2017届高考英语二轮复习考点讲义：阅读理解-世界与环境

　　阅读理解-世界与环境

　　1. 我们居住的地球的环境特点以及很多自然灾害的现象。

　　2. 由于人类的破坏，地球变化带来的一些事件。

　　3. 一些提倡保护我们居住的环境，提高环保意识的各种环保行为和活动。

　　4. 介绍一些环保的产品，及其带来的好处。

　　5. 保持环境的自然、进行有效再循环的话题。

　　·链接高考The Pacific island nation of Nauru used to be a beautiful place. Now it is an ecological disaster area. Nauru's heartbreaking story could have one good consequence—other countries might learn from its mistakes.

　　For thousands of years, Polynesian people lived on the remote island of Nauru, far from western civilization, the first European to arrive was John Feam in 1798. He was the British captain of the Hunter, a whaling ship, He called the island Pleasant Island.

　　However, because it was very remote, Nauru had little communication with Europeans at first. Then whaling ships and other traders began to visit, bringing guns and alcohol. These elements destroyed the social balance of the twelve family groups on the island. A ten-year civil war started, which reduced the population from 1,400 to 900.

　　Nauru's real troubles began in 1899 when a British mining company discovered phosphate(磷酸盐) on the island. In fact, it found that the island of Nauru was nearly all phosphate, which is a very important fertilizer for fanning. The company began mining the phosphate.

　　A phosphate mine is not a hole in the ground; it is a strip mine. When a company strip-mines, it removes the top layer of soil Then u takes away the material it wants. Strip-mining totally destroys die land. Gradually, the lovely island of Nauru started to look like the moon.

　　In 1968, Nauru became one of the richest countries in the world. Every year the government received millions and millions of dollars for its phosphate

　　Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars. In addition, they used millions more dollars for personal expenses. Soon people realized dial they had a terrible problem—their phosphate was running out. Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing. By 2000, Nauru was almost financially ruined. Experts say that it would take approximately $433,600,000 and more than 20 years to repair the island. This will probably never happen.

　　56. What might be the author's purpose in writing the text?

　　A. To seek help for Nauru's problems.

　　B. To give a warning to other countries.

　　C. To show the importance of money.

　　D. To tell a heartbreaking story of a war.

　　57. What was Nauru like before the Europeans came?

　　A. Rich and powerful. B. Modem and open.

　　C. Peaceful and attractive. D. Greedy and aggressive.

　　58. The ecological disaster in Nauru resulted from______ .

　　A. soil pollution B. phosphate overmining

　　C. farming activity D. whale hunting

　　59. Which of the following was a cause of Nauru's financial problem?

　　A. Its leaders misused the money.

　　B. It spent too much repairing the island.

　　C. Its phosphate mining cost much money.

　　D. It lost millions of dollars in the civil war.

　　60. What can we learn about Nauru from the last paragraph?

　　A. The ecological damage is difficult to repair.

　　B. The leaders will take the experts' words seriously.

　　C. The island was abandoned by the Nauruans.

　　D. The phosphate mines were destroyed.

　　【难度】一般

　　59.【答案】A

　　【试题解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段前两句和最后三句可知，Nauru的领导者对金钱的错误使用致使这个国家陷入了财政困难，故答案选A。

　　链接2. （2017北京卷）

　　“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.

　　As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.

　　Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.

　　I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.

　　This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.

　　67. John Sauven holds that_____.

　　A. many people value nature too much

　　B. exploitation of wildernesses is harmful

　　C. wildernesses provide humans with necessities

　　D. the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong

　　68. What is the main idea of Para. 3?

　　A. The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.

　　B. Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.

　　C. Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.

　　D. All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.

　　69. What is the author’s attitude towards this debate?

　　A. Objective.

　　B. Disapproving.

　　C. Sceptical.

　　D. Optimistic.

　　70. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

　　A.

　　B.

　　C.

　　D.

