必 修 4
Units 3～
专项语法 虚拟语气
要点精析
条件从句 主句 例句
与现在事实相反 If I(we, you, he, she, it, they)＋动词过去式(be的形式一律用were) I(we, you, he, she, it, they)＋would/should/could/might＋动词原形 If he were indoors, he wouldn't feel so cold.
条件从句 主句 例句
与过去事实相反 If I(we, you, he, she, it, they)had＋过去分词 I(we, you, he, she, it, they)＋would/should/could/might＋have done If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the examination.
条件从句 主句 例句
与将来事实相反 A式：If＋主语＋一般过去式B式：If＋主语＋were to do C式：If＋主语＋should do I(we, you, he, she, it, they)＋would/should/could/might＋动词原形 A：If he were here this evening, we would play cards.B：If she were to marry Jack, she would be happy.C：If she should know it, she would tell me.
例 (2010·天津，15)—John went to the hospital alone.
—If he________me about it, I would have gone with him.
A．should tell
B．tells
C．told
D．had told
解析：句意：——约翰自己去的医院。——如果他告诉我的话，我就和他一起去了。本题考查与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用过去完成时。故D项正确。
答案：D
2．虚拟条件句和主句动作如发生的时间不一致，主句和从句的谓语要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式，这种句子叫做错综时间条件句。
If I were you, I wouldn't have missed the film last night.
如果我是你，我就不会错过昨晚那部电影了。(现在→过去)
If they had left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour.
要是他们一大早离开家的话，再过半个小时就该到了。(过去→将来)
例 (2010·北京，34)—The weather has been very hot and dry.
—Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables______.
A．wouldn't die
B．didn't die
C．hadn't died
D．wouldn't have died
解析：句意：——天气又热又干燥。——是的，要是稍微下点儿雨，现在的情况就会更好一些！那样我的蔬菜就不会死掉了。由条件句中的had rained可以推出这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，但是主句有时间状语now，所以用了与现在事实相反的虚拟语气would be；最后一句话也是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故用wouldn't have died。
答案：D
3．有时虚拟条件不用从句，而是通过上下文或用介词短语等表示出来，这种句子叫含蓄虚拟条件句。常用的介词有with, without, but for等。
But for your help, we couldn't have succeeded.
要不是你的帮助，我们是不会成功的。
Without electricity life would be quite different today.
如果没有电，今天的生活就会完全不同。
She wasn't feeling well, otherwise she wouldn't have left the meeting so early.
她感到不舒服，不然她不会那么早离开会场的。
例 (2011·江西，28)We ________ John's name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.
A．will put
B．will have put
C．would put
D．would have put
解析：本题考查虚拟语气。句意：要不是因为约翰最近受伤的话，我们昨天就把他的名字写在比赛名单上了。but for his recent injury是含蓄虚拟条件句，而且句中有明确的时间状语，故主句用would have done。
答案：D
二、虚拟语气用于名词性从句
1．用于wish后的宾语从句中
与现在事实相反，用were或动词的过去式；与过去事实相反，用had＋过去分词或would/could have done；表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would/should/could/might＋动词原形。
I wish she were here.
她在这儿就好了。
I wish you would go with us tomorrow.
但愿你明天跟我们一起去。
I wish she had taken my advice.
那时她要是听我的话就好了。
例 (2011·北京，28)—Where are the children? The dinner's going to be completely ruined.
—I wish they
________
always late.
A. weren't
B. hadn't been
C. wouldn't be
D. wouldn't have been
解析：本题考查wish后从句虚拟语气的用法。句意：——孩子们哪里去了？晚饭快要彻底坏掉了。——要是他们不总是迟到就好了。由第一句可知对话表示的是现在的事，wish后跟宾语从句时，要用虚拟语气，表示现在的事情要用一般过去时态。
答案：A
2．用在表示建议、愿望、命令等词后的宾语从句中。常见的动词有：suggest, advise, propose, command, request, insist, recommend等。宾语从句中谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
He demands that he(should)be told everything.
