案：B
解析：arbitrary“随意的”符合题意。
2．The new chairman was quite familiar with the________for conducting a meeting.
A．procedure
B．problem
C．question
D．people
答案：A
解析：procedure“程序，流程”符合题意。problem“问题；毛病”；question“问题”；people“人们”。
3．—I have mended that cup for you.
—Thanks，but you needn't have________.I bought a new one this morning.
A．helped
B．required
C．wasted
D．bothered
答案：D
解析：由“我”今早刚买了一个新的杯子可知“我”认为对方没必要修理打破的那个。bother to do sth.“麻烦做某事”符合题意。
4．Most businessmen are more interested in the________success of their products than their educational values.
A．commercial
B．cultural
C．classical
D．criminal
答案：A
解析：commercial“商业的”，商人们追求商品的商业利益，这是常识。cultural“文化的”；classical“古典的；经典的”；criminal“犯罪的；刑事的”。
5．—How do Canadians like to be called?
—Most of them don't object________them their first names.
A．that you call
B．for calling
C．to your calling
D．to call
答案：C
解析：object to意为“反对”，to为介词，故C项正确。
6．The hospital described his________as“satisfactory”while he felt there was something wrong.
A．condition
B．situation
C．energy
D．position
答案：A
解析：condition“条件；状况”，此处指他的身体状况。situation“形势”；energy“能量”；position“位置；地位”。
7．After questioning the man for six hours，the police________the information they wanted.
A．seized
B．recovered
C．appealed
D．obtained
答案：D
解析：obtain“获得；得到”，本题指警方从审讯中获取了他们想要的信息，此处obtain可用get替代。
8．My persistence finally________when they called me in for an interview.
A．paid back
B．paid up
C．paid off
D．paid for
答案：C
解析：pay off“得到好结果，取得成功”；根据题意知是“我”的坚持最终有了回报，故选C项。
9．A good idea came to her________she could live with her best friend in that city during the holiday.
A．if
B．when
C．that
D．which
答案：C
解析：that引导的从句作a good idea的同位语。if不能引导同位语从句；when与which引导名词性从句含有疑问意义，与题意不符。
10．Though they don't live in the same city now，he manages to be informed________how Tony is getting along.
A．at one time
B．for a time
C．at no time
D．from time to time
答案：D
解析：from time to time“不时地；偶尔地”，相当于sometimes。
二、用方框内所给词的适当形式填空
1．It's seven o'clock now. To be ________， it's seven three.
2．The way the programme of events is organized seems completely ________ to me.
3．How this is to be achieved is ________ a different matter.
4．The guard ________ us to look out of the window when the train was moving.
5．The lawyer ________ the case without a fee.
6．The teacher is capable of making complicated problems ________ for the students to accept easily.
答案：1.exact 2.arbitrary 3.altogether 4.forbade
5．undertook 6.straightforward
三、根据括号内的提示完成下列句子
1．With the help of his father, he ____________________(偿清)all the debts.
2．____________________(反对吸烟)is taken by most people.
3．Are you __________________(支持)the government's plan to build more railway lines?
4．He ____________________(沮丧)by the result of the experiment.
5．The purpose of education is not just ________________________(积累知识)．
答案：1.paid off 2.Smoking forbidden 3.in favour of
4．was cast down 5.accumulating knowledge
四、根据括号内的提示翻译下列句子
1．除非有意外，我明天去看你。(unless)
________________________________________________________________________
2．这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为根据的。(assumption; be based on)
________________________________________________________________________
3．明天天气一定会变好。(be bound to...)
________________________________________________________________________
4．中国艺术家成功地使这座宫殿恢复了生机。(bring back to life)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：1.I'll see you unless there are any unexpected matter.
2．This theory is based on a series of incorrect assumptions.
3．It's bound to be fine tomorrow.
4．The Chinese artists succeeded in bringing this palace back to life.