　　CP: Central Point

　　P: Point

　　Sp: Sub-point(次要点)

　　C: Conclusion

　　【试题解析】短文在最后一段提到“This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.”。由此结合上文可知，作者对于双方的辩论是持着客观的态度，A选项与此相符。因此，正确答案为A选项。

　　【难度】一般

　　70.【答案】D

　　【试题解析】短文在第1段提出问题，在第2段和第3段分别列出了两方面的观点，第4段作者对两种观点谈了自己的看法，最后一段是全文的结论部分。由此可知，D选项就是短文的结构框架。因此，正确答案为D选项。

　　【难度】一般

　　链接3.2010福建卷

　　Larger companies have an extra motivation to look at reducing their carbon footprint, as new rules next year will require businesses to buy carbon allowances to make up for their emissions（排放）. Those that have taken early action will have a head start. More than two thirds of consumers are not clear about which companies are environmentally responsible. This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole position to attract shoppers.

　　The Carbon Trust believes that it can help by informing customers about the good work companies are doing. “When companies are granted（授予）the standard, they can use a logo（标识）in all their marketing which makes it clear that they are working towards cutting emissions,” Mr. Morrison said.

　　64．What’s the main idea of the passage?

　　A．Businesses are finding ways to send their message to the shoppers.

　　B．Companies will soon get information about cutting carbon emissions.

　　C．Firms are making efforts to encourage customers to keep goods at home.

　　D．Firms are urged to cut carbon emissions by shoppers’ environmental awareness.

　　65．The underlined word “inform” in Paragraph 2 probably means“

　　”.

　　A．affect

　　B．change

　　C．disturb

　　D．reject

　　66．According to Harry Morrison, businesses

　　.

　　A．will benefit from cutting carbon emissions

　　B．should buy carbon allowances for shoppers

　　C．are required to make up for their carbon emissions

　　D．have encouraged shoppers to take their custom elsewhere

　　67 ．We can learn from the passage that businesses will

　　.

　　A．have a strong desire to reduce costs

　　B．use the same logo in their marketing

　　C．gain advantages by taking early action

　　D．attract more shoppers by storing goods

　　分析解读：

　　65. 很多考生认为时今年和去年的购买对于环境的考虑发生了变化，从而选择了B项，实际这是由于没有仔细分析，仅从字面意思了解得出的错误结论。如果考生把这一段仔细解读一下，在理解的前提下，再找一下关键词汇，例如：aware of , effect 等，就会觉得affect这个选项好了。

　　67. 本题有不少考生选择了A项，因为他们觉得既然减排对企业有利，那么一些企业必然会有很大的愿望减排。实际本篇文章的第一句就表明了减排对企业是一个困难的时间，因此企业开始应该是没有意愿减排的，本文是来描述减排的好处，给企业以提醒的，因此选C。

　　·专项训练Have you ever had a great idea about how to clean up a park or start a recycling program? The Gloria Barron Prize for Young Heroes rewards kids who have put their ideas into action. Every year, the Barron Prize chooses ten winners nationwide who have made a positive difference to their community and the planet.

　　Stefanie Lacy, an 18-year-old from Texas, created the first successful recycling program in her town. And Whitney Boulton, an 18-year-old from New York, organized a "Stream Team" to clean up a local river.

　　When Stefanie moved from San Antonio to a small town, also in Texas, she noticed that her new town did not have a recycling program. Rather than just throwing away her trash, Stefanie decided to take action. She went to her city council and advised adding a recycling program. Then, she contacted the nearest recycling center. And after some time, she convinced it to place a bin in her town.

　　Today the program is in its fourth year. ⑤So far the program has recycled more than 459 tons of paper and saved over $22,000 in trash-disposal expenses.

　　Whitney was inspired to take action while on a walk in her town. She passed a river that her father had known as a child.