他要求将一切告诉他。
Jane's pale face suggested that she was ill, and her parents suggested that she(should)have a medical examination.
简苍白的脸色表明她生病了，她父母建议她做一个体格检查。
例 (2010·福建，29)Teachers recommend parents ____ ____their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
A．not allow
B．do not allow
C．mustn't allow
D．couldn't allow
解析：考查虚拟语气。recommend后的宾语从句谓语动词用“(should)＋动词原形”，因此A项正确。
答案：A
3．would rather后的宾语从句中，谓语用一般过去时表示现在或将来要做的事。如谈到过去的动作，则用过去完成时。
I'd rather you paid the money yourself.(现在)
我宁愿你自己付钱。
I'd rather she hadn't done that.(过去)
我宁愿她没做过那事。
4．用于主语从句中
It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/ strange/natural/a pity/essential＋that从句，从句中的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off till next week.
有人建议会议应推迟到下周。
It is strange that he(should)have acted towards his parents like that.
他那样对待自己的父母很奇怪。
注意：以下句式也可以用于陈述语气。
It's strange that he didn't come yesterday.
很奇怪他昨天没来。
It's a pity that you didn't dance.
很可惜你没有跳舞。
5．用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。
Their desire was that a treaty(should)be signed at once.
他们的愿望是立即签署协议。
We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should)go to Dalian for sightseeing.
我们都同意他的建议就是我们该去大连观光。
三、虚拟语气用于定语从句中
在It is(high)time(that)．..句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式或“should＋动词原形(其中should不能省略)”。此句型意为“(现在)该……”，用来表示建议。
It is(high)time that you went to school.
到了你该上学的时间了。
It is(high)time that we should start out.
到了我们该出发的时间了。
例 It's high time the government________measures to help the graduates.
A．takes
B．took
C．will take
D．has taken
解析：考查虚拟语气。句式It be(about/high)time接从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去式。
答案：B
四、虚拟语气用在as if/though, even if/though从句中
He talks as if he knew all about it.
他说起来好像知道一切一样。
Even if he were here, he couldn't solve the problem.
即使他在这儿，他也不能解决问题。
注意：当as if从句的含义与事实相符时，其时态要根据需要而定，而不用虚拟语气。
He talked as if he was drunk.(事实)
他说话的口气好像喝醉了。
五、用于if only引导的感叹句中
If only I were a flying bird!
要是我是一只飞鸟多好！
Look at the trouble I am in. If only I had followed your advice!
看看现在我的困境，要是我接受你的建议就好了！
例 (2010·东北三校联考)—Why do you look so upset?
—I broke up with my girlfriend. If only I________more about her.
A．care
B．cared
C．had cared
D．had been cared
解析：考查虚拟语气。if only表示“要是……就好了”，后面的句子要用虚拟语气。表示与过去事实相反的情况时，谓语动词用had done的形式。
答案：C
运用提升
1．(2011·陕西，22)I________through that bitter period without your generous help.
A. couldn't have gone
B. didn't go
C. wouldn't go
D. hadn't gone
答案：A 考查情态动词和虚拟语气。句意：如果没有你的慷慨帮助，我不可能度过那么艰难的时期。without your generous help相当于if it hadn't been for your generous help，所以主句用“情态动词＋完成时形式”表示对过去情况的虚拟，couldn't have done sth.“本来不能做某事(而实际上做到了)”。
2．(2011·天津，15)I______sooner but I didn't know that they were waiting for me.
A．had come
B．was coming
C．would come
D．would have come
答案：D 本题考查含蓄虚拟语气。由从句内容可知空格处表示对过去情况的假设，故D项正确。句意：我会早点来的，但我不知道他们在等我。
3．(2011·北京，30)Maybe if I
________
science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.
