16．Most people usually have less money at the end of the month than________at the beginning. A．which is
B．which was C．they have
D．it is 第 三 课 时
Learning about Language
答案：be tight enough
答案：be firm with
1．tight adj.
1)牢固的，紧的，不松动的
①He kept a tight grip on her arm.
他紧紧握住了她的胳膊。
②The screw was so tight that it wouldn't move.
螺丝钉太紧，拧不开。
2)紧身的，紧贴的
①She was wearing a tight pair of jeans.
她穿着一条紧身牛仔裤。
②The new sweater was a tight fit.
这件新毛衣很贴身。
3)拮据的，不宽裕的
①We have a very tight budget.
我们的预算很紧。
②The president has a tight schedule today.
总统今天的日程排满了。
4)严密的，严格的；拉紧的
①We need tighter security at the airport.
我们需要在机场实行更加严密的安全措施。
②The rope was stretched tight.
这绳子拉得很紧。
知识拓展
tightly adv. 紧紧地，牢牢地
tighten v. (使)变紧，更加牢固
活学活用
完成句子
绷带必须系紧，才能止住流血。
The bandage must________ ________ ________to stop the bleeding.
2．firm adj.
1)坚固的，坚硬的
①These peaches are still firm.
这些桃子还很硬。
②Bake the cakes until they are firm to the touch.
把蛋糕烤到摸来有硬感为止。
2)坚定的，坚决的
①She is a firm favourite with the children.
孩子们着实喜欢她。
②We have no firm evidence to support the case.
我们没有确凿的证据支持这个论点。
3)牢固的，稳固的
①The ladder felt strong and firm.
梯子感觉很结实稳固。
②Stand the fish tank on a firm base.
把鱼缸放在牢固的基座上。
知识拓展
firmly adv. 坚定地，坚固地
①Keep your eyes firmly fixed on the road ahead.
密切注视路的前方。
②“I can manage”， she said firmly.
“我应付得了”，她坚定地说。
活学活用
完成句子
你需要对她强硬些，不然她会想控制一切。
You need to________ ________ ________her, or she'll try to take control.
省 略
省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。为了避免重复，句子中某些部分常可省略。句子常可省略的有下列各部分。
Ⅰ.成分省略
1．省略主语 (多限于少数现成说法)
①Thank you for your help.
谢谢你的帮助。
②See you tomorrow.
明天见。
③(You)Take care!
当心！
④(It)Looks as if it will rain.
看起来像要下雨。
2．省略谓语动词
1)省略谓语动词
①Some of us study Russian, others (study) English.
我们有的学俄语，有的学英语。
②He got up earlier than I (got up) today.
他今天起得比我早。
③Who (comes) next?
该谁了？
④We'll do the best we can (do)．
我们将尽力而为。
2)省略系动词
①Ma Lin is a busdriver，his wife a conductor.
马林是位公共汽车司机，他的妻子是售票员。
②His face is tanned and his hands big and strong.
他的脸晒得很黑，他的双手大而有力。
③Gold is more expensive than silver.
金子比银子更贵重。
3．省略表语
①He was a lover of sports as he had been (a lover of sports) in his youth.
他还是像年轻时那样，是一位运动爱好者。
②On the right hand of Tian'anmen Square stands the Great Hall of the People，and on the left(stands)the Museum of Chinese history.
天安门广场的右边是人民大会堂，左边是中国历史博物馆。(on the left后省掉)
4．省略宾语
①Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry.
我们洗盘子吧，我洗你擦干。
②George fixed (the door) and painted the door.
乔治安装并粉刷了这扇门。
5．省略定语
He spent part of the money, and the rest (of the money) he saved.
那钱他花了部分，其余的他都存了起来。
6．省略状语
He was not hurt. (How) Strange!
他没有受伤，真奇怪！
7．同时省略句子几个部分，甚至几个句子的相同成分都被省掉。这种现象多用于表示比较的状语从句中，在对疑问句的简略回答中，以及在反意疑问句或选择疑问句中。
①In winter it is colder in Beijing than in Guangzhou.
北京的冬天比广州冷。
②She pledged herself to complete her father's unfinished task, whatever the cost (it was)．
她立誓不管付出多大代价，也要完成她父亲未完成的事业。
③——When did you read the play?
——Long age.
“你什么时候读的这个剧本？”“很久以前。”
④——Have you ever been to Xinjiang?
——你到过新疆吗？
——Never.
——从来没有。
⑤What exciting news (it is)!
多么令人激动的消息啊！
⑥(It is a) Pity that he's failed.