　　1. Who can win the Barron Prize?

　　A. People who have made a difference in protecting the environment

　　B. Children who often clean up a park in the neighborhood

　　C. kids who has contributed greatly to protect the environment

　　D. children who have great idea on how to protect the environment

　　2. What do you think the members of the "Stream Team" do?

　　A. They try their best to make the streets clean.

　　B. They try to prevent waste water flowing into the rivers

　　C. They manage to stop people swimming in the river

　　D. They do what they can to make the river clean

　　3. How did Stefanie start the recycling program?

　　A. Following the suggestion of the city council

　　B. With the help of city council and a recycling center

　　C. With the help of her family and her classmates

　　D. By teaming up with other volunteers

　　4. From the passage we can infer that _____.

　　A. the river was polluted in the past

　　B. few fish and other water animals lived in the river many years ago

　　C. people threw all kinds of things into the river

　　D. the river left Whitney’s father little impression

　　5. What does the underlined word “it” refer to?

　　A. The recycling program

　　B. The city council

　　C. The dustbin

　　D. The recycling center

　　B

　　Have you ever thought about living in a “green” house , one that is healthy for you and your family and helps conserve the Earth’s resources ? Some people want to build a new home, renovate an existing one, or make a few changes in their living habits. Every household can do something to support the conservation of the environment and improve our quality of life. As environmental concerns continue to increase worldwide, using more green products into our lives becomes more and more important. There is growing interest in green living, and the possibilities for achieving it in our homes are rapidly expanding. Our company’s website www.ghouseabc.com can show you more about that.

　　⑥Because buildings need enormous quantities of the Earth's resources in their construction and daily operation, they offer many opportunities for new eco-friendly design as well as cost savings.

　　The Green House shows the combination of architecture, interior-design, and environmental responsibility. Home is where going green begins – where we as individuals have the power to set a new course for a brighter future.

　　If you are interested in these "green" houses, please contact us and our company will send you more information about them .And we're sure you'll have a

　　surprise .

　　E-mail: ghouseabc@126.com

　　Phone: 3567218 / 3567219

　　Fax: 3390231

　　1. The main purpose of the passage is to

　　A. remind people to protect the environment

　　B. ask people to buy a "green" house

　　C. give a brief introduction of the "Green" house.

　　D. express the writer s own opinion about the environment

　　2. From the passage, we can learn that the Green House shows

　　A. only interior-design

　　and outer appearance of the building

　　B. the combination of architecture and environmental importance

　　C. the importance of the Green Movement

　　D. the combination of architecture, interior design,

　　3. The underlined word "eco-friendly" in Paragraph 2 probably means

　　A, friendly to people

　　B. good for the design of buildings

　　C. good for the environment

　　D. friendly to the Green House

　　4.How many ways can you use to get more information about the products?

　　A. 1.

　　B. 2.

　　C. 3.

　　D. 4

　　5. According to the passage, we can learn that

　　A. only the rich people can live in a "green" house

　　B. "green" houses can help us improve our quality of life

　　C. everything in "green” houses is green in colour

　　D. fewer people concern the environment

　　C

　　Macomb. "I don't think such a business exists yet, but theoretically（理论上） it's very possible. And companies are moving in this direction."

　　So, scientists are now looking for new ways to make fabrics for clothes that are good both for your image and for Earth.

　　In the past few years, textile scientist Yiqi Yang of the University of Nebraska in Lincoln has figured out how to make yarn out of cornhusks, chicken feathers, and rice straw (part of the rice plant). All three are agricultural by-products that usually end up in the trash.

　　"We already have a problem with how to get rid of these waste products," Yang says. "Instead, let's use them to make beautiful materials."

　　The process involves chemical reactions that break down the raw materials into fibers（光纤）, followed by cleaning. The scientists then spin the fibers into yarn（纱线）, which they use to make fabrics.

　　⑦Clothes made from farm waste are still years away from hitting the stores, but clothes made from organic or recycled fabrics and products made from coconut, bamboo, and corn sugar are already available in many places.

　　Simply by choosing carefully how you get dressed in the morning, you can help decide Earth's future.