语 法 路 路 通
高考语法专题十五 特殊句式知识清单一、强调句
1．强调句型“It is/was＋强调部分＋that/who...”。可以对句子中的主语、表语、宾语、同位语、状语等进行强调，以达到突出信息的交际目的。当强调部分是物时，从句只能用that引导；强调部分是人时，从句用that或who引导均可。
2．对“not...until...”句式的强调，要用“It is/was not until...that...”这一固定句型。由于否定已经前移，故that后只能用肯定形式。
3．“do/does/did＋动词原形”，这种结构只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种，只对肯定的动词进行强调，没有疑问和否定形式，do要重读。
4．强调句的特殊疑问句结构为“特殊疑问词＋is/was it that...？”，此结构中that/who后的从句只能用陈述语序。强调句的一般疑问句结构为“Is/was it...that...？”。
二、倒装句
谓语部分全部置于主语之前的句子叫完全倒装；只把助动词或情态动词移至主语之前的句子叫部分倒装。
5．here, there, away, down, up, in, now, then等表示方向、时间、地点的副词位于句首，主语是名词而非代词时，用完全倒装。
6．表示地点、时间、方向等的介词短语置于句首作状语时用完全倒装；此时谓语的单复数要和其后真正的主语保持一致。
7．so...that...的so位于句首时，主句一般倒装，such位于句首时有时也倒装。
8．so, neither，nor作“也(不)”讲时，它们引导的句子用倒装语序；so表示对上文所说的观点赞同、附和时，句子用正常语序。
9．only修饰状语置于句首时要部分倒装；但是only修饰主语时不倒装。
10．以though, as引导的让步状语从句中，若主语是名词，表语在句首时，可以倒装也可不倒装，倒装时应将动词、表语、状语等成分移到though/as前；主语是代词时，不倒装。
11．具有否定或半否定含义的词或短语置于句首时要部分倒装。
12．在含有were, should, had等的虚拟条件句中，省略if时，要把它们提前，构成部分倒装。
三、省略句
13．do, did, does可代替前面出现的动词，以避免重复。
14．so或not也可代替单词或短语以避免重复，其中so可以代替一个单词、短语或句子；not可代替一个含有否定含义的短语或句子。常用此结构的动词有hope, think, be afraid, believe, expect, suppose等。
15．用to直接代替不定式以避免重复。常用此结构的动词有want, mean, intend, expect, hope等。
注意：
①不定式的否定式后要保留“to”。
②不定式的完成式后要保留“to have”。
③used to be结构中的be不能省略。
16．表语的省略主要是在答语中或把下文与上文结构相似的表语省略。
17．有些句子中为了避免与前面的动词重复，常省略后面的谓语或谓语的一部分。
18．状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it，从句中又有be动词时，可将主语和be动词一起省略。
19．在定语从句中，关系代词that或which作宾语时可以省略。
四、反意疑问句
20．含有特殊主语的反意疑问句。
①陈述部分的主语是指示代词时，附加问句的主语要用相应的人称代词。
②陈述部分是there be结构时，附加问句仍用there。
③陈述部分的主语是指人的不定代词时，附加问句的主语强调全部时用they，强调个体时也可用he，若陈述部分的主语是指物的不定代词时，用it。
21．含有特殊动词的反意疑问句。
①陈述部分含有have时，若为实义动词，附加问句的动词用do的相应形式；若为助动词，附加问句的动词用have的相应形式。
②陈述句中含有表示推测意义的情态动词时，附加问句部分的动词取决于情态动词后实义动词的时态形式。若陈述部分为“情态动词＋完成式”，附加问句可用have或did。
③陈述部分的谓语动词是used to时，附加问句的谓语动词用didn't或usedn't均可。
④陈述部分的谓语动词是ought to时，附加问句部分的谓语动词用oughtn't或shouldn't。
⑤陈述部分的谓语动词是had better时，附加问句部分的谓语动词用hadn't或shouldn't。
22．陈述部分带有no, never, hardly, seldom等否定词时，附加问句一般用肯定形式。若是带否定前缀的派生词，则附加问句仍用否定式。
23．并列句和复合句的反意疑问句。
①陈述部分是主从复合句，附加问句的主语和动词与主句一致。
②陈述部分是并列句，附加问句的主语和动词与邻近分句一致。
③陈述部分是“I/We don't think/suppose/believe等＋宾语从句”时，附加问句的主语和动词应与从句一致且用肯定形式。
24．陈述部分是祈使句，附加问句用will you或won't you；但以Let's开头的祈使句，附加问句用shall we。当陈述部分是否定的祈使句时，附加问