很遗憾，他失败了。
知识拓展
1)在if, when，though，as，as if(好像)等连词引导的从句中，如果从句中的谓语含有系动词be，并且主语和主句主语一致，可以将主语和动词be省掉。
①When you do this exercise，make changes in the sentence structure when/if necessary.
做这个练习时，必要时可以改动句子结构。
②He is very good at painting, though very young.(＝though he is very young)
他虽然年纪很轻，但很擅长画画。
③The boy looked as if afraid of nothing.
那男孩看来好像什么都不怕。
④If necessary, we shall send a telegram home.
如果有必要，我们就往家里打电报。
⑤Whenever possible, he will come to my help.
他一有可能就来帮助我。
⑥While cycling, don't forget the traffic lights.
骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。
2)在下面的句子中，动词不定式符号to的后面省去了动词原形及其以后的部分。
①You may go with them if you want to.
你愿意的话，也可以和他们一起去。(to后省去go with them)
②——Will you be able to come?
——你来吗？
——I'd love to. But I'm busy.
——我倒很想来，可是我现在有事。
③Don't go until tell you to.
等我叫你走你再走。
3)由固定词组引导的疑问句，常常出现省略现象。
①What about having a game of chess?
下盘棋怎么样？
②How come they left you alone here?
他们怎么会把你一人留在这里呢？
③What if it's raining?
如果天下雨怎么办？
④Why not try again?
为什么不再试试呢？
Ⅱ.小品词的省略
1．省略介词
①He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons.
他花了四个小时复习功课。
②I've studied English (for) five years.
我已学五年英语了。
③They are (of) the same age.
他们年龄相同。
④There is no use (in) explaining it to her any more.
这件事再向她解释是无用的。
⑤He is carrying out this experiment (in) the same way as I did yesterday.
他使用我昨天采用的方法在做他的实验。
2．省略连词that
①I believe (that) you will succeed.
我相信你们会成功的。
②It's a pity (that) he's leaving.
他要走，真遗憾。
③I'm sure (that) she will help you.
我肯定她会帮你的。
3．省略关系代词
①I'll give you all (that) I have.
我要把我所有的一切都给你。
②He read the book (which) I got yesterday.
他看过我昨天买的书了。
Ⅲ.替代省略
1．so代替提到过的形容词，动作甚至是宾语从句 (think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, hope等与so连用，替代肯定的宾语从句；与not连用，替代否定的宾语从句)。
①——You aren't right.
——你是不对的。
——I am so!
——我是对的！
②He's clever, probably too much so for his own good.
他聪明，可能聪明到了已有害的地步。
③I wouldn't have told you this if it weren't so.
如果事实不是如此的话，我就不会告诉你这件事了。
2．“So/Nor(Neither)＋谓语＋主语”这种句型是用来替代前面提到的情况，表明它也适用于后者。
①Jane will never compromise with Bill, and nor will Bill.
简决不会同比尔和解，而比尔也决不会同简和解。
②He can't do it, nor can I, nor can you, nor can anybody.
他不能做这事，我也不能，你也不能，任何人都不能。
③He likes skating and so does she.
他喜欢滑冰她也喜欢滑冰。
3．不定代词替代，此类词有all, both, some, any, enough, several, none, many, much, more, (the) most, (a) few, another, the other, others, either等。
①Though they worked hard, but none of the boys has passed the history examination.
尽管男孩子们学习很刻苦，可是他们中没有人历史考试及格。
②One took a taxi, and the other walked home.
一个人打车回家，另一个人则步行回家。
4．one, ones, that, those替代
①I haven't a book; can you lend me one?
我没有书，你能借我一本吗？
②The weather in Harbin is much colder than that in Guangzhou in winter.
冬季哈尔滨的天气比广州冷得多。
5．动词性替代
①You like rock climbing as much as he does.
你跟他一样喜欢攀岩。
②——Have you finished writing your report?
——你写好报告了吗？
—— I haven't done yet, but I will do.
——我还没有写呢，不过我马上就写。
高考链接
(1) One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and________.
A．the other is white B．anothe white
C．the other white
D．another is white
答案：C 本题题意：这块板子的一面应该刷成黄色，另一面刷成白色。本题考查省略结构，当and前后的两个句子结构一致时，后句可省略相同的部分。
(2)A cup of water，________ you will feel better.
A．or
B．but
C．so
D．and
答案：D 喝杯水你就会觉得好多了。本题中的A cup of water＝Drink a cup of water，本题是“祈使句＋and/or＋结果句”，这一结构又可变为：if从句＋结果句。
(3)The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from________spoken in England.