　　1. From what Gordon Rands says, we know his attitude about sustainable business is ______.

　　A. confident

　　B. disappointed

　　C. angry

　　D. critical

　　2. It is already likely that we can buy products made from ______.

　　A. bamboo, corn and feathers

　　B. chicken feathers and rice straw

　　C. coconut, bamboo, and corn sugar

　　D. cornhusks and rice straw

　　3. A company which is interested in sustainable development will_______.

　　A. provide things that people need

　　B. have no bad effect on earth

　　C. make products at a low cost

　　D. make trash into products

　　4. The best title of this passage would be _______.

　　A. Earth Friendly Fabrics

　　B. Trash or Treasure

　　C. A New Trend to sustainable development

　　D. Change in choosing clothes

　　5. The last paragraph shows that ________.

　　A. we have more chances to choose what we wear

　　B. we should choose earth friendly clothes

　　C. our clothes will be made of more materials

　　D. we will spend more time deciding what to wear

　　·答案速递

　　A篇：1. C。根据第一段看，这个奖项是为那些把他们的保护环境的想法付诸实践，并作出显著贡献的青少年。

　　2. D。根据文章的第七段看，他们捡拾河中的垃圾，使河干净。

　　3. B。从文章的第三段看，她先建议市议会设立回收项目，然后说服回收中心放置垃圾箱。

　　2、C。细节理解题。从倒数第二段可知，coconut（椰子）, bamboo（竹子）, 和 corn sugar（玉米葡糖）制作的产品已经能买到，但是由玉米、稻草秸秆和羽毛等东西做原料的产品还在实验阶段。

　　3、B。从Gordon Rands给可持续性发展下的定义可知，如果一个公司实现了可持续性发展，那它就不会对地球产生任何坏的影响。A、D项叙述片面，C项文中未提及。

　　4、A。全文是围绕环保织品展开的，讲到了这类织品的来源，制作过程和环保作用。所以其他题目只侧重了文章中某个部分的内容，不够全面。

　　5、B。最后一段的意思为：早晨要仔细选择穿什么样的衣服，你会影响地球的将来，该段照应第一段，即我们要穿环保的衣服。

　　·黄金表达①A rainforest is an area covered by tall trees with the total high rainfall spreading quite equally through the year and the temperature rarely dipping below l6℃. 热带雨林是这么的一个地区，被大树所覆盖，降雨量一年四季都很大，气温很少到16度以下。

　　②Secondly，cutting large sections of rainforests may provide a good supply of wood right now，but in the long run it actually reduces the world’s wood supply.③We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.我们正在经历这样的一些过渡包装的结果，也许它是很绿色的一种方式，但是如果我们首先不需要带那么多材料回家的话，那将会好的多。

　　④Two thirds of customers say that environmental considerations inform their purchases to the same degree as they did a year ago, while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy. 现在三分之二的顾客在购物时对环境的考虑比前一年程度加深了，而有超过四分之一的顾客说他们更加意识到对于他们买的东西对于环境的影响。

　　⑤So far the program has recycled more than 459 tons of paper and saved over $22,000 in trash-disposal expenses. 迄今为止，这个项目已经再循环了459吨的纸张，并且节约了2万2千多废物处理的费用。

　　⑥Because buildings need enormous quantities of the Earth's resources in their construction and We have long sympathize with the aims of Green Party. 我们长期以来一致支持绿党保护生态环境的目标。

　　motivation n.动机，内在要求

　　The stronger the motivation, the more quickly a person will learn a foreign language. 一个人学外语的内在要求越高, 那么他就学得越快。

　　trash n. 垃圾

　　He thinks most modern art is trash.他认为现代艺术大多是糟粕。

　　accomplish vt.完成, 达到, 实现

　　He can accomplish more in a day than any other boy in his class.他一天所完成的工作比他班上其他的孩子都多。

　　conserve vt. 保存, 保藏

　　The government in the city calls to conserve our national heritage in the face of bewildering change.这个城市的政府呼吁大家要保护我们的民族遗产。

　　renovate v.革新, 刷新, 修复

　　The house has been renovated three years earlier.这所房子三年前就已翻新。label n.标签, 签条, 商标, 标志

　　In order to find our luggage easily , we put labels on them. 为了好找到我们的行李，我们在他们上面加了标签。

　　impact n. 碰撞, 冲击, 冲突, 影响, 效果

　　The scientists are still measuring the impact of automation on the lives of factory workers. 科学家们仍然在测试自动化对工厂工人生活的影响。

　　fabric n.织品, 织物, 布, 结构, 建筑物, 构造

　　This is a fine fabric for ladies' dresses.这是一种适于做女服用的织法精美的布料。

　　sustainable adj.可以忍受的, 足可支撑的, 养得起的

　　The sea wall sustains the shock of the waves.海堤能抵挡海浪的冲击。