A. studied
B. would study
C. had studied
D. was studying
答案：C 本题考查虚拟语气。句意：或许当时如果我不学文学而学自然科学的话，我会给你更多的帮助。if从句若表示不能实现的假设，要用虚拟语气；根据关键词then可知if从句表示过去的动作，故用过去完成时态。
4．(2011·福建，34)—Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.
—I______it，but I was busy preparing for a job interview.
A．attended
B．had attended
C．would attend
D．would have attended
答案：D 本题考查虚拟语气。句意：——你错过了有关核污染的演讲真是遗憾。——我本想去听来，但我忙着准备工作面试。由语境可知，此处表示“本想去而事实上没去”。为虚拟语气，叙述与过去事实相反，要用would have done，故D项正确。
5．(2011·苏锡常镇一调，35)—I won't be in for dinner tonight.
—Well, ________ you'd told me earlier.
A．I hope
B．I wish
C．I forgot
D．I remember
答案：B 句意：——今晚我不回家吃饭了。——真希望你早点告诉我。考查虚拟语气。you'd told me earlier为过去完成时，强调对过去的虚拟，而选项中只有wish可以用于虚拟语气。故选B。
6．(2011·杭州质检二，16)I ________ the poor rabbit, but I didn't have the right drugs with me at that moment.
A．could have saved
B．had saved
C．could save
D．saved
答案：A 句意：我当时本来可以救那只可怜的兔子的，但那时我没有随身带合适的药。考查虚拟语气。语境表明是对过去情况的虚拟，故需用“情态动词的过去式＋现在完成式”，故选A。
7．(2011·杭州质检二，11)We can hardly believe that an intelligent person like Daniel ________ be asking such a silly question.
A．should
B．might
C．must
D．could
答案：A 句意：我们几乎不能相信像Daniel这样聪明的人居然会问如此愚蠢的问题。考查情态动词。should “居然，竟然”符合语境。
8．(2011·湖南十二校第二次联考，25)—Why did you leave without a word of warning to John?
—But what ________ otherwise? He never listens to me.
A．could I do
B．must I have done
C．could I have done
D．should I do
答案：C 句意：——为什么你不警告John就离开了？——不然我还能怎么做呢？他从不听我的话。考查虚拟语气。由上文时态可知应该是对发生过的事情的虚拟，排除A和D。而虚拟语气中不使用倒装，故选C。易错选A。混淆了对不同时间进行虚拟的形式，如果对现在或将来进行虚拟，用could/should/might/would＋动词原形；如果对过去进行虚拟，应该用could/should/might/would＋have done。
9．(2011·江西九校联考，30)But for the fact that China________ also affected by the global economic crisis, we ________ fewer unemployed workers now.
A．is; would have
B．were; would have
C．was; would have had
D．were; would have had
答案：A 句意：要不是现在中国也受到全球经济危机的影响这一事实，我们现在就会有较少的失业工人。考查虚拟语气。从主句时间状语now可知是对现在情况的虚拟，故第二空处选would have；含蓄条件中的核心结构是but for the fact, that引导的句子是fact的同位语从句，其叙述的是现在的事实，故用一般现在时。答案为A。
10．(2011·成都三诊，9)—You shouldn't have gone there alone last night; it was too dangerous.
—But I ________. Acturally, my father went with me.
A．didn't
B．hadn't
C．wouldn't
D．haven't
答案：A 句意：——你昨天晚上本不应该独自去那儿，太危险了。——但是我没有，事实上，是爸爸和我一起去的。考查动词时态。第一句话中的shouldn't have gone表明是对过去情况的虚拟，第二句应该是说的过去的客观事实，故用一般过去时。选A。易错选B。没有意识到shouldn't have gone表示对过去情况的虚拟，也没有注意第二句后半句中的动词用的是过去式(went)，说的是过去的事，认为语境为“过去之前”而错选过去完成时。
11．(2011·西安模拟)—Would you mind if we set out earlier tomorrow morning?
—Well，I'd rather you________.