A．which
B．what
C．that
D．the one
答案：C 本题题意：美语与英语稍微有点差异。that替代名词the English。注意：English为不可数名词，不可以被代词one所替代。
(4)—What' s the matter with Della?
—Well, her parents wouldn't allow her to go to the party, but she still ________.
A．hopes to
B．hopes so
C．hopes not
D．hopes for
答案：A 考查省略。一般情况下，不定式的省略，承接上文保留到to。
(5)Some of you may have finished Unit one.
____ ____ , you can go on to Unit two.
A. If you may
B. If you do
C. If not
D. If so
答案：D 考查了省略句的用法。so代指前面整句话内容。句意为“你们当中有些人可能已经完成第一单元了，如果那样，你们可以继续进行第二单元。”
(6)I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day，________do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin.
A．as
B．which
C．when
D．though
答案：A 考查倒装句。句意：“和住在市中心的许多商人一样，我每天做轻轨铁路到滨海新区。”as引导的倒装句相当于“so＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”，表示“前面所述的肯定情况也适用于后者”。
1．No matter how frequently______， the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
A．performedB．performing
C．to be performed
D．being performed
答案：A 本题题意：不论贝多芬的作品演出多么频繁，它们依然吸引着全世界的人们。本题考查状语从句的省略，补充完整为：No matter how frequently they are performed, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.选项C以及选项D虽然也表示被动关系，但其“时间”概念和题干不符。to be performed 表示将来时间概念，而being performed则表示动作正在发生。
2．When________different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
A．compared
B．being compared
C．comparing
D．having compared
答案：C 本题题意：在比较不同的文化时，我们通常只是注意其差异，而忽视了它们的许多相似之处。本题考查状语从句的省略，补充完整为：When we compare different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.本题也可以理解为现在分词短语作时间状语。动词compare与主语we构成逻辑上的主谓关系，采用现在分词表示主动。
3．When________help, one often says“Thank you” or“It's very kind of you”．
A．offering
B．to offer
C．to be offered
D．offered
答案：D 本题题意：当得到来自他人的帮助时，我们常常说“谢谢”或“谢谢你”。本题考查时间状语的省略。补充完整为：When he or she is offered help, one often says“Thank you” or“It's very kind of you”．此外也可以理解为分词作时间状语，句子的主语one与动词offer之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，采用过去分词作状语。
4．________with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
A．Compare
B．When comparing
C．Comparing
D．When compared
答案：D 本题题意：与地球的总面积相比，最大的海洋似乎根本不大。本题考查分词作条件状语。句子的主语the biggest ocean与动词compare之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，采用过去分词作状语。注意：分词作状语时，前面可加上连词when, while, after, before, since或介词on, in等。本题也可理解为状语从句的省略，补充完整为：When it is compared with the size of the whole earth，…。
5．When first________to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A．introducing
B．introduced
C．introduce
D．being introduced
答案：B 本题题意：这些产品刚投放市场时，就获得了成功，销售很好。分词作时间状语。本题考查时间状语从句的省略，其完整形式为When these products were first introduced to the market, they enjoyed great success.此外，也可理解为分词作状语，句子的主语these products与动词introduce构成逻辑上的被动关系，排除选项A，C; being introduced为现在分词的被动式，强调“动作正在发生，动作是被动含义”，暗指“产品投放市场的同时，就获得了成功”，不合常理。
6．—Brad was Jane's brother.
—________he reminded me so much of Jane.
A．No doubt
B．Above all
C．No wonder
D．Of course
答案：C (It is) No wonder (that)．..表示“难怪……；……不足为奇”；例如：No wonder he is not hungry; he has been eating sweets all day.难怪他不饿，他整天在吃糖果。No doubt表示“无疑地，不容怀疑地；很可能地”；例如：No doubt you would like a drink.毫无疑
问你是喜欢喝一杯了。above all表示“首先；尤其；最重要的是”；例如：Above all, I love Tchaikovsky.首先，我喜欢柴可夫斯基。of course表示“当然了”；强调所说的话真实而正确。
7．Generally speaking，________according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A．when taking
B．when taken
C．when to take
D．when to be taken
答案：B 本题题意：一般而言，根据药品说明服药，药品就没有副作用。本题考查条件状语从句的省略，其完整形式为： When the drug is taken according to the directions，...；此外，本题也可理解为过去分词作状语，句子的主语the drug与take之间存在被动关系；在过去分词taken前加when，用来突出时间概念。
8．Unless________to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A．invited
B．inviting
C．being invited
D．having invited
答案：A 本题题意：除非被邀请作大会发言，否则在会议上你应当保持沉默。本题考查条件状语从句的省略，其完整形式为： Unless you are invited，...；本考题也可理解为分词作条件状语，动词invite与句子的主语you之间在逻辑上存在被动关系，排除选项B以及选项D。此外，being done在此为现在分词的被动式，强调“动作正在发生，动作是被动的”，转化为状语从句为：Unless it is being invited to speak，...，不合题意。
9．—Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
—Why ________？ John is sitting there doing nothing.
A．him
B．he
C．I
D．me
答案：D 本题考查省略的用法。在省略句中，人称代词单独使用，并且句中没有谓语动词时，采用代词的宾格形式。Why me？＝Why do you ask me?
10．The research is so designed that once________ nothing can be done to change it.
A．begins
B．having begun
C．beginning
D．begun
答案：D 本题题意：这个研究项目是如此设计地，一旦研究开始，没有什么事物能够改变它。once begun＝once the research is begun；本考题也可理解为过去分词作状语，句子的主语the research与begin之间存在被动关系；在过去分词begun前加once，用来突出时间和条件概念。
11．When________， the museum will be open to the public next year.
A．completed
B．completing
C．being completed
D．to be completed
答案：A 本题题意：博物馆竣工后，将于次年对公众开放。本题考查状语从句的省略，补充完整为：When it is completed，....。
12．If you go to Xi'an, you'll find the places there more magnificent than commonly________.
A．supposing
B．supposed
C．to suppose
D．suppose
答案：B 本题题意：如果你到西安的话，你会发现那儿的景点比人们普遍持有的猜想要壮观得多。本题考查状语从句的省略，补充完整为：...than they are commonly supposed。
13．—Have you known each other for long?
— Not very long，________we started to work in the company.
A．after
B．before
C．when
D．since
答案：D since是从属连词，引导时间状语从句，常与现在完成时连用。题中答语为省略句，补全为：We haven't known each other very long. We have known each other since we started to work in the company.
14．He is rather difficult to make friends with, but his friendship，________， is more true than any other.
A．once gained
B．when to gain
C．after is gained
D．while gaining
答案：A once gained属于状语从句的省略，相当于once it is gained。
15．This is an illness that can result in total blindness______left untreated.
A．after
B．if
C．since
D．unless
答案：B if left untreated表示“假如不进行任何治疗”；that can result in total blindness为定语从句，修饰名词illness。
答案：C than引导比较状语从句， 完整的从句为：than they have money at the beginning of the month。
17．Doctors have said that as many as 50 percent of patients don't take medicine________directed.
A．like
B．so
C．which
D．as
答案：D take medicine as directed相当于take medicine as they are directed，as引导方式状语从句。
18．—Was it last summer________you luckily got an opportunity to spend your holiday in Hawaii?
— ________. John was the lucky dog.
A．that ; Not me
B．when ; Not I
C．when ; Not really
D．that ; Not at all
答案：A 本题考查了强调句型和人称代词的用法。被强调的部分是状语last summer。此外，在省略句中，人称代词单独使用。句中没有谓语动词时，采用代词的宾格形式。
19．One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and________.
A．the other is white
B．another is white
C．the other white
D．another white
答案：C 在并列句中，常省略后面分句中与前面相同的部分。例如：One was filled with petrol, one (was filled) with caster oil and one (was filled) with vinegar.本考题的题干后半部分的完整形式为：the other side should be painted white。
20．——Are there any English storybooks for us students in the library?
——There are only a few，________.
A．if any
B．if have
C．if some
D．if has
答案：A 本题题干的完整形式为：if(there are)any (English storybooks)。
21．——What do you think of the concert?
——I really enjoy it. I didn't expect it was_______ _wonderful.
A．as
B．more
C．most
D．very
答案：A 这是一个省略句，承接上文，省略了as I had thought。
22．It was believed that things would get worse, but______it is they are getting better.
A．before
B．after
C．because
D．as
答案：D 本题考查省略，其完整形式为：but as it is going now, they are getting better, 和前面提出的would get worse进行意义上的比较。
23．As time went by, the plan stuck______fairly practical.
A．to proved
B．to proving
C．proved
D．to be proved
答案：A 本题为省略which/that的定语从句；proved是the plan的谓语，stick to的宾语是which/that。
24．This problem may lead to more serious ones if______unsolved.
A．making
B．remained
C．keeping
D．left
答案：D 状语从句的完整形式为：This problem may lead to more serious ones if it is left unsolved.在主从复合句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，常将从句的主语和谓语中的be省略。
25．——Who is making so much noise in the garden?
——________the children.
A．There are
B．They are
C．That is
D．It is
答案：D 这是一个强调句，后面省略了that are making so much noise in the garden。