A. don't
B. won't
C. didn't
D. wouldn't
答案：C would rather后跟从句时，从句若表示现在或将来，从句中谓语要用一般过去时；若从句表示过去，其谓语用过去完成时。根据语境可知，此处是表示“我希望你们(明早)早出发”。故选C。
12．(2011·广州模拟)—Can you come to attend our party tonight?
—Sorry, but I do wish I________.
A. had
B. can
C. will
D. could
答案：D 分析上下文语境可以知道，wish引导的宾语从句表示与将来事实相反的愿望，故应用would/could＋动词原形。
13．(2011·日照模拟)It's important that he________advice
of other people about our work.
A. ask
B. will ask
C. must ask
D. have asked
答案：A 在句型“It is important(strange，natural，necessary...)＋从句”结构中，从句中谓语动词要用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
14．(2011·唐山模拟)If he________his legs in the last training, he________the coming World Cup, which he has been longing to compete in.
A. hadn't hurt；would join in
B. hadn't hurt；would have taken part in
C. didn't hurt；would go in for
D. didn't hurt；would have taken part in
答案：A 根据句子结构可以知道，该题含if引导的条件状语从句。分析句意，该句表示一种假设，从句中的动作表示与过去事实相反，主句的动作是在将来发生，即表示与将来事实相反，故从句谓语动词用had done，主句用would (could，might)＋动词原形。
15．(2011·杭州模拟)I was caught in a traffic jam for over an hour, otherwise I________you waiting for such a long time.
A. will not keep
B. have not kept
C. had not kept
D. would not have kept
答案：D 根据句子意义，otherwise前的分句为客观事实，应使用一般过去时，而otherwise后的分句则表示与过去事实相反的一种假设，句中实际省略了if条件句if I hadn’t been caught...，故所填部分应为与过去事实相反的主句虚拟结构，应选would not have kept。
16．(2011·福州模拟)—Did you visit Italy this winter holiday?
—No. We________it，but we spent too much time shopping in France.
A. could have visited
B. must have visited
C. shall have visited
D. need have visited
答案：A 考查虚拟语气。表示与过去的事实相反用could/should/would have done的形式。句意：——今年寒假你们去参观意大利了吗？——没有。我们本来能去参观意大利的，但我们在法国购物的时间太长了。
17．(2011·温州模拟)The woman boss told the customer that it was none of her business and ordered that he________away at once.
A. went
B. go
C. goes
D. going
答案：B 考查宾语从句中的虚拟语气。此处order后的从句中谓语用should do的形式，should可以省略。
18．(2011·厦门适应性考试，33)It's too bad that I've left my notebook in the dormitory. If only I________it back last night!
A. didn't take
B. haven't taken
C. hadn't taken
D. wouldn't take
答案：C 考查虚拟语气。句意：真糟糕，我把笔记本忘在了宿舍。要是昨晚没有把它带回宿舍该多好啊！if only“要是……该多好”，所接从句用过去完成时表示对过去事实的虚拟。
19．(2011·南平适应性考试，35)Thank you for all your hard work last week.I don't think we________it without you.
A．can manage
B.could have managed
C．could manage
D．can have managed
答案：B 考查虚拟语气。句意：感谢你上周的辛勤工作。如果没有你，我认为我们不可能做成。由句意可知，“without you”表示了暗含条件，因此主句用could/would/ might/should＋had done表示对过去事实的虚拟。
20．(2011·莆田适应性练习，30)The boy________the first prize, but he was so careless as to make a foolish mistake.
A. must have gained
B. need have gained
C. could have gained
D. shall have gained
答案：C 考查虚拟语气。句意：那个男孩本来能够获得一等奖的，但是他太粗心犯了一个愚蠢的错误。but he was so careless as to make a foolish mistake可以转换为条件从句if he had not been so careless as to make a foolish mistake，这样就可以转换为虚拟语气的考点了，主句可以用could/would/might/should